PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN

BYDARMA YANTIDEWI NOVITASANDRA DINI

AYU TRI LESTARI. S

CONTROLLINGThe definition of controlling• => Controlling is one of the function management is

measurement and correction of all activities in order to ensure that the organization’s goals and plans can be done well.=> According to Earl P. Strong and Robert D. Smith, organizations need controls, since there are a number of different views on how best to manage an organization.=> Management control is a systematic effort to set performance standars with planning objectives to design information.

Steps in the Control ProcessMockler divide control in 4 steps as follows: The first steps is to establish standards and methods for measuring

achievement. This step can include the standard setting sales and production up to the list and the presence of security.

The second step is to measuring execution of work. It seems like with all aspects of control, this step is a continous process, repetitive cover and over again frequency depends on the type of activity being measured.

Is the performance standard? In many ways this step is most easily taken conrtol of the road. The nature of the complex may have can be addresed in two previous step.

The final steps is to take corrective action, if the result don’t meet the standard achived and the analysis shows need the actions.

Image 34. Basic steps in the process control

Estabilishing standards and methods for measuring

implementation

Measurements implementatio

ns

Is perfomance in accordance with the

standarsno

Take corrective action/

reactification

yes

Don’t do anything

The importance of control

• The factors include a change in the organization's environment, the more complex the organization, the presence of mistakes carried out by the employees and the need for managers to delegate authority and duties. Changes in the organization's environment For example, a company producing pencil, operating in a static market. The complex nature Decentralization can add to the complex nature of today's organizations. The errors If the manager or subordinate never made a mistake then he can easily set the standards implementation and noted important changes in the unpredictable environment of the organization. Manager needs to delegate authority The manager could not handle all the jobs that exist in the organization.

The types of control methodsThere are four basic types of control , namely ;

1 . Time control ,The time control is divided into three , namely :* Preventive Control is a type of control that is performed when the activity has not been started .* Control of repression is a type of control that is performed when an activity already underway but not yet completed .* Control curative is a type of control that is executed after an activity is completed .

According to James AF Stoner, in the opinion of William H. Newman , type of control is divided into four , namely :# Preaction control or precontrols .Control is done to ensure that before an action is approved then the man involved , raw materials and financial resources have been planned carefully .# Steering control or feedforward controlsThis control is designed to detect deviations from some standard or goal and corrective action must be taken before a series of activities completed.# Screening controls or Yes / No controlsThis control contains a type scrining process where specific aspects of a procedure must be agreed in advance AAU requirements must be met before a procedure operations may continue .# Post Action Control or Feedback ControlsControl of this type assess or measure the results achieved after an activity is completed.

• 2 . Objects ControlWhen viewed from dikendaliakn objects , can be divided into four , namely :=> Control of production , among others, include :o Control the production processo Control of raw materialso Control of laboro Control of production costso Control of the quality of the product .=> Control of time , this control berkaitandengan all activities within the organization and that dikendaliakn is time activities .=> Control humans and their activities , which made the object of control is human and conducting activities that are carried out when these activities can support the achievement of organizational tukuan .=> Financial Control , among others, include a variety of methods , namely :o Financial Reportso Balanceo Report of loss / profito Statements of cash flows and the source of the reports on the use of fundso Analysis of financial ratioso Analysis of the break-eveno Budget .

• 3 . Subjects controlControl is carried out by the organization called internal control , while the control is done by an outside party organization called external control.4 . Way controlControl of the organization's activities can be done in various ways , especially how to gather facts for control , namely :o Conducting inspectionso The interview or oral reportso The written reporto Control carried out if there is a striking deviation ( control by expection ) .

design control• William H. Newman has developed a procedure for the determination of a control system .

The approach consists of lim steps that can be applied to all control activities , namely :1 . Formulating results dikendakiDesired outcomes to be achieved managers should be formulated as clearly as possible .2 . Setting instructions resultsThe purpose of control " steering " is to give an opportunity for managers to correct irregularities before all the activities selected . Newman has identified several " Early Warning Prediction " that can help managers predict whether or not the results achieved diingkinkan , namely :• Measurement input , a key difference in the input will be signaled manager to modify or perform some corrective action .• The results of the initial stage , when initial results are better or worse than expected , it is necessary to re-assessment .• gelaja - symptoms , symptoms are likely to be associated with a condition that the final results , but does not directly affect it .• Changes in the assumed conditions , initial estimates based on the assumption of "normal" conditions will apply .

Key considerations in the determination of control systemThere are six important considerations for the establishment of a system of control , namely : =>Types of measureMost types of sizes based on some form of standards that have been set . Various standards may be based on records and information about the organization's past . =>Total sizeTotal size should be limited . Like a number of controls that apply to the increase in individual work , the loss of individual autonomy and freedom in implementation of the work . =>The authority to establish the size and standardPerformance standards may be established without the participation or the participation of the subordinates

=>Flexibility of standardsThe manager wants to make a similar decision about where everything is a quantitative measure used in the control system . =>Frequency measurementsFrequency and time of the measurement depends on the nature of the task to be controlled . Quality control inspection of a product may need to be monitored every hour . =>Directing from the feedbackThe purpose of control is to ensure that the plans can be implemented at this time and plan to be developed to more can get effectively .

Strategic control region• Managers in order to establish an effective control system

, they should identify areas of work implementation from their organization or work unit . Another important thing is to determine the critical points in the system where monitoring or information collection should be implemented . The most important and useful method for the selection of strategic control points are center on most significant elements in a predetermined operation . Other useful considerations in the selection of strategic control points in place of an operation is the activity that has been a change .