tugas praktikum paleontologi

8/11/2019 TUGAS PRAKTIKUM PALEONTOLOGI

1/23

TUGAS PRAKTIKUM PALEONTOLOGI

FILUM ECHINODERMATA & PHYLUM PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

M. HUSAIN ALI ROBBANI

131101097

TEKNIK GEOLOGI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI MINERAL

INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOILOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA

2014


2/23

Filum Echinoderm!

Filum Echi!"#$m%% '"%$i (%h%)% Yu%i uu* *uli (#$"u$i+ %"%l%h )#(u%h

,ilum h#-% l%u .%/ m#c%*u (i%/ l%u T#$i%/ "% (#(#$%% *#$%(%.%

K#l!m!* h#-% ii "i#mu*% "i h%mi$ )#mu% *#"%l%m% l%u Filum ii mucul

"i #$i!"# K%m($ium %-%l "% #$"i$i "%$i 3000 )#)i#) .%/ m%)ih hi"u "%

1000 )#)i#) .%/ )u"%h u%h

Echi!"#$m%% %"%l%h ,ilum h#-% #$(#)%$ .%/ i"%* m#mili*i %//!%

.%/ hi"u "i %i$ %-%$ %%u "%$% H#-%5h#-% ii 6u/% mu"%h "i*#%li "%$i (#u*

u(uh.%7 *#(%.%*% m#mili*i )im#$i $%"i%l *hu)u).% )im#$i $%"i%l #%m#$%l

'#$(%/i lim%+ 8%l%uu #$lih% $imii, Echi!"#$m%% %"%l%h ,ilum .%/

(#$*#$%(% $#l%i, "#*% "#/% Ch!$"%% '.%/ "i "%l%m.% #$c%*u 9#$#($%%+ "%

)im#$i $%"i%l.% (#$#:!lu)i )#c%$% )#*u"#$ L%$:% (i%/ l%u mi)%l.% m%)ih

m#u6u**% *#)#$u%% .%/ cu*u (#)%$ "#/% l%$:% H#mich!$"%%

;%.%* "i %%$% %//!%.% .%/ (#$#$% (#)%$ "%l%m #*!)i)#m l%u

#$u%m% #*!)i)#m li!$%l %%i (#$(%u #$um(u *%$%/ #$%i$% "%/*%l "%

%lu/ l%u S#)i#) (i%/ l%u Pi)%)#$ !ch$%c#u) mi)%l.% m#6%"i $#"%!$ u%m%

"i #*!)i)#m %%i (#$(%u "i #)i)i$ (%$% Am#$i*% U%$% )#)i,i*.%

m#/#"%li*% !ul%)i i$%m (i$u 'M.ilu) #"uli)+)#hi//% )#)i#) .%/ l%i "%%

m#/hui %%i #$)#(u "% (i:%l:i% #$)#(u i"%* m#"!mi%)i )#c%$%

(#$l#(ih% C!!h l%i %"%l%h Ac%h%)#$ l%ci .%/ m#m%*% !li *%$%/ "i

#$%i$% I"!5P%)i,i* K#"%i )#$i/ "i%//% "#)*$u*i, %"% (#(#$%% #!$i .%/


3/23

m#/%%*% (%h-% A l%ci )#(#%$.% %"%l%h $#"%!$ .%/ #i/ uu*

