WORKING SHEET

LEGAL ENGLISH

FOR LAW STUDENTS

Prepared by: Efridani Lubis

2017

KATA PENGANTAR Modul kerja ini disusun untuk memenuhi standar kurikulum nasional yang memasukkan Bahasa Inggris Hukum sebagai Mata Kuliah Umum di Fakultas Hukum, yang berarti bahwa setiap mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum diwajibkan mengambil mata kuliah ini dalam rencana studinya pada awal perkuliahannya di Fakultas Hukum. Menyadari bahwa Bahasa Inggris belumlah memasyarakat secara luas di kalangan mahasiswa Indonesia, maka modul ini disusun dengan pengenalan tata bahasa Inggris pada bagian pertama disertai latihan-latihan yang diharapkan dapat menstimulasi mahasiswa terhadap pelajaran bahasa Inggris yang pernah mereka dapatkan pada tingkatan akademik yang lebih rendah. Mengingat Bahasa Inggris Hukum bertujuan untuk menyiapkan mahasiswa agar dapat memahami literatur dalam bahasa Inggris, sementara kondisi ke arah itu masih belum memungkinkan, maka modul ini dirancang untuk mengenal istilah-istilah hukum dalam bahasa Inggris, sehingga dapat dipergunakan ketika mencari literatur atau membaca buku hukum dalam bahasa Inggris. Dengan kesulitan dua kali lipat tersebut, modul sederhana ini disusun, dengan harapan dapat bermanfaat bagi pengembangan keahlian hukum mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum, khususnya.

Bogor, Juni 2017 Penulis

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INDONESIAN LAW

Indonesian law is based on Continental or Roman law, which was introduced by

Dutch traders in 1602 and was formed by Dutch government in 1856. Since Dutch

occupied Indonesia archipelago for 350 years, they also applied their law in Indonesia

to govern any relationship between inhabitants with them1 or among themselves2.

When Indonesia declared its3 freedom, the Dutch law is still used to fulfill the

absence of law in the new nation4. Therefore, basically, Indonesia law is similar to

Dutch law which5 is based on Roman law.

There are two main categories of Indonesian law. One is known as private law,

and the other is criminal law. These6 two categories have differences in their scopes

and their procedures.

Vocabulary

English Indonesia

1. occupied ………………………

2. govern ………………………

3. declare ………………………

4. freedom ………………………

5. absence of law ………………………

6. private law ………………………

7. criminal law ………………………

A. THE PRIVATE LAW

The private law means the law, which regulates private relation such as law

relating to business, contracts, marriage and divorce. The private law is also known as

Civil Law that concerns disputes among citizen within a country. For legal purposes,

inhabitants of the Indonesia archipelago have been divided into three “population

group”. Namely European Group, Native Group and Foreign Oriental Group.

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According to Article 131 (2)(a) IS, the civil and commercial law applicable to

the European Group must be the same as the private law in force in Nederlands. This

principle is known as the principle of concordance (concordantie).

The civil and commercial regulation for the Native Group, must be based on Adat

Law, i.e.7 on indigenous customs and religion, and the private law for Foreign Oriental

Group is basically same with European Group except the customary law which8

brought by Foreign Oriental from their places of origin.

The procedure of private law is different with criminal law. The party bringing a

private action is called plaintiff and the party suspected do something wrong is called

defendant. Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main

argument in a private court then is about the amount of money, or damages, which9

the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.

Vocabulary

English Indonesia

1. private law …………………………

2. private relation …………………………

3. private action …………………………

4. regulate …………………………

5. citizen …………………………

6. commercial law …………………………

7. population group …………………………

8. European Group …………………………

9. Native Group …………………………

10. Foreign Oriental Group …………………………

11. customary law …………………………

12. procedure …………………………

13. plaintiff …………………………

14. defendant …………………………

15. liable …………………………

16. damages …………………………

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B. THE CRIMINAL LAW

Criminal law means the law regulating the relation between citizens and the

state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and

which can be punished by the state.

As a contrary to the private law, uniformity was achieved in this subject through

Criminal Code 1918. One of the important principle in Indonesia Criminal Law is

“nullum delictum noella poena sine privilage poenale”, which means there is no

punishment for criminals without any regulation of what has he/she done previously.

The most important thing in differences between private law and criminal law is

the procedure in forcing the two kind of law. In private law, the party bringing an

action to the court is called plaintiff, i.e. the person who experience losses, while the

party bringing a criminal action is called prosecutor who is public servant. Once the

prosecutor has shown that the defendant is guilty, he/she will be sent to the jail.

Vocabulary

English Indonesia

1. criminal law ……………………

2. wrong ……………………

3. punish ……………………

4. forcing ……………………

5. prosecutor ……………………

6. guilty ……………………

7. jail ……………………

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SIMPLE PRESENT

A. Simple Present digunakan untuk: a. Hal-hal yang umum sifatnya; b. Hal-hal yang terjadi berulang-ulang; c. Hal-hal yang benar secara umum. Kejadian tidak perlu berlangsung pada saat berbicara. Misal: - Alex is a lawyer. - The Earth goes round the sun. - In Jakarta most of the law firms close at 9.00 p.m. - I work in Bank. Barry works in a court. I/We/You/They work She/He/It works B. Questions and Negative Sentences Dalam kalimat tanya atau kalimat negatif digunakan do/does do‚ I/we/you/they work? I/We//You/They do not‚ work does‚ he/she/it He/She/It does not Misal: - Excuse me, do you speak English? - Would you like a cigarette? No, thanks, I don't smoke. - What does this word mean? (not what means this word?) - Rice doesn't grow in Britain. C. Simple Present juga digunakan untuk mengatakan sesuatu hal yang seringkali

terjadi. Example: - I get up at 5 o'clock every morning (not 'am getting) - How often do you go to the dentist? - Rika does not often drink tea - In summer Tom usually plays tennis twice a week - She always comes to the meeting on time D. Untuk mengetahui asal seseorang. - Where do you come from? (not where are you coming from?) - He comes from Japan (not He is coming from Japan) E. Untuk membuat usulan. - I am tired, why don't you go to bed early?

SUBJECT + SIMPLE PRESENT

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EXERCISE 1 A. Isikan verb yang benar pada ruang kosong berikut: Example : Water boils (boil) at 100 degrees centigrade. George does not go (not/go) to the cinema very often. How many languages do you speak (you/speak)? 1. The swimming bath ......... (open) at 9.00 and .......(close) at 18.30 every day. 2. What time ................ (the banks/close) in Jakarta? 3. I have a car but I ............... (not/use) it very often. 4. How many cigarettes .............. (you/smoke) a day? 5. 'What .............. (you/do)?' 'I am an electrical engineer.' 6. 'Where ........... (your father/come) from? 'He .......... (come) from Scotland. 7. If you need money, why ........... (you/not/get) a job? 8. I .......... ((play) the piano, but I .......... (not/play) very well 9. I don't understand the word 'deceive'. 'What ............. ('deceive'/mean)? B. This time you have to read some sentences and correct them. The English

is correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct each time. Example: The sun goes round the earth. The sun does not go round the earth The earth goes round the sun 1. The sun rises in the west. ....................................... .................................................................. 2. Mice catch cats. ................................................. .................................................................. 3. Carpenters make things from metal. ............................... .................................................................. 4. The River Amazon flows into the Pacific Ocean. ................... .................................................................. C. Now you have to use these sentences to make questions. Begin your

question with the word(s) in brackets. Example: Tom plays tennis. (How often?) How often does Tom play tennis? I get up in the morning. (What time/usually) What time do you usually get up in the morning? 1. Ann watches television. (How often?) How often ....................... 2. I write to my parents. (How often?) ................................... 3. I have dinner in the evening. (What time/usually) ..................... 4. Tom works. (Where?) ................................................... 5. I go to the cinema. (How often?) ...................................... 6. People do stupid things. (Why?) ....................................... 7. The car breaks down. (How often?) .....................................

