ANALISIS KLINIS DAN FORENSIK

Analisis klinis merupakan analisis senyawa kimia dalam sampel klinis sebagai salah satu cara untuk pemeriksaan kesehatan. Termasuk dalam analisis klinis adalah asam amino, protein, enzim, karbohidrat, lipid, non protein nitrogen, porpirin, hemoglobin, elektrolit, trace element dan pH. Pemeriksaan senyawa kimia dari cairan tubuh menunjukkan fungsi kinerja organ manusia

RUANG LINGKUP KIMIA ANALISIS KLINIS DAN FORENSIK :

Analisis forensik merupakan analisis senyawa kimia dalam sampel yang digunakan sebagai data penunjang dalam kasus hukum dan kriminal. Termasuk dalam analisis forensik adalah : pemeriksaan sidik jari, cairan tubuh, toksikologi/keracunan, narkotika, kebakaran, ledakan, senjata api hingga DNA.

PRINSIP DASAR DALAM KIMIA KLINIS DAN FORENSIK

Semua materi baik hidup atau mati merupakan kumpulan dari senyawa kimia sehingga untuk mengenal material klinis dan forensik dapat memanfaatkan reaksi-reaksi kimia sebagai dasar pemeriksaan kualitatif ataupun kuantitatif.Material klinis dan forensik lebih banyak berupa senyawa organik dan biokimia kompleks yang membutuhkan penanganan yang berbeda dengan senyawa anorganik.

Proses sampling, preservasi dan analisis harus memperhatikan sifat sampel yang bersifat mudah berubah karena lingkungan. Oleh karena itu analisis klinis dan forensik harus dilakukan dengan metode yang cepat, tepat dan teliti. Kesalahan pemeriksaan kimia akan berakibat fatal bagi pihak yang bersangkutan.

BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Tujuan utamaMenentukan prosedur analitik yang akurat dan

teliti sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat dalam diagnosa seseorang

Important practice of clinical chemistry including unit of measurement, temperature, reagents (chemical, standards, solution, water specification), laboratory supplies (glassware, plastic ware, pipettes, burettes, balance, desiccant), separation techniques, specimen collection, transport and processing, and laboratory mathematic and calculation.

LABORATORY SAFETY AND REGULATION

The cardinal safety rules of clinical laboratory are to develop foresight and accident perception, use common sense, and develop and practice the following :

Good personal behavior Wear proper attire and protective clothing Tie back long hair Do not eat, drink, smoke in the work area Never mouth pipette Wash hand frequently

Good Housekeeping Keep work area free of chemical, dirty

glassware etc Store chemical properly Label reagent and solutions Post warning sign

Good Laboratory technique Do not operate new or unfamiliar equipment Read the labels and instructions carefully Use the personal safety equipment that is

provides For the safe handling, use and disposal of

chemical, learn their properties and hazards Learn emergency procedures and become

familiar with the location of fire exits, fire extinguisher, blankets etc

Be careful when transferring chemicals from container to container and always add acid to water slowly

SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY PERSONNELSafety equipment : fume hoods, biosafety hoods, chemical storage equipment and personal protection equipmentBiologic Safety : sampling body fluids carefully, material spill must be cleaned up, blood borne pathogen exposure control plan, airborne pathogen and shippingChemical safety : Hazard communication, MSDS, Laboratory standard, toxic effect from hazardous substances, storage and handling of chemical, flammable chemical, corrosive chemical, reactive chemical, carcinogenic chemical and chemical spill

Radioactive safety : environmental and personal protectionFire safety : classification of fire, type of fire extinguishersControl of other hazard : electrical hazard, compressed gas hazard, cryogenic material hazard and mechanical hazardDisposal of hazardous material : chemical waste, radioactive waste, bio-hazardous wasteAccident documentation and investigation

QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

The quality control system is the laboratory's system for recognizing and minimizing analytical error. Quality control is one component of the quality assurance system which has been defined as all systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that laboratory service will satisfy given medical needs for patient care.

The purpose of the quality control system is to monitor analytical processes, detect analytical error during analysis and prevent the reporting of incorrect patient valueThe quality assurance system encompassed pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical factor.

There are many pre-analytical factors that can influence analytical result including patient preparation, sample collection, sampling handling and storage.

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation provide the foundation for all measurement made in a modern clinical chemistry laboratory. The majority of techniques fall into one of four basic disciplines within the field of analytical chemistry : spectrometry (spectrophotometry, AAS, MS), luminescence (fluorescence, chemiluminescence and nephelometry), electro analytical methods (electrophoresis, potentiometry, amperometry), and chromatography (TLC, HPLC and GC)

Clinical laboratories have the special needs that required analyzer to have high throughput and sample turnaround times. The current generation of chemistry analyzers operates under the random access mode, that is, any combination of tests can be performed on a sample from an onboard menu of analytes.