#*!)i)#m #$um(u *%$%/ )#hi//% #$6%"i $#*$uim# *%$%/ (%$u .%/

m#//%i*% *!l!i5*!l!i u% 6u/% m#/u$%/i #*%% *!m#i)i %%$% )%u

)#)i#) *%$%/ "#/% .%/ l%i

A CIRI5CIRI ECHINODERMATA

1 ;#u* u(uh "#-%)%.% %"%l%h )im#$i) $%"i%l

2 ;#u* u(uh l%$:%.% %"%l%h )im#$i) (il%#$%l

Kuli.% #$"i$i %%) l#m#/5l#m#/ *%u$ "% "u$i5"u$i *#cil %"%

#$mu*%%.%

4 M#$u%*% h#-% #m%*% )%m%h l%u


4/23

Si)#m Am(ul%*$%l M#$u%*% )i)#m %li$% %i$ l#-% #m(uluh .%/ "il%*u*%

!l#h *#l!m!* Echi!"#$m%% *#l!m!* h#-% (#$*uli "u$i+ )i)#m *#$6%.%

"i%-%li "%$i m%)u*.% %i$ "%$i l%u m#l%lui lu(%/ m%"$#!$i "%(%/i%

u//u/ .%/ *#mu"i% "%)%lu$*% *# )%lu$% )%lu$% .%/ (#$%*hi$ *# %mul%

.%/ m#.#$u%i (%l!>%(u/ '*%*i %(u/+ %mul% .%/ (#$i)i %i$ ii %i

%*% "i #*%*% *# !(.#* (%u% )#hi//% (i)% m#m(%-% (%"%.% (#$/#$%*

#u ##*%% %mul% m#mu.%i *!)#*-#)i %i$ "i %mul% *#lu%$ )#hi//%

*#m#) l%/i %i$ (#$/#$%* *# mulu 5 (#/iu )##$u).%

;#$i*u 6%lu$ 6%lu$ #m(uluh %i$ "iu(uh.%

M%"$#!$i m#$u%*% lu(%/ #m% m%)u*.% %i$ "%$i lu%$ u(uh

S%lu$% (%u

S%lu$% cici

)%lu$% $%"i%l m#lu%) *# )#lu$uh u(uh

S%lu$% l%#$%l

Amul%

K%*i %(u/

MEKANISME SISTEM AM;ULAKRAL

Si)#m ii (#$,u/)i uu* (#$/#$%* (#$%,%) %%u m#m(u*% m%/)% P%"%

h#-% ii %i$ l%u m%)u* m#l%lui l#m#/ "!$)%l .%/ (#$lu(%/5lu(%/ *#cil

'm%"$#!$i+ m#u6u *# #m(uluh (%u K#mu"i% "il%6u*% *# )%lu$% cici .%/

m#mu.%i c%(%/ *# lim% %/%.% %%u "i)#(u )%lu$% $%"i%l )#l%6u.% *#

)%lu$% l%#$%l

P%"% )#i% c%(%/ #$"%% "#$#% *%*i %(u/ "% (#$%)%/% "#/%

)#m%c%m /#l#m(u/ (#$!! %%u "i)#(u 6u/% %mul%D%$i )%lu$% l%#$%l %i$ m%)u*


5/23

*# %mul% S%lu$% ii (#$*%hi$ "i %mul% ?i*% %mul% (#$*!$%*)i m%*% %i$

#$#*% "% m%)u* *# "%l%m *%*i %(u/ A*i(%.% *%*i %(u/ (#$u(%h m#6ulu$

%6%/ A%(il% h#-% ii %*% (#$/#$%* *# )#(#l%h *%% m%*% *%*i %(u/

)#(#l%h *%% %*% m#m#/%/ (#"% "i (%-%h.% "% *%*i l%i.% %*% (#(%)