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SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS A. Digunakan untuk hal-hal yang terjadi pada waktu atau sekitar waktu berbicara. - The kettle is boiling. Can you turn it off, please? - Listen to those people. What are they speaking? - ‘Where's Tom?' 'He's playing tennis.' - (you find a stranger in your room) 'What are‚ you doing‚ here?' - Silvia is in Britain for three months. She's learning‚ English. B. Digunakan untuk situasi sesaat (temporary situation). - I'm living with some friends until I can find a new room. - That machine isn't working. It broke down this morning. C. Beberapa verb hanya digunakan dalam simple tense‚ saja. Misalnya, kita tidak bisa

mengatakan 'I am knowing', yang benar adalah 'I know'. Berikut ini daftar verb yang biasanya tidak digunakan dalam bentuk continuous tense atau disebut juga dengan NON PROGRESSIVE:

want like belong know suppose remember need love see realise mean forget prefer hate hear believe understand seem have‚ (when the meaning is 'possess') think‚ (when the meaning is 'believe')

SUBJECT + VERB-ING

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EXERCISE 2 A. In this exercise you have to decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or

wrong. Correct those which are wrong. The verb is underlined. Example: I don't know your telephone number. Right Please don't make so much noise. I study. Wrong (I am studying) 1. Look! Somebody is climbing up that tree over there. ....... 2. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about. ....... 3. Are you believing in God? ....... 4. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ....... 5. The moon goes round the earth. ....... 6. I'm thinking it would be a good idea to leave early. ....... 7. The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing. ....... 8. I'm usually going to work by car. ....... B. Now you have to put the verb into the correct form, present continuous (I am

doing) or present simple (I do). Example: Please don't make so much noise. I am studying (study) How many languages does Tom speak (Tom/speak)? This machine does not work (not/work). It hasn't worked for years. 1. I ................. (not/belong) to a political party. 2. Hurry! The bus ............ (come). I ............ (not/want) to miss it. 3. The River Nile ........... (flow) into the Mediterranean. 4. The river ............ (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual. 5. ............. (it/ever/snow) in India? 6. We usually .............. (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we ..............(not/grow) any. 7. A: Can you drive? B: No, but I ........ (learn). My father ........ (teach) me. 8. You can borrow my umbrella. I .......... (not/need) it at the moment. 9. (at a party) I usually ......... (enjoy) parties but I ............. (not/enjoy) this one very much. 10. George says he's 80 years old but I .......(not/believe) him. 11. Ron is in London at the moment. He ......... (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. In these sentences think about whether the situation is temporary or permanent. 12. My parents .......... (live) in Padang. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where ................ (your parents/live)? 13. She ............ (stay) with her sister at the moment until she finds somewhere to live. 14. A: What .................. (your father/do)? B: He's a teacher, but he ..........(not/work) at the moment.

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SIMPLE PAST A. Perhatikan percakapan berikut: Tom : Look! It's raining again. Ann : Oh no, not again. It rained‚ all day yesterday too.

Kita menggunakan Simple Past tense untuk membicarakan kegiatan atau situasi pada masa lampau.

- I enjoyed the party very much. - Mr. Edwards died ten years ago. - When I lived in Manchester, I worked in a bank. B. Seringkali kita menggunakan -ed dalam Simple Past. - We invited them to our party but they decided not to come. - The police stopped me on my way home last night. - She passed her examination because she studied‚ very hard. Namun demikian, ada beberapa verb yang tidak diakhiri dengan ed, verb yang demikian disebut irregular verb. leave --- left We all left the party at 11 o'clock go --- went Yesterday I went to London to see a friend of mine cost --- cost This house cost $ 35,000 in 1980 Bentuk past verb be (am/is/are) adalah was/were I/he/she/it was We/you/they were I was angry because Tom and Ann were late. C. Dalam kalimat negatif dan bertanya, digunakan did/didn't + infinitive - Ann: Did you go out last night, Tom? Tom: Yes, I went to the cinema. But I didn't enjoy the film. - When did Mr. Edward die? - What did you do at the week-end? - We didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't come. Biasanya pemakaian did/didn't dengan have: - Did you have time to write the letter? - I didn't have enough money to buy anything to eat. Tetapi did tidak digunakan dengan verb be (was/were): - Why were you so angry? - They weren't able to come because they were very busy. - Was Tom at work yesterday?

SUBJECT +SIMPLE PAST

It rained did it rain? It didn’t rain

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EXERCISE 5 A. In this exercise you have to read a sentence about the present and then write a

sentence about the past. Example: Tom usually gets up at 7.30. Yesterday he got up at 7.30. 1. Tom usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning ............... 2. Tom usually walks to work. Yesterday ........................ 3. Tom is usually late for work. Yesterday ..................... 4. Tom usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday ............. 5. Tom usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening ...... 6. Tom usually sleeps very well. Last night .................... B. This time you have to put one of these verbs in each sentence: hurt teach spend sell throw fall catch buy cost Example: I was hungry, so I bought something to eat in the shop. 1. Tom's father ................ him how to drive when he was 17. 2. Doni ..... down the stairs this morning and ......... his leg. 3. We needed some money so we .................. our car. 4. Ann ...... a lot of money yesterday. She ........ a dress which ............. $50. 5. Jim ............. the ball to Sue who ............... it. C. In this exercise you have to write questions. A friend has just come back from

holiday and you are asking him about it. Example: Where/go? Where did you go? food/good? Was the food good? 1. how long/stay there? ............................................................. 2. stay in hotel? ................................................................... 3. go alone? ........................................................................ 4. how/travel? ...................................................................... 5. the weather/fine? ................................................................ 6. what/do in the evenings? ......................................................... 7. meet any interesting people? ..................................................... D. This time you have to put the verb into the correct form. All the sentences are past

Example: I didn’t go (not/go) to work yesterday because I wasn’t (not/be) very well.

1. Tom ……........ (not/shave) this morning because he ….............. (not/have) time. 2. We……......... (not/eat) anything because we ....………………… (not/be) hungry. 3. I .......…………… (not/rush) because I ………………........ (not/be) in a hurry. 4. She .........………… (not/be) interested in the book because she ……..................... (not/understand) it.

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PRESENT PERFECT

A. Present Perfect digunakan untuk kejadian yang telah berlangsung pada masa

lampau dan masih tetap berlangsung sampai pada saat berbicara. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.

Kalimat ini menunjukkan bahwa Tom kehilangan kuncinya beberapa waktu yang lalu dan masih tetap kehilangan sampai saat ini, karena Tom belum menemukan kuncinya.

B. Present Perfect digunakan jika punya kaitan dengan keadaan sekarang. - I have lost my key (= I have not got it now) - Jim has gone‚ to Canada (= He is in Canada or on his way there now) - Oh dear. I have forgotten her name (= I can't remember it now) - Have you washed your hair? (= Is it clean now?) C. Present Perfect juga digunakan untuk memberikan informasi baru atau untuk

mengumumkan kejadian yang baru berlangsung. - I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it? - Do you know about Jim? He's gone‚ to Canada. - Ow! I've burnt‚ myself. Bisa ditambahkan dengan just (= baru saja): - Would you like something to eat? No thanks, I've just had lunch. - Hello, have you just arrived?

Bisa pula dengan memakai already untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu terjadi lebih cepat dari yang diharapkan.

- Don't forget to post the letter, will you? I've already posted it. - When is Tom going to start his new job? He has already started.

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

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EXERCISE 3 A. You are writing to a friend and giving news about people you both know. Use the

words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form. Example: Phil/find a new job. Phil has found a new job Dear Ami, Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. 1. Rizal/go/Brazil .................................................... 2. Joni and Juli decide/to get married ....................................... 3. Susi/have/a baby .......................................................... 4. Fadil/give up/smoking ..................................................... 5. Rina/pass/his driving test ................................................ B. In this exercise you have to read the situation and then write a suitable

sentence. Use the verb given. Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. (lose) He has lost his key. 1. Ann's hair was dirty. Now it is clean. (wash) .................................... .................................................................................. 2. Tom was 70 kilograms. Now he weights 65. (lose weight) ........................... .................................................................................. 3. The car has just stopped because there isn't any more petrol in the tank. (run out of

petrol) ....................................................................... 4. Yesterday Bill was playing football. Now he can't walk and his leg is in plaster. (break) .......................................................................... C. This time you have to use just. Answer the questions using the words given. Example: Would you like something to eat? (no thank you/I/just/have/dinner) No thank you. I’ve just had dinner 1. Have you seen John anywhere? (yes/I/just/see/him) ................................ .................................................................................. 2. Has Ann phoned yet? (yes/she/just/phone) ......................................... .................................................................................. 3. Would you like a cigarette? (no thanks/I/just/put/one out) ....................... .................................................................................. D. In this exercise you have to write sentences with already. Example: Don't forget to post that letter. I’ve already posted it 1. Don't forget to phone Tom. .................................................. 2. Why don't you read the paper? .................................................. 3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I ............................................

