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ANGGOTA FILUM CHORDATA(LANJUTAN)

• I GEDE SUDIRGAYASA

MANUSIAMAMALIA YANG MEMILIKI OTAK BESAR DAN LOKOMOSI BIPEDAL

ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA

What do you notice that is odd?

• The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old, which is very young, considering that life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Derived Characters of Humans

• A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes

– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion

– Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools

– Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles

– Shorter digestive tract

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical

• How can we be this close, yet so different?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Misconception: Early hominins were chimpanzees

– Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor

• Misconception: Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens

– Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only humans survive today

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8

Evolution of Primates

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Pro

sim

ian

sA

nth

rop

oid

s

Ho

min

oid

s

Ho

min

ids

Ho

min

ine

s

Lemurs

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzees

hominin

hominin

Humanscommon ancestor

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

commonchimpanzee

westernlowlandgorilla

Borneanorangutan

white-handedgibbon rhesus

monkeyOld World Monkeys

New World Monkeys

ring-tailedlemur

Mammalianancestorenters trees.

Angiospermsevolve andforests spread.

capuchinmonkey

Tarsiers

Philippinetarsier

70 60 50 40 30 20 10Million Years Ago (MYA)

9

Evolution of Primate Hand

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

c. Monkey

d. Human

sharp claws

short thumb

nails

long thumb

a. Tree shrewsuctioncup-like pads

b. Tarsier

fingerseasilycurve

10

Stereoscopic Vision

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

binocular field

Reducedsnoutdoes notblockvision.

11

Adaptations for Standing

a. b.

Human spine exits from the skull’s center;ape spine exits from rear of skull.

Human spine is S-shaped; ape spine has aslight curve.

Human pelvis is bowl-shaped; ape pelvis islonger and more narrow.

Human femurs angle inward to the knees;ape femurs angle out a bit.

Human knee can support more weight thanape knee.

Human foot has an arch; ape foot hasno arch.

12

Human Evolution

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

77.5 6.5 6 5.5 5 1.54.5 14 0.5 03.5 23 2.5

Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Homo habilisAustralopithecus garhi

Australopithecus africanus

Australopithecus afarensis

Paranthropus robustus

Ardipithicus ramidus Paranthropus boisei

Paranthropus aethiopicusAustralopithecus anamensis

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Homo rudolfensis

Homo ergaster

Homo heidelbergensis

Homo neandertalensis

Homo habilis Homo sapiensSahelanthropustchadensis

Australopithecusafarensis

Paranthropusrobustus

Million Years Ago (MYA)

Classification

ORDER: Primates

TRIBE*: Hominini (hominins)

Early Humanlike Hominins

Later Humanlike Hominins

GENUS: Homo (humans)

Early Homo

Later Homo

Homo habilis,Homo rudolfensis,Homo ergaster,Homo erectus

australopithecines

• Adapted to an arboreal life• Prosimians, Anthropoids

CLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

SUBFAMILY: Homininae (hominines)

Sahelanthropus,ardipithecines,

Brain size greaterthan 1,000 cc; tooluse and culture

Homo heidelbergensis,Homo neandertalensis,Homo sapiens

Brain size greaterthan 600 cc; tool useand culture

* A new taxonomic level that lies between subfamily and genus.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The skeleton of “Ardi,” a

4.4-million-year-old

hominin, Ardipithecus

ramidus.

Australopiths

• Australopiths are a paraphyletic assemblage of hominins living between 4 and 2 million years ago

• Some species, such as Australopithecus afarensiswalked fully erect

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.48 Evidence that hominins walked upright 3.5 million years ago.

(a) The Laetoli footprints (b) Artist’s reconstruction of A. afarensis

• Homo erectus originated in Africa by 1.8 million years ago

• It was the first hominin to leave Africa

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homo erectus

18

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Neanderthals

• Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis, lived in Europe and the Near East from 350,000 to 28,000 years ago

• They were thick-boned with a larger brain, they buried their dead, and they made hunting tools

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

20

NeandertalsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© The Field Museum, #A102513c

Homo Sapiens

• Homo sapiens appeared in Africa by 195,000 years ago

• All living humans are descended from these African ancestors

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

A 160,000-year-old fossil of Homo sapiens.

• Homo sapiens were the first group to show evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought

• In 2002, a 77,000-year-old artistic carving was found in South Africa

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

24

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Transparency #608 Courtesy Dept. of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History

27

28

DULU

SEKARANG

ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA

What do you notice that is odd?

ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA

What do you notice that is odd?

DISKUSI