S#l%6u.% %mul% m#/#m(%/ *#m(%li "% %i$ %*% (#$/#$%* (#$l%-%% "#/%

%$%h m%)u* K%*i %(u/ )#(#l%h *%% .%/ m#m#/%/ !(6#* %"i %*% m#.#$#

u(uh h#-% ii *# %$%h.% ;#/iul%h c%$% h#-% ii (#$/#$%* Di )%mi/ iu

h#-% ii 6u/% (#$/#$%* "%l%m %i$ "#/% m#//u%*% /#$%*% l#/%5l#/%.%

2 SISTEM REPRODUKSI

Echi!"#$m%% m#mu.%i 6#i) *#l%mi #$i)%h )#hi//% %"% .%/ 6%%

"% (#i% F#$ili)%)i #$6%"i "i lu%$ u(uh .%iu "i "%l%m %i$ l%u T#lu$ .%/ #l%h

"i(u%hi %*% m#m(#l%h )#c%$% c#% m#/h%)il*% (l%)ul% "% )#l%6u.%

(#$*#m(%/ m#6%"i /%)$ul% G%)$ul% ii (#$*#m(%/ m#6%"i l%$:% L%$:% %%u

"i)#(u 6u/% (ii%$i% (#$(#u* (il%#$%l )im#$i L%$:% ii (#$#%/ (#(%) "i "%l%m

%i$ m#c%$i #m% .%/ c!c!* hi//% m#6%"i ($%chi"%$i% l%lu m#/%l%mi

m#%m!$,!)i) "% %*hi$.% m#6%"i "#-%)% S##l%h "#-%)% (#u* u(uh.%

(#$u(%h m#6%"i $%"i%l )im#$i

SISTEM PERNAFASAN DAN EKSKRESI

Echi!"#$m%% (#$%,%) m#//u%*% %$u5%$u *uli %%u "#$m%l ($%chi%#

'P%ul%#+ .%iu #!6!l% "i"i/ $!//% u(uh ')#l!m+ .%/ ii) T!6!l% ii

"ili"u/i !l#h )ili% "% #"i)#l%$i% P%"% (%/i% iil%h #$6%"i #$u*%$% !*)i/#

"% *%$(!"i!*)i"% A"% ul% (#(#$%% 6#i) Echi!"#$m%% .%/ (#$%,%) "#/%


6/23


7/23

ii %"%l%h Ac%h%)#$ ) Lic*i% ) "% P#%c#$!) )Tu(uh A)#$!i"#% m#mili*i

"u$i umul "% #"#*Du$i #$)#(u %"% .%/ #$m!"i,i*%)i m#6%"i (#u* )##$i

c%u .%/ "i)#(u P#"i)#l%$i%Fu/)i #"i)#l%$i% %"%l%h uu* m#%/*% m%*%%

)#$% m#li"u/i #$mu*%% u(uh "%$i *!!$%P%"% (%/i% u(uh "#/% mulu

"i)#(u (%/i% !$%l )#"%/*% (%/i% u(uh "#/% lu(%/ %u) "i)#(u %(!$%lP%"%

h#-% ii *%*i %m(ul%*$%l )#l%i uu* (#$/#$%* 6u/% m#$u%*% %l% #/i)%

)#hi//% "%% m#l#*% *u% %"% )u%u "%)%$

Si)#m %m(ul%*$%l A)#$!i"#% #$"i$i "%$i 7

M#"$#!$i %"%l%h l#m#/% (#$!$i %"% #$mu*%% c%*$%m u)% "i(%/i%

"!$)%l u(uh

S%lu$% cici #$"%% "i $!//% u(uh c%*$%m u)%

S%lu$% $%"i%l m#$u%*% c%(%/ )%lu$% cici *# )#i% l#/%

K%*i %m(ul%*$%l m#$u%*% 6ulu$% )%lu$% $%"i%l .%/ *#lu%$

A//!% A)#$!i"#% m#mili*i *#m%mu% $#/##$%)i .%/ )%/% (#)%$S#i%

(%/i% l#/%.% "%% (#$#/##$%)i "% (%/i% c%*$%m u)% .%/ $u)%* "%%

"i/%iA)#$!i"#% m#$u%*% h#-% "i!)#u) !$/% *#l%mi (#$%)%/% %"% )#i%

l#/% "% ,#$ili)%)i #$6%"i "i lu%$ u(uh

K#l%) Echi!i"#%

Tu(uh h#-% ii "i#uhi !l#h "u$i %6%m Du$i ii #$)u)u "%$i % *%u$

Du$i ii %"% .%/ #"#* "% %"% ul% .%/ %6%/ )##$i l%"%*Iul%h )#(%(.%

6#i) h#-% ii)#$i/ "i)#(u l%"%* l%u ?#i)h#-% ii (i%)%.% hi"u "i)#l%5)#l%

%)i$ %%u )#l%5)#l%(#(%u% )#*i%$ %%i %%u "i"%)%$ l%u Tu(uh.% %% l#/%

h%mi$ (ul% %%u /##/ Ci$i l%i.% %"%l%h mulu.% .%/ #$"%% "i #$mu*%%


8/23

!$%l "il#/*%i "#/% < (u%h /i/i )#(%/%i %l% uu* m#/%m(il m%*%% H#-%

ii m#m%*% (#$m%c%mm%c%m m%*%% l%u mi)%l.% h#-% l%i .%/ #l%h m%i

%%u !$/%i)m# *#cil l%i.% Al% #/%m(il m%*%% "i/#$%**% !l#h !! .%/

"i)#(u l##$% %$i)!##l#) S#"%/*% %u) m%"$#!$i "% lu(%/ *#l%mi #$"%%

"i #$mu*%% %%)