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS Perhatikan situasi berikut: Is it raining? No, it isn't but the ground is wet. It has been raining. A. Present Perfect Progressive digunakan ketika kita membicarakan kejadian (yang

cukup panjang) dimana sudah dimulai pada waktu yang lalu dan baru saja berhenti. Perhatikan contoh berikut: - You're out of breath. Have you been running? - That man over there is bright red. I think he's been sunbathing. - Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? - I've been talking to Tom about your problem and he thinks… B. Present Perfect Progressive juga digunakan untuk menanyaka atau menyatakan

berapa lama suatu kejadian berlangsung. Kejadiannya telah dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sekarang atau baru saja selesai.

It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago and it is still raining. It has been raining for two hours. Present Perfect Progressive seringkali menggunakan kata how long, for and since. - How long have you been learning English? - They've been watching television for‚ over an hour. - I've been watching television since 2 o'clock. - Linda hasn't been feeling very well recently. - Have you been working hard today? - She has been playing tennis since she was eight. - How long have you been smoking?

SUBJECT +HAVE/HAS +BEEN +VERB-ING

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EXERCISE 4 A. In this exercise you have to read the situation and then write a sentence with the

present perfect continuous (I have been doing). Example: Tom is out of breath. (he/run) He has been running. 1. Ann is very tired. (she/work/hard) ............................................... 2. Bob has a black eye and Bill has a cut lip. (Bob and Bill/fight) .................................................................................. 3. George has just come back from the beach. He is very red. (he/lie/in the sun) .................................................................................. 4. Janet is hot and tired. (she/play/tennis) ........................................ B. This time you have to ask a question for each situation. Example: Your friend's hands are covered in oil. (you/work/on the car) Have you been working on the car? 1. You see a little boy. His eyes are red and watery. (you/cry) .................................................................................. 2. You have just arrived to meet your friend who is waiting for you. (you/wait/long?) .................................................................................. 3. Your friend comes in. His face and hands are very dirty. (what/you/do?) .................................................................................. C. Now you have to say how long something has been happening. Example: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago. It has been raining for two hours. 1. Kevin is studying. He began studying there hours ago. He ............................... for three hours. 2. I'm learning Spanish. I started learning Spanish in December. I ................................ since December. 3. Ann is looking for a job. She began looking six months ago. ................................... for six months. 4. Mary is working in London. She started working there on 18 January. .............................. since on 18 January. 5. George smokes. He started smoking five years ago. .................................... for five years. D. In this exercise you have to ask questions with how long. Example: It is raining. How long has it been raining? 1. My foot is hurting. How long .................................. 2. Mike plays chess. How ....................................... 3. Jim sells washing machines. ........................................... 4. Tom is living in High Street. ...........................................

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PAST PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS 1. Perhatikan situasi berikut:

Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock.

What were they doing at 10.30? They were playing tennis (at 10.30). I/he/she was playing we/they/you were

'They were playing' berarti bahwa mereka sedang bermain tennis. Mereka telah memulainya beberapa waktu yang lalu tetapi belum menyelesaikannya sekarang. Past progressive juga digunakan untuk mengatakan seseorang sedang ditengah-tengah mengerjakan sesuatu pada suatu waktu tertentu.

- This time last year I was living in Brazil. - What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? 2. Past progressive tidak memberitahukan apakah kejadiannya telah selesai atau tidak. Bandingkan: - Tom was cooking the dinner (past progressive) = Dia tengah memasak makan

malam dan kita tidak tahu apakah dia menyelesaikannya atau tidak. - Tom cooked the dinner. (simple past) = Dia memulai memasak dan juga telah

menyelesaikannya. 3. Kita sering menggunakan past progressive dan simple past bersamaan untuk mengatakan bahwa sesuatu terjadi di tengah-tengah kejadian lain:

- Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. - I saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading a book. - It was raining when I got up. - While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

Tetapi untuk mengatakan sesuatu terjadi setelah kejadian lain, dipakai simple past: - Yesterday evening Tom was having a bath when the phone rang.

He got out of the bath and answered the phone.

Bandingkan: - When Tom arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner

before Tom arrived) - When Tom arrived, we had dinner. (= Tom arrived and then we had dinner)

SUBJECT +BE2 + VERB-ING

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EXERCISE 6 A. Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she did them): 1. 8.45 - 9.15 had breakfast 4. 12.45 - 1.30 had lunch 2. 9.15 -10.00 read the newspaper 5. 2.30 -3.30 washed some clothes 3. 10.00-12.00 cleaned her flat 6. 4.00 - 6.00 watched television Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these time: 1. At 9 o'clock she was having breakfast 4. At 1 o'clock ..................... 2. At 9.30 she .................. 5. At 3 o'clock ..................... 3. At 11 o'clock ................ 6. At 5 o'clock ..................... B. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm rang. Use the words in brackets to make sentences saying what each person was doing at the time. Example: (Doni/have/a bath) Doni was having a bath. 1. (Ann/write/a letter in her room) Ann ....................................... 2. (George/get/ready to go out) George ........................................ 3. (Carol and Dennis/have/dinner) Carol and Dennis ............................ 4. (Tom/make/a phone call) Tom ................................................ C. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verbs into the correct form, simple past or past progressive. Example: (I/fall/asleep when I/watch/television). I fell asleep when I was watching tv 1. (the phone/ring/when I/have/a shower) The phone ............................. 2. (it/begin/to rain when I/walk/home) .......................................... 3. (we/see/an accident when we/wait/for the bus) ................................ D. Put the verb into the correct form, past progressive or simple past Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang (ring). 1. George ........(fall) off the ladder while he .... (paint) the ceiling. 2. Last night I ...... (read) in bed when suddenly I .... (hear) a scream. 3. ........ (you/watch) television when I phoned you? 4. Ann ..... (wait) for me when I ........ (arrive). 5. I .......... (not/drive) very fast when the accident .... happened. 6. I ...... (break) a plate last night. I ..... (do) the washing-up when it ....... (slip) out of

my hand. 7. Tom ... (take) a photograph of me while I ...... (not/look). 8. We ...... (not/go) out because it ........ (rain). 9. What ...... (you/do) at this time yesterday? 10. I ........ (see) Carol at the party. She ....... (wear) a really beautiful dress.

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PAST PERFECT 1. Perhatikan situasi berikut: I went to the party last week. Tom went to the party too. Tom went home at 10.30. So, when I arrived at 11 o'clock, Tom wasn't there. When I arrived at the party, Tom wasn't there. He had gone home.

Kita menggunakan past perfect untuk mengatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi sebelum waktu berbicara.

- When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home. - When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen

my fur coat. - George didn't want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice. - It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I hadn't flown before. 2. Past perfect (I had done) adalah bentuk past dari present perfect (I have done). Bandingkan: 3. Bandingkan past perfect dengan simple past berikut: - 'Was Tom there when you arrived?' 'No, he had already gone home.' but: 'Was Tom there when you arrived?' 'Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.' - Ann wasn't in when I phoned her. She was in London. but: Ann had just got home when I phoned her. She had been in London.

SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLES

Present Past I'm not hungry. I've just had lunch. I wasn't hungry. I'd just had lunch. The house is dirty. We haven't The house was dirty. We hadn't cleaned it for weeks. cleaned it for weeks.