K#l%) Ohiu$!i"#%

H#-% ii 6#i) u(uh.% m#mili*i < l#/% .%/ %6%/5%6%/ K#lim%

%/% ii 6u/% (i)% "i/#$%*5/#$%**% )#hi//% m#.#$u%i ul%$ Ol#h *%$#% iu

h#-% 6#i) ii )#$i/ "i)#(u (i%/ ul%$ l%u 'Ohiu$!i"#% ($#:i)ium+ Mulu

"% m%"$#!$i.% #$"%% "i #$mu*%% !$%l

H#-% ii i"%* m#mu.%i %u) )#hi//% )i)% m%*%% %%u *!!$%.%

"i*#lu%$*% "#/% c%$% "imu%h*% m#l%lui mulu.% H#-% ii hi"u "i l%u

.%/ "%/*%l %%u "%l%m ;i%)%.% (#$)#m(u.i "i )#*i%$ (%u *%$%/ $umu l%u

%%u m#/u(u$ "i$i "i lumu$>%)i$ I% )%/% %*i, "i m%l%m h%$i M%*%%.% %"%l%h

u"%/ *#$%/ %%u )#$ih% !$/%i)m# l%i ')%m%h+

K#l%) C$i!i"#%

?#i) Echi!"#$m%% ii .%/ h%mi$ m#.#$u%i um(uh% M#m%/ )#*il%)

h#-% ii mi$i um(uh% (u/% I% m#mili*i %/*%i "% m#l#*% %"% (#(%u% %*

(#"% )##$i um(uh% .%/ m##m#l "i (#(%u% I% 6u/% m#mili*i < l#/% .%/

(#$c%(%/5c%(%/ l%/i mi$i (u/% lili Ol#h *%$#% iu h#-% ii )#$i/ "i)#(u lili

l%u 'M#%c$iu) )+ Ci$i l%i.% mulu "% %u) h#-% ii #$"%% "i #$mu*%%


9/23

!$%l "% i"%* m#mu.%i m%"$#!$i H#-% ii )#$i/ "i#mu*% m##m#l "#/%

m#//u%*% ci$$i '%*%$+ %"% (#(%u% "i "%)%$ l%u I% 6u/% (i)% (#$#%/ (#(%)