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EXERCISE 7 A. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. You went back to your home town after many years and you found that many things were different. Example: Most of my friends were no longer there, They had left (leave) 1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He ... (go) away. 2. The local cinema was no longer open. It ....... (close) down. 3. Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He .............. (die). 4. I didn't recognise Mrs. Johnson. She ........ (change) a lot. 5. Bill no longer had his car. He ............... (sell) it. B. Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in brackets. Example: Mr. and Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the plane took off because they (fly) had never flown before. 1. The woman was a complete stranger to me. (see) I ....................... before. 2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (be/late) She .................................................................................. 3. Jane played tennis yesterday - at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn't very good at it because she (play) .................................................... 4. It was Keith's first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn't know what to do. (drive) He .................................................................. C. Now you have to make sentences using the words in brackets. Example: I wasn't hungry. (I/just)have/lunch) I had just had lunch. 1. Tom wasn't at home when I arrived. (he/just/go/out) ......... 2. We arrived at the cinema late. (the film/already/begin) ..... 3. They weren't eating when I went to see them. (they/just/finish/dinner) ......... 4. I invited Ann to dinner last night but she couldn't come. (she/already/arrange/to • do something else) ............... 5. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (I/not/see/her for • five years) .................. D. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect or simple past. Example: 'Was Tom there when you arrived?' 'No, he had gone (go) home.' 'Was Tom there when you arrived?' 'Yes, but he went (go) home soon afterwards.' 1. The house was very quite when I got home. Everybody .......... (go) to bed. 2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I ......... (go) straight to bed. 3. Sorry I'm late. The car ........ (break) down on my way here. 4. There was a car by the side of the road. It .......... (break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we ..... (stop) to see if we could help.

15

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS A. Perhatikan situasi berikut: Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining but the ground was very wet. It had been raining. It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. but it Had been raining. That's why the ground was wet. Berikut ini contoh-contoh lain: - When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one had a black eye. They had been fighting. - I was very tired when I arrived home. I'd been working hard all day. B. Past perfect progressive digunakan untuk menggunakan berapa lama sesuatu

telah terjadi sebelum hal lainnya. - The football match had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm. - Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up. C. Past perfect progressive adalah bentuk past dari present perfect progressive. Bandingkan: D. Bandingkan bentuk past perfect progressive dengan past progressive berikut: - When I looked out of the window, it had been raining. (= it wasn't raining when I looked out; it had stopped.) - When I looked out of the window, it was raining. (=Rain was falling at the time I looked out.)

SUBJECT + HAD BEEN + VERB-ING

Present Past How long have you been waiting? How long had you been waiting when (until now) the bus finally came? He's out of breath. He has been running He was out of breath. He had been

running

16

EXERCISE 8 A. In this exercise you have to read a situation and then write a sentence. Example: The two boys came into the house. One had a black eye and the other had

a cut lip. (they/fight) They had been fighting. 1. Tom was watching television. He was feeling very tired. (he/study/hard all day) He .............. 2. When I walked into the room, it was empty. But there was a smell of cigarettes. (somebody/smoke/in the room) Somebody .................. 3. When Mary came back from the beach, she looked very red from the sun. (she/lie/in the sun too long) ............. 4. The two boys came into house. They had a football and they were both very tired. (they/play/football) ........ 5. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and she didn't know where she was. (she/dream) ............ B. In this exercise you have to read a situation and then write a sentence. Example: We began playing football. After half an hour there was a terrible storm. We had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm. 1. The orchestra began playing at the concert. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting. The orchestra ................ for about ten minutes when ............. 2. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and began waiting. After 20 minutes I realised that I had come to the wrong restaurant. I ................ when I .................. 3. Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins went to live in the south of France. Six months later Mr. Jenkins died. They ................. when ..................................... C. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect progressive or past progressive. Example: Tom was leaning against the wall, out of breath. He had been running (run). I tried to catch Tom but I couldn't. He was running (run) very fast. 1. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ......... (look) for his cigarette lighter. 2. We ...... (walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped and the driver offered us a lift. 3. When I arrived, everyone was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They ........... (eat). 4. When I arrived, everyone was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were

empty but their stomachs were full. They ............. (eat). 5. When I arrived, Ann .......... (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she .......... (wait) for a very long time.

17

SIMPLE FUTURE A. Simple future digunakan ketika kita memutuskan sesuatu pada saat berbicara:

- Oh, I’ve left the door open. I’ll go and shut it. - ‘What would you like to drink?’ ‘I’ll have a lemonade, please’. - ‘Did you phone Ann?’ ‘Oh no, I forget, I’ll do it now’. - I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll get a taxi.

B. Menawarkan sesuatu:

- That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. - ‘I need some money’. ‘Don’t worry, I’ll lend you some’.

C. Menyetujuai atau menolak melakukan sesuatu:

- A: You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back? B: Of course, I’ll bring it back this afternoon.

- I’ve asked John to help me but he won’t. - The car won’t start.

D. Menjanjikan melakukan sesuatu: - Thank you for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday. - I won’t tell Tom what you said, I promised. - I promise I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.

E. Meminta seseorang melalukan sesuatu:

- Will you shut the door, please? - Will you please be quite? I’m trying to concentrate.

SUBJECT + WILL + SIMPLE FORM

18

EXERCISE 9 A. Complete the sentences with I’ll + a suitable verb.

Example: I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll get a taxi. 1. I feel a bit hungry, I think ………………………… something to eat. 2. It’s too late to telephone Tom now, ………………………… him in the morning. 3. ‘It’s a bit cold in this room. ‘…………………………… on the heating then’. 4. ‘We haven’t got any cigarettes’. ‘Oh, haven’t we? ………………………… and get some. 5. ‘Did you write that letter to Jack?’ ‘Oh, I forgot. Thanks for reminding me,

…………………………… in this evening’. 6. ‘Would you like tea or coffee?’ ‘………………………………… coffee, please’. B. Now you have to use I think I’ll … or I don’t think I’ll… Read the situation and then

write your sentences. Example: It’s cold. You decide to close the window. I think I’ll close the window. It’s raining. You decide not to go out. I don’t think I’ll go out.

1. You feel tired. You decide to go to bed. I …………………………………… 2. A friend of yours offers you a lift in his car but you decide to walk. Thank you but

…………………………………………… 3. You arranged to play tennis. Now you decide that you don’t want to play

……………………………………………… 4. You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don’t want to go

……………………………………………… C. Now you have to offer to do things. Tom has a lot of things to do and in each case

you offer to do them for him. Example: Tom: Oh, I must do the washing-up. You: No, it’s all right. I’ll do the

washing-up 1. Tom: Oh, I must get the dinner ready. You: No, it’s all right. I……………………………… 2. Tom: Oh, I must do the shopping. You: No, ……………………………………………………… 3. Tom: Oh, I must water the plants. You: ………………………………………………………… D. This time you have to agree and promise to do things.

Example: A: Can you clean the windows? B: Sure, I’ll clean them this afternoon. A: Do you promise? B: Yes, I promise I’ll clean them this afternoon.

1. A: Can you phone me later? B: Sure, …………………………………………… tonight.

A: Do you promise? B: Yes, …………………………………………… 2. A: Can you repair the clock? B: Okay, …………………………………………… tomorrow.

A: Do ………………… B: …………………………………………………… 3. A: Please don’t tell anyone. B: All right, I …………………………………………

A: ……………………… B: …………………………………………………… 4. A: Please don’t hurt me. B: Don’t worry, …………………………

A: ……………………… B: ……………………………………………………

19

BE GOING TO AND SHALL A. Will and be going to Be going to dan will mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu sama-sama meramalkan suatu

kejadian pada masa yang akan datang. Namun kita tidak memakai will untuk kejadian yang akan datang yang sudah diatur sebelumnya. Perhatikan contoh berikut: - Tom is going to play tennis on Monday. - Are you going to watch television this evening?

Bandingkan: - Tom: I’m very worried about my examination next week/

Ann: Don’t worry, Tom. You’ll pass. You’ll pass bukan merupakan suatu pengaturan ataupun keinginan. Ann hanya

mengatakan apa yang akan terjadi, atau apa yang diperkirakannya akan terjadi. Ketika kita memperkirakan kejadian di masa datang, kita memakai will atau won’t. - When you return home, you’ll notice a lot of changes. - This time next year I’ll be in Japan. Where will you be? - When will you know your examination results? - Tom won’t pass his examination. He hasn’t done any work for it. Kita juga sering menggunakan will dengan kata-kata berikut: Probably I’ll probably be a bit late this evening. Sure You must meet Ann. I’m sure you’ll like her. Expect I expect Carol will get the job. Think Do you think we’ll win the match?