)#hi//% 6i*% li/*u/% i"%* m#/uu/*% %*% i"%h "% m##m#l %"%

#m% l%i ?#i) l%i.% %"%l%h A#"! ##ll% "#/% u(uh.% *#cil5*#cil

(#u* i%l% "i)#(u c%l.B '*%li*)+ %% %/*%i

K#l%) H!l!u$!i"#%

H#-% 6#i) ii *uli "u$i.% h%lu) )#hi//% )#*il%) i"%* %m%* )#(%/%i

6#i) Echi!"#$m%% Tu(uh.% )##$i m#imu "% "i)#(u m#imu l%u %%u

"i)#(u 6u/% #$i%/ H#-% ii )#$i/ "i#mu*% "i #i %%i G#$%*%.% i"%*

*%*u ,l#*)i(#l l#m(u "% i"%* m#mu.%i l#/% R%/*%.% "i$#"u*)i (#$u%

(ui$(ui$ *%u$ "i "%l%m *uli Mulu #$l#%* %"% u6u/ %#$i!$ "% %u) %"%

u6u/ !)#$i!$ '%(!$%l+ Di )#*#lili/ mulu #$"%% #%*#l .%/ (#$c%(%/

)#(%.%* 10 )%m%i 0 (u%h T#%*#l "%% "i)%m%*% "#/% *%*i %(u/ (%/i%

!$%l %"% Echi!"#$m%% l%i.% Ti/% (%$i) *%*i %(u/ "i (%/i% :#$%l "i/u%*%

uu* (#$/#$%* "% "u% (%$i) "i (%/i% "!$)%l (#$/u% uu* m#l%*u*% #$%,%)%

S#l%i iu #$%,%)% 6u/% m#//u%*% %$u5%$u %i$ K#(i%)%% h#-% ii

m#l#%**% "i$i "i %%) "%)%$ l%u %%u m#/u(u$ "i$i "i "%l%m lumu$>%)i$ "%

(%/i% %*hi$ u(uh.% "i#$lih%*% ?i*% m%*hlu* ii "i/%//u>"i(#$i $%/)%/%

"%$i lu%$ m%*% i% %*% m#/*#$u


10/23

"h#lum Ar!hro$od

A$h$!!"% '"%l%m (%h%)% l%i A$h$% $u%) (u*u )#/m# !"!) *%*i+

m#$u%*% h#-% .%/ m#mili*i ci$i *%*i (#$u%) (#$(u*u %%u (#$)#/m# S#/m#

#$)#(u 6u/% #$"%% %"% u(uh.%Tu(uh A$h$!!"% m#$u%*% )im#$i (il%#$%l

"% #$/!l!/ $i!(l%)i* )#l!m%%

S#c%$% umum ci$i5ci$i ,ilum %$h$!!"% %"%l%h )#(%/%i (#$i*u7

Tu(uh (#$u%)5$u%) .%/ #$(%/i %%) *#%l% 'c%u+ "%"% 'h!$%*)+ "% (%"%

(#l%*%/ '%("!m#+ ;#(#$%% "i%%$%.% %"% .%/ m#mili*i *#%l% "% "%"%

.%/ (#$)%u 'c#h%l!h!$%*)+

M#mili*i l%i)% '$il!(l%)i*+ .%iu #*!"#$m m#)!"#$m "% #"!"#$m

"#/% $!//% u(uh

;#u* u(uh )im#$i) (il%#$%l

;%/i% u(uh #$(u/*u) !l#h #*)!)*#l# .%/ m#/%"u/ *hii

Al% #c#$%% m%*%% l#/*% #$"i$i %%) mulu *#$!/*!/% u)u) "%

%u)

Si)#m $#$!"u*)i #$i)%h %$i.% %"% h#-% 6%% "% %"% h#-% (#i%

R#$!"u*)i #$6%"i )#c%$% )#*)u%l "% %)#*)u%l

'partenogenesis"% paedogenesis+

M#mili*i )i)#m #$#"%$% "%$%h #$(u*% ')i)#m l%*u#$+ "% %l% #$#"%$%.%

(#$u% 6%u/ "% #m(uluh5#m(uluh "%$%h #$(u*%


11/23

Si)#m ).%$%, #$"i$i "%$i /%/li! %#$i!$ .%/ m#$u*% !%* #$l#%* "i %%)

)%lu$% #c#$%% )#%)%/ ).%$%, .%/ m#/hu(u/*% !%* "#/% ).%$%,

)#(#l%h :#$%l)#$% %)%/%5%)%/% /%/li! :#$%l .%/ "ihu(u/*%

)%u "#/% .%/ l%i !l#h u$% ).%$%, :#$%l (#$6%l% )#%6%/ u(uh "%$i

"#% *# (#l%*%/ "i (%-%h )%lu$% #c#$%%

Si)#m #*)$#)i.% (#$u% (#$u% )%lu$%5)%lu$% m%lhi/i

Al% #$%%)% (#$u% $%*#% i)%/ "% %$u5%$u .%/ m#$u%*% l#m(%$%

'%$u5%$u (u*u+

Si,% hi"u %"% .%/ %$%)i h##$!$!i* "% hi"u )#c%$% (#(%)