B. Will and Shall Shall dapat digunakan untuk I dan We, sebagaimana pemakaian will:

- We shall probably go to Scotland in June. - I shan’t be here tomorrow. - Shall I open the window? - I’ve got no money. What shall I do? - Where shall we go this evening?

20

EXERCISE 10 A. Decide which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences. Cross

out the one which is wrong. Example: Tom is n’t free on Saturday. He will work/is working

1. I will go/am going to a party tomorrow nigth. Would you like to come too? 2. According to the weather forecast it will rain/is raining tomorrow. 3. I’m sure Tom will get/is getting the job. He has a lot of experience. 4. I can’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come/is coming to see me. 5. A: Have you decided where to go for your holidays yet? B: Yes, we will go/are going to Italy. 6. Don’t worry about the dog. It won’t hurt/isn’t hurting you. _______________________________________________________________________ B. Answer these questions using the words in brackets.

Example: When do you think he’ll arrive? (expect/toninght). I expect he’ll arrive tonight 1. What do you think she’ll say? (probably/nothing). She …………………………………………… 2. Where do you think she’ll go? (expect/London). I…………………………………………………… 3. When do you think she’ll leave? (think/tomorrow). I ………………………………………………… 4. How do you think she’ll go there? (expect/by train). I ……………………………………………… 5. when do you think she’ll be back? (think/quite soon). I …………………………………………… 6. Do you think you’ll miss her? (I’m sure/very much). Yes, ………………………………………… ________________________________________________________________________ C. Now you have to read a situation and then write a sentence with shall I? In each

situation you are talking to a friend. Example: It’s very hot in the room. The window is shut. Shall I open the window?

1. You’ve just tried on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. Ask

your friend for advice. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 2. You’re going out. It’s possible that it will rain and you’re not sure whether to take an

umbrella or not. Ask your friend for advice. ………………………………………………………… 3. It’s Ann’s birthday soon and you don’t know what to giver her. Ask your friend for

advice. What……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Your friend want you to phone him/her later. You don’t know what time to phone.

Ask him/her. What ……………………………………………………………………………………………… This time you have to make sentences with shall we? 5. You and your friend haven’t decided where to go for holidays. You say:

Where ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. You and your friend haven’t decided what to have for dinner. You say:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. You and your friend are going out. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or to

walk. You say: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

21

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE AND FUTURE PERFECT A. Learn the situation below:

Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on television this evening. The match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15. Ann wants to come and see Tom this evening and wants to know what time to come: Ann: Is it all right if I come at about 8.30? Tom: No, don’t come then. I’ll be watching the match on television. Ann: Oh well, what about 9.30? Tom: Yes, that’ll be fine. The match will have finished by then.

B. Future Progressive digunakan untuk mengatakan bahwa kita tengah melakukan sesuatu pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Pertandingan sepakbola dimulai pada jam 7.30 dan berakhir 9.15. Jadi dalam rentang waktu itu, misalnya 8.30, Tom tengah menonton pertandingan.

- You’ll recognise her when you see her. She’ll be wearing a yellow hat. - This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll probably be lying on a beautiful beach.

Bandingkan dengan bentuk progressive lainnya:

- At 10 o’clock yesterday he was working. - It’s 10 o’clock now. He is working. - At 10 o’clock tomorrow he will be working.

C. Will be doing juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang telah direncanakan atau telah diputuskan: - I’ll be going to the city centre later. Can I get you anything? - I’m going to the city centre later. Will be going juga dapat digunakan untuk menanyakan rencana seseorang, terutama ketika kita membutuhkan sesuatu atau menginginkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu: - ‘Will you be using your bicycle this evening?’ ‘No, you can take it’ - ‘Will you be passing the post office when you go out?’ ‘Yes, why?’

D. Kita menggunakan future perfect untuk mengatakan sesuatu akan telah terjadi sebelum suatu waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang. Pertandingan sepak bola berakhir 9.15. Jadi setelah itu, misalnya 9.30, pertandingannya akan telah selesai. Berikut contoh lain: - Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25th wedding anniversary. They will have been

married for 25 years. - We’re late. I expect the film will already have started by the time we get to the

cinema.

WILL BE DOING AND WILL HAVE DONE

22

EXERCISE 11 A. In this exercise you have to make sentences with will be-ing.

Example: I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening. So at 9.30 I will be watching television.

1. Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30. So at 4 o’clock tomorrow I ……………………………………………………………… 2. Jim is going to study from 7 o’clock until 10 o’clock this evening. So at 8.30 this

evening he …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. We are going to clean the flat tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’clock. So at 10

o’clock tomorrow morning …………………………………………………………

B. This time you have to write three sentences, one each about the past, present and future. Bob always reads newspaper in the morning. It always takes him half an hour, from 8 o’clock until 8.30. So:

1. At 8.15 yesterday morning Bob ……………………………………………………………………… 2. It’s at 8.15 now. He …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. At 8.15 tomorrow morning, he ……………………………………………………………………

C. This time you have to ask questions with will you be-ing? Example: You want to borrow your friend’s bicycle this evening.

(you/use/your bicycle this evening?) Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

1. You want your friend to give Tom a message this afternoon.

(you/see/Tom this afternoon?) ………………………………………………………………………… 2. You want to use your friend’s typewriter tomorrow evening.

(you/use/your typewriter tomorrow evening?) 3. Your friend is going shopping. You want him/her to buy some stamps for you at the

post office. (you/pass/the post office when you’re in town?) …………………………………………………

D. In this exercise you have to use will have done. Example: Tom and Ann are going to the cinema. The film begins at 7.30 and it is already 7.20. And it will take them 20 minutes to get there. When they get there, (the film/already/start) the film will have already started.

1. Jim always goes to bed at 11 o’clock. Tom is going to visit him at 11.30 this

evening. When Tom arrives, (Jim/go/to bed) ……………………………………………………………………

2. Tom is on holiday. He has very little money and he is spending too much too quickly. Before the end of his holiday, (he/spend/all his money) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Chuck came to Britain from the US nearly three years ago. Next Monday it will be exactly three years since he arrived. Next Monday (he/be/here/exactly three years) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7

SIMPLE FUTURE A. Simple future digunakan ketika kita memutuskan sesuatu pada saat berbicara:

- Oh, I’ve left the door open. I’ll go and shut it. - ‘What would you like to drink?’ ‘I’ll have a lemonade, please’. - ‘Did you phone Ann?’ ‘Oh no, I forget, I’ll do it now’. - I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll get a taxi.

B. Menawarkan sesuatu:

- That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. - ‘I need some money’. ‘Don’t worry, I’ll lend you some’.

C. Menyetujuai atau menolak melakukan sesuatu:

- A: You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back? B: Of course, I’ll bring it back this afternoon.

- I’ve asked John to help me but he won’t. - The car won’t start.

D. Menjanjikan melakukan sesuatu: - Thank you for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday. - I won’t tell Tom what you said, I promised. - I promise I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.

E. Meminta seseorang melalukan sesuatu:

- Will you shut the door, please? - Will you please be quite? I’m trying to concentrate.

SUBJECT + WILL + SIMPLE FORM

8

EXERCISE 9 A. Complete the sentences with I’ll + a suitable verb.

Example: I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll get a taxi. 1. I feel a bit hungry, I think ………………………… something to eat. 2. It’s too late to telephone Tom now, ………………………… him in the morning. 3. ‘It’s a bit cold in this room. ‘…………………………… on the heating then’. 4. ‘We haven’t got any cigarettes’. ‘Oh, haven’t we? ………………………… and get some. 5. ‘Did you write that letter to Jack?’ ‘Oh, I forgot. Thanks for reminding me,

…………………………… in this evening’. 6. ‘Would you like tea or coffee?’ ‘………………………………… coffee, please’. B. Now you have to use I think I’ll … or I don’t think I’ll… Read the situation and then

write your sentences. Example: It’s cold. You decide to close the window. I think I’ll close the window. It’s raining. You decide not to go out. I don’t think I’ll go out.

1. You feel tired. You decide to go to bed. I …………………………………… 2. A friend of yours offers you a lift in his car but you decide to walk. Thank you but

…………………………………………… 3. You arranged to play tennis. Now you decide that you don’t want to play

……………………………………………… 4. You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don’t want to go

……………………………………………… C. Now you have to offer to do things. Tom has a lot of things to do and in each case

you offer to do them for him. Example: Tom: Oh, I must do the washing-up. You: No, it’s all right. I’ll do the

washing-up 1. Tom: Oh, I must get the dinner ready. You: No, it’s all right. I……………………………… 2. Tom: Oh, I must do the shopping. You: No, ……………………………………………………… 3. Tom: Oh, I must water the plants. You: ………………………………………………………… D. This time you have to agree and promise to do things.

Example: A: Can you clean the windows? B: Sure, I’ll clean them this afternoon. A: Do you promise? B: Yes, I promise I’ll clean them this afternoon.

1. A: Can you phone me later? B: Sure, …………………………………………… tonight.

A: Do you promise? B: Yes, …………………………………………… 2. A: Can you repair the clock? B: Okay, …………………………………………… tomorrow.

A: Do ………………… B: …………………………………………………… 3. A: Please don’t tell anyone. B: All right, I …………………………………………

A: ……………………… B: …………………………………………………… 4. A: Please don’t hurt me. B: Don’t worry, …………………………

A: ……………………… B: ……………………………………………………

9

BE GOING TO AND SHALL A. Will and be going to

Be going to dan will mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu sama-sama meramalkan suatu kejadian pada masa yang akan datang. Namun kita tidak memakai will untuk kejadian yang akan datang yang sudah diatur sebelumnya. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

- Tom is going to play tennis on Monday. - Are you going to watch television this evening? Bandingkan: - Tom: I’m very worried about my examination next week/

Ann: Don’t worry, Tom. You’ll pass. You’ll pass bukan merupakan suatu pengaturan ataupun keinginan. Ann hanya mengatakan apa yang akan terjadi, atau apa yang diperkirakannya akan terjadi. Ketika kita memperkirakan kejadian di masa datang, kita memakai will atau won’t. - When you return home, you’ll notice a lot of changes. - This time next year I’ll be in Japan. Where will you be? - When will you know your examination results? - Tom won’t pass his examination. He hasn’t done any work for it. Kita juga sering menggunakan will dengan kata-kata berikut: Probably I’ll probably be a bit late this evening. Sure You must meet Ann. I’m sure you’ll like her. Expect I expect Carol will get the job. Think Do you think we’ll win the match?

B. Will and Shall

Shall dapat digunakan untuk I dan We, sebagaimana pemakaian will: - We shall probably go to Scotland in June. - I shan’t be here tomorrow. - Shall I open the window? - I’ve got no money. What shall I do? - Where shall we go this evening?

10

EXERCISE 10 A. Decide which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences. Cross

out the one which is wrong. Example: Tom is n’t free on Saturday. He will work/is working

1. I will go/am going to a party tomorrow nigth. Would you like to come too? 2. According to the weather forecast it will rain/is raining tomorrow. 3. I’m sure Tom will get/is getting the job. He has a lot of experience. 4. I can’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come/is coming to see me. 5. A: Have you decided where to go for your holidays yet? B: Yes, we will go/are going to Italy. 6. Don’t worry about the dog. It won’t hurt/isn’t hurting you. _______________________________________________________________________ B. Answer these questions using the words in brackets.

Example: When do you think he’ll arrive? (expect/toninght). I expect he’ll arrive tonight 1. What do you think she’ll say? (probably/nothing). She …………………………………………… 2. Where do you think she’ll go? (expect/London). I…………………………………………………… 3. When do you think she’ll leave? (think/tomorrow). I ………………………………………………… 4. How do you think she’ll go there? (expect/by train). I ……………………………………………… 5. when do you think she’ll be back? (think/quite soon). I …………………………………………… 6. Do you think you’ll miss her? (I’m sure/very much). Yes, ………………………………………… ________________________________________________________________________ C. Now you have to read a situation and then write a sentence with shall I? In each

situation you are talking to a friend. Example: It’s very hot in the room. The window is shut. Shall I open the window?

1. You’ve just tried on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. Ask

your friend for advice. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 2. You’re going out. It’s possible that it will rain and you’re not sure whether to take an

umbrella or not. Ask your friend for advice. ………………………………………………………… 3. It’s Ann’s birthday soon and you don’t know what to giver her. Ask your friend for

advice. What……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Your friend want you to phone him/her later. You don’t know what time to phone.

Ask him/her. What ……………………………………………………………………………………………… This time you have to make sentences with shall we? 5. You and your friend haven’t decided where to go for holidays. You say:

Where ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. You and your friend haven’t decided what to have for dinner. You say:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. You and your friend are going out. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or to

walk. You say: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

11

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE AND FUTURE PERFECT A. Learn the situation below:

Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on television this evening. The match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15. Ann wants to come and see Tom this evening and wants to know what time to come: Ann: Is it all right if I come at about 8.30? Tom: No, don’t come then. I’ll be watching the match on television. Ann: Oh well, what about 9.30? Tom: Yes, that’ll be fine. The match will have finished by then.

B. Future Progressive digunakan untuk mengatakan bahwa kita tengah melakukan sesuatu pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Pertandingan sepakbola dimulai pada jam 7.30 dan berakhir 9.15. Jadi dalam rentang waktu itu, misalnya 8.30, Tom tengah menonton pertandingan.

- You’ll recognise her when you see her. She’ll be wearing a yellow hat. - This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll probably be lying on a beautiful beach.

Bandingkan dengan bentuk progressive lainnya:

- At 10 o’clock yesterday he was working. - It’s 10 o’clock now. He is working. - At 10 o’clock tomorrow he will be working.

C. Will be doing juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang telah direncanakan atau telah diputuskan: - I’ll be going to the city centre later. Can I get you anything? - I’m going to the city centre later. Will be going juga dapat digunakan untuk menanyakan rencana seseorang, terutama ketika kita membutuhkan sesuatu atau menginginkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu: - ‘Will you be using your bicycle this evening?’ ‘No, you can take it’ - ‘Will you be passing the post office when you go out?’ ‘Yes, why?’

D. Kita menggunakan future perfect untuk mengatakan sesuatu akan telah terjadi sebelum suatu waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang. Pertandingan sepak bola berakhir 9.15. Jadi setelah itu, misalnya 9.30, pertandingannya akan telah selesai. Berikut contoh lain: - Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25th wedding anniversary. They will have been

married for 25 years. - We’re late. I expect the film will already have started by the time we get to the

cinema.

WILL BE DOING AND WILL HAVE DONE

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EXERCISE 11 A. In this exercise you have to make sentences with will be-ing.

Example: I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening. So at 9.30 I will be watching television.

1. Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30. So at 4 o’clock tomorrow I ……………………………………………………………… 2. Jim is going to study from 7 o’clock until 10 o’clock this evening. So at 8.30 this

evening he …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. We are going to clean the flat tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’clock. So at 10

o’clock tomorrow morning …………………………………………………………

B. This time you have to write three sentences, one each about the past, present and future. Bob always reads newspaper in the morning. It always takes him half an hour, from 8 o’clock until 8.30. So:

1. At 8.15 yesterday morning Bob ……………………………………………………………………… 2. It’s at 8.15 now. He …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. At 8.15 tomorrow morning, he ……………………………………………………………………

C. This time you have to ask questions with will you be-ing? Example: You want to borrow your friend’s bicycle this evening.

(you/use/your bicycle this evening?) Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

1. You want your friend to give Tom a message this afternoon.

(you/see/Tom this afternoon?) ………………………………………………………………………… 2. You want to use your friend’s typewriter tomorrow evening.

(you/use/your typewriter tomorrow evening?) 3. Your friend is going shopping. You want him/her to buy some stamps for you at the

post office. (you/pass/the post office when you’re in town?) …………………………………………………

D. In this exercise you have to use will have done. Example: Tom and Ann are going to the cinema. The film begins at 7.30 and it is already 7.20. And it will take them 20 minutes to get there. When they get there, (the film/already/start) the film will have already started.

1. Jim always goes to bed at 11 o’clock. Tom is going to visit him at 11.30 this

evening. When Tom arrives, (Jim/go/to bed) ……………………………………………………………………

2. Tom is on holiday. He has very little money and he is spending too much too quickly. Before the end of his holiday, (he/spend/all his money) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Chuck came to Britain from the US nearly three years ago. Next Monday it will be exactly three years since he arrived. Next Monday (he/be/here/exactly three years) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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CONTRACT LAW Although there are differences between Adat Law and Western Law, generally there are 4 elements of the contract.

1 The consent of the parties: the parties must consent to the basic matters contain in agreements. Therefore, the contract will be invalid if one party is physically forced to sign it1. The party who has benefit from the contract known as creditor and the one who has to performed it called debtor.

2 A capacity to contract; generally, all person are legally capable of entering contracts, except: a. minor (person under 21 years of age) b. person has been placed under guardianship.

3 A certain object; the object must be determinable, otherwise the contract is void. By "object means both the object of the performance (for example, the goods which are to be delivered); and the performance itself (the delivery).

4 A lawful purpose; if the object of the contract is unlawful, or if it2 is contrary to good morale of public policy, then the contract is void.

When the contract is made then all parties are bound to performance what it is contained. If one of them does not do or does something against the contract, this party has breached of the contract. This situation gives another party a right to sue him or her for some remedies. The remedies are:

1 Specific performance. This action can be taken if performance is still possible. This includes the forced to sale the land or the house.

2 Damages. Damages consist of money compensation for any or all of three types of injuries resulting from a breach of contract: expenditures, losses and interests.

3 Dissolution. The actual dissolution must await an order of the court. In the event a defaulting debtor is still able to perform his/her obligations subsequent to default, the creditor may petition for dissolution of the contract along with his/her suit for damages.

Vocabulary English Indonesia 1. Adat Law ............. 2. Western Law ............. 3. elements of contract ............. 4. the consent of the parties ............. 5. a capacity to contract ............. 6. a certain object ............. 7. lawful purpose ............. 8. remedies ............. 9. specific performance ............. 10. damages ............. 11. dissolution .............

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Comprehension check 1. What does it refer to? 2. What does it refer to?

LAND LAW Since 1960, the dual system of right in land (Western and Adat) has converted into one of the new rights prescribed by the Act No. 5/1960. This3 new system covert not only land, but also water, natural resources and air space. There are many rights can be held by people, according to this Act, i.e.

1 Right of ownership. This is the most complete right in land. It can be sold, exchanged, bequeted or otherwise transferred and can be encumbered with mortgage.

2 Right to cultivate. This is a right to cultivate State land, or to use it for other agricultural purposes for a fixed period of time not to exceed 35 years and can be extended for another 25 years.

3 Right to build. This is a right to erect and to own buildings on someone else's land. The grant must be for a fixed period of time, not exceeding 30 years and can be renewed for another 20 years.

4 Right of use. This is a right to use someone else's land for the purpose prescribed in the grant, whether agricultural or building. This can be held by foreigners. The right does not give the holder to sold, exchanged or otherwise transferred unless the grant explicitly says so.

5. Right of lease for building. 6. Right of lease in farmland. 7. Right to clean land. 8. Right to harvest forest products. 9. Right of pawn. 10. Right of sharecropping. 11. Right of lodging. Vocabulary English Indonesia 1. converted ............... 2. Right of ownership ............... 3. Right to cultivate ............... 4. Right to build ............... 5. Right to use ............... Comprehension check 3. What does this refer to?

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BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS According to Indonesian Civil Code from the colonial period, there are three distinct type of partnerships which are still referred to Dutch names: a. Maatschap is a contract whereby two or more persons agree to contribute something

together to carry of a business together in order to share in the profit accruing from the common effort (Civil Code Article 1618).

b. Firmá is a partnership from which in generally used by commercial partnership such as trading and service enterprises (Commercial Code title III, section 2).

c. Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV) is a partnership consisting of one or more ordinary partners and one or more silent partners. An ordinary partner is personally liable for the entire debt of the partnership. A silent partner, who only contributes capital to the partnership, is liable only to the extend of his/her contribution.

Besides the tree types of partnership, there are three more business organizations which are regulate separated: A. THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY Through the Law 1995 No. 1, it was established another business organizations which is called The Limited Liability Company. This term means a company with fixed capital divided into shares. The shareholders are liable only to the extend of the value of their share. Unlike an ordinary partnership (maatschap) which acts under the name of one or several of its partners, a limited liability company must acts under its own name. For example, PT ASTRA. There are four types of shares. Namely bearer shares, registered shares or shares on name, simple preference shares and cumulative preference shares. These shares give the shareholders a right to dividend and right to be involved in decision making in the general meeting of shareholders. B. STATE ENTERPRISES State enterprise is divided into three categories: a. Departmental Agency. The departmental agency forms part of a department,

directorate general, directorate or a local Government. Hence it cannot be a separate legal entity.

b. Public Corporation. The public corporation has dualistic characters. On the one hand, its policies are determined by the Government, i.e. the Minister, but, on the other hand, the management is performed by a Broad of Directors. But since the Public Corporation’s activities are in the field of public utilities, its action eill not be determined solely by commercial considerations.

c. State Corporation. Because this kind of organization is a limited liability, the capital which is wholly or partially owned by the State and totally governed by private law rules and principles. But because part of all of its capital is State property, its management is very much depend on the Government policy.

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C. COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES Under the Law No. 25 of 1992 of Cooperation, it is possible to establish a cooperative society if it fit to the condition states in the Law. In order to start a cooperative society, there must be at least twenty person, must draw up Article of Association which contains, among other tings, the name and domicile of the cooperative society, the nature of its business, the requirement for membership, regulation concerning liability of members, management regulation, rules for amendment of the articles, the fiscal year of the society, rules concerning profit distribution, and regulation governing the distribution of property after dissolution.

FOREIGN CAPITAL INVESTMENT

The Government recognizes that foreign capital investment has a major role to play in the continuing development of the economy. However, foreign capital investment is realized to be a complimentary means for the acceleration of economic development of the country. Foreign capital investment denotes investment of foreign capital by foreign individuals or companies where the capital owned directly bears the risk. Foreign capital includes: a. Foreign exchange that does not constitute part of Indonesia’s foreign exchange

reverse. b. Equipment and material which are not financed by Indonesia’s foreign exchange

resources. c. Reinvested profits. Foreign capital investment can be realized by forming: a. joint venture, or b. direct investment, in the sense that entire capital is owned by the foreign investor. In order to manage and administer foreign capital investment, it has been deemed necessary to establish a special government institution, which is called the Capital Investment Coordinating Board.

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ARBITRATION The regulation of arbitration is found in the first title of book III of Indonesia Code of Civil Procedure. Arbitration is used as a way of dispute settlement in the administrative field. This is taken by the parties to avoid the long time and expensive cost if they bring the case to the court. To be effective, the arbitral clause must write in a contract. The parties are free to choose the wording of the arbitral clause but it should be in writing and contained in the document signed by both parties. The parties also can choose their own arbitrators. Hence, the decision of the arbiters is final and binding. In practice, there are two Arbitration Bodies, so far: National Indonesian Arbitration Body, which was formed by Chamber of Commerce, and Muamalat Indonesia Arbitration Body, which was formed by Muamalat Indonesian Bank, the special body for the muslim in Indonesia to settle their disputes, outside of the court.

MORTGAGE LAW The uniformity in mortgage law is achieved through Law No. 4 of 1996. The mortgage law concerns with the guarantee which is connected to pay a debt. The mortgage law gives a creditor a right of preference. Every mortgage activities must form in a contract that needs Notary for legislation. A. THE OBJECT OF MORTGAGE LAW

There are two kinds of a mortgage object: 1. Land

Besides the land itself, there are four rights which is connected to the land that can be used as a collateral: a. Right of ownership b. Right of cultivate c. Right to build d. Right of use of State land which should be registrated

2. Things that are one with the land

By this category means buildings, plants, and creations such as statue which has been existed or will be.

B. THE PROCEDURE FOR EXECUTING A MORTGAGE

By the executorial clause, a creditor can sell the goods directly if a debtor breach the contract.

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THE INTELLECTUAL PROPRETY LAW Intellectual property law regulates a relationship that occur because of intellectual activities, such as art creation, inventions or writings. There are three main categories of intellectual property law: A. MARK LAW/TRADEMARK The right of mark is the exclusive right for a mark used in trade, granted by the State to the owner of the mark, registered in the general Register of Mark. Hence, the State will protect any action against that right. There are three categories of mark law: 1. Trademark: is a brand used for goods which are products. 2. Service mark: is a brand used for services rendered in commercial activities by a

person or persons together or legal entity, distinguishing it from services rendered by others.

3. Collective mark: is a brand used on goods or services with the same characteristic, used in trade by several persons, legal entities jointly, to distinguish them from other similar kinds of goods or services.

As a right, the trademark right could be transferred through the following ways: a. succession or inheritance b. testamentary disposition or will c. gift d. contractual obligation to be carried out in a notary deed or license. The mark right is valid for 10 years and renewable for the same period.

B. PATENT LAW Patent is a special right granted by the State to an inventor for the result of his/her invention in the field of technology to personally implements his/her invention by him/herself or to authorize another person to implement it. In order to obtain a patent right, the invention must be: a. New b. Containing an inventive step c. Industrially applicable The patent right is valid for 20 years and unrenewable.

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C. COPYRIGHT LAW Copyright law protects creations in the field of science, art and literature. The copyright law gives the copyright holder, the exclusive right to publish and reproduce or let another person do so (by license). Copyright is an absolute right. It has effect against any person. The copyright is valid as long as the creator life and adding for another 50 years after his/her death.

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FAMILY LAW Family law regulates the relationship in family life, such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and family institution. Although a uniformity of this law has been achieved by Regulation No. 1 Years 1974, the pluralism still remains because the regulation stipulated that for marriage has to use religious law. Since Indonesia has five religious officially, the pluralism in this issue4 can not be eliminated. Generally, the family law can divide into two main categories: Islamic Family Law and Non Islamic. Through Instruction of President No. 1 Year 1991, the Law concerns to family matters for Islam citizens have been established. Therefore for Islam citizens, can use a special court to settle their disputes in Islamic Religion Court. On the other hand, Non Islam citizen can use the general court to do so5. Vocabulary English Indonesia 1. family law ............. 2. marriage ............. 3. divorce ............. 4. inheritance ............. 5. stipulate ............. 6. religious ............. 7. Instruction of President ............. 8. Islamic Religion Court ............. 9. general court ............. Comprehensive check 4. What issue? 5. To do what? A. MARRIAGE LAW As have been described above, to saying a marriage is legal, it has to be done under religious law. In other word, a marriage will be valid only if it6 does in religious procedure, not under other procedure. As a general rule, to allow be married, the groom has to be 19 years of age or older and the bride has to be 16 years old. Before both of them7 reach 21 years of age, they still need a permission from their parents to marry. For muslim man, it is possible to marry more than once at the same time up to fourth. To do so8, he must have a certain reasons such as his previous wife can not do her obligation as a wife and she gives her permission to the man to have another wife. This principle is called monogamy with an exception.

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Vocabulary English Indonesia 1. the groom .............. 2. the bride .............. 3. monogamy with an exception .............. Comprehensive check 6. What does it refer to? 7. Who? 8. To do what? B. DIVORCE LAW When the marriage did not work out, the couple can be separated legally as stipulated under divorce law. As a consequence of divorce, there is no relation between them9 any more. The party who bring the case can be the husband or the wife. To be able to divorce, it needs a reason, such as: 1. One of them has been involved in adultery, drunk, drug additive or gambling. 2. One of them has left for two years without any permission. 3. One of them has been in jail for five years. 4. One of them has done an abusement. 5. One of them has a physically disorder or a disease which leads to disable to do

his/her obligation. 6. There is a continue fighting among them.

Vocabulary English Indonesia 1. separated .............. 2. adultery .............. 3. drunk .............. 4. drug addictive .............. 5. gambling .............. 6. abusement .............. 7. physically disorder .............. 8. continue fighting .............. Comprehensive check 9. Who?

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C. INHERITENCE LAW There still remains a pluralism in inheritance law. For Islam citizens, they can choose which law will be convenient for them: Islamic Law, Western Law, or Adat Law. Similarly, Non Islamic citizens can also choose Western Law or Adat Law. There are an important differences between Islam, Western and Adat Law. Firstly, in Islam, a portion of a son is twice than a daughter, while in Western Law, it will be equal for both of them10. Secondly, the will in testament in Islam Law can not be more than a third, while in Western Law it can be all of the property. Vocabulary English Indonesia 1. portion .............. 2. equal .............. 3. will .............. 4. testament .............. Comprehension check 10. Who?

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A PRIVATE CONVERSATION Last week I went to the theater. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman are sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round, looked at the man and woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. ‘I can’t hear a word!’ I said angrily. ‘It’s none of your business,’ the young man said rudely. ‘This is a private conversation!’

BREAKFAST OR LUNCH It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window, It was dark outside. ‘What a day!’ I thought. ‘It’s raining again’. Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. ‘I’ve just arrived by train’, she said. ‘I’m coming to see you’. ‘But I’m still having breakfast’, I said. ‘What are you doing?’, she asked. ‘I’m having breakfast’, I repeated. ‘Dear me’, she said. ‘Do you always get up so late? It’s one o’clock!’.

ONE GOOD TURN DESERVES ANOTHER I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in lawyer’s office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $5. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. ‘I have never borrowed any money from you’, Harry said, ‘so now you can pay for my dinner!’.

THE GREENWOOD BOYS The Greenwood Boys are a group of popular singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Worker’s Club. The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. As usual, the police will have difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.

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SOURCES OF LAW Each country in the world has its1 own system of law. However, there are two

main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common Law or Case

Law and has been adopted by many commonwealth countries. The other2 known as

Continental Law or Roman law, has developed in most of Continental Europe, Latin

America and many countries in Asia and Africa, including Indonesia.

Vocabulary:

English Indonesia

1. law ………………

2. adopted ………………

Comprehensive check:

1. What does its refer to?

2. What does the other refer to?

A. COMMON LAW SYSTEM

Common Law or Case Law system means the law, which is based on judicial

decisions. When we use the word ‘case’ in this context we mean the legal action

or dispute which has been brought to the court for resolution. The judge’s

decision is the law – hence ‘case’ law. However, judges are not free to reach any

decision they wish to; they are bound to follow certain rules and these3 rules form

the system of judicial precedent. In the precedent system, the later judge may

simply be obliged to consider the former decision as part of the material on which

his/her present decision could be based, or deciding the case in the same way as the

previous case, unless he/she4 can give a good reason for not doing so. Its5 purpose

is to achieve certainty and consistency in the law, but it6 is also important that the

system should be sufficiently flexible to allow the law to develop and adapt to

changing social and economic conditions.

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Vocabulary

English Indonesia

1. judicial decision ………………………

2. case ………………………

3. legal action ………………………

4. dispute ………………………

5. the court ………………………

6. judges ………………………

7. rules ………………………

8. precedent ………………………

Comprehensive check:

3. What does these refer to?

4. What does he/she refer to?

5. What does its refer to?

6. What does it refer to?

B. CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

Continental system is sometimes known as codified legal system. It7 has

been resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of code to govern

every legal aspect of citizen’s life. In codifying their8 legal system, many countries

have looked to the examples of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. The

lawmakers of new nations sometimes wanted to show that the legal rights of

their9 citizens originated in the state, not in local customs, and thus it10 was the

state to make law, not the courts. The lawmakers were often influenced by the

model of the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, the most important influence

came from the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian.

His11 aim had been to eliminate the confusion of inconsistent lawmaking by

formulating a comprehensive system that would replace existing law.

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Vocabulary

English Indonesia

1. codified ……………………

2. legal system ……………………

3. a set of code ……………………

4. lawmakers ……………………

5. legal right ……………………

6. make law ……………………

7. formulating ……………………

Comprehensive check:

7. What does it refer to?

8. What does their refer to?

9. What does their refer to?

10. What does it refer to?

11. What does his refer to?