Hi"u.% "i "%$% %i$ %-%$ "% l%u

U%urn dn &en!u% !u&uh

U*u$% u(uh A$h$!!"% )%/% (#$%/%m (#(#$%% "i%%$%.% m#mili*i

%6%/ l#(ih "%$i =0 cm %mu *#(%.%*% (#$u*u$% *#cil;#/iu ul% "#/%

(#u* A$h$!!"% u (#$%/%m

S!ru%!ur !u&uh

Tu(uh A$h$!!"% (#$)#/m# "#/% 6uml%h )#/m# .%/ (#$:%$i%)iP%"%

i% )#/m# u(uh #$)#(u #$"%% )#%)%/ *%*i .%/ (#$u%)S#/m# (#$/%(u/

m#m(#u* (%/i% u(uh .%iu K%u '*#%l%+ !$%*) '"%"%+ "% %("!m# '#$u+

Ci$i l%i "%$i A$h$!!"% %"%l%h %"%.% *ui*ul% *#$%) .%/ m#m(#u*

$%/*% lu%$ '#*)!)*#l#!+E*)!)*#l#! #$)u)u "%$i *ii .%/ "i )#*$#)i*% !l#h

)#l *uliE*)!)*#l#! m#l#*% %"% *uli m#m(#u* #$li"u/% u(uh .%/ *u%


12/23

E*)!)*#l#! #$"i$i "%$i l#m#/%5l#m#/% .%/ "ihu(u/*% !l#h

li/%m# .%/ ,l#*)i(#l "% lu%*E*)!)*#l#! i"%* "%% m#m(#)%$ m#/i*ui

#$um(uh% u(uhOl#h *%$#% iu %h% #$um(uh% A$h$!!"% )#l%lu "ii*ui

"#/% #/#lu%)% #*)!)*#l#! l%m% "% #m(#u*% #*)!)*#l#! (%$uT%h%

#l#%)% #*)!)*#l#! "i)#(u "#/% m!li/ %%u #*"i)i)H#-% .%/ (i%)%.%

m#l%*u*% #*"i)i) mi)%l.% *#ii/ u"%/ "% l%(%5l%(%

Si)#m )%$%, A$h$!!"% (#$u% )i)#m )%$%, %//% %li (#$6uml%h )#%)%/

.%/ (#$%"% "i )#%6%/ )i)i :#$%l u(uh.% P%"% (#$(%/%i #m% "i )#/m#

u(uh %"% #m(#)%$% )%$%, %//% %li .%/ "i)#(u /%/li% G%/li% (#$,u/)i

)#(%/%i u)% $#,l#*) "% #/#"%li% (#$(%/%i *#/i%%G%/li% (%/i% %#$i!$

.%/ l#(ih (#)%$ (#$,u/)i )#(%/%i !%*

Si)#m #c#$%% A$h$!!"% #$"i$i "%$i mulu #)!,%/u) l%m(u/ u)u)

"% %u)Mulu.% "il%/*%i "#/% (#$(%/%i %l% %m(%h% .%/ (#$%/%m

mi)%l.% m%"i(ul% "% m%*)il% %"% (#l%l%/

A$h$!!"% (#$%%) "#/% i)%/ $%*#% %%u %$u5%$u (u*uSi)%

m#%(!li)m# (#$u% c%i$% "i*#lu%$*% !l#h !$/% #*)*$#)i .%/ "i)#(u

)%lu$%>u(ul% M%li/hi *#l#6%$ #*)*$#)i %%u *#"u%.%Si)#m )i$*ul%)i

A$h$!!"% (#$)i,% #$(u*%Si)#m )i$*ul%)i #$"i$i "%$i 6%u/ #m(uluh "%$%h

#"#* "% $u%/ "i)#*i%$ !$/% u(uh .%/ "i)#(u )iu) %%u h#m!)!lD%$%h

A$h$!!"% "i)#(u 6u/% h#m!lim,%

'r hidu$ dn h&i!!


13/23

C%$% hi"u A$h$!!"% )%/% (#$%/%m %"% .%/ hi"u (#(%) %$%)i

*!m#)%l %%u )im(i!i*Dili/*u/% *i% )#$i/ "i6um%i *#l!m!* h#-% ii

mi)%l.% .%mu* l%l% )#mu *uu5*uu c%u/ (#l%l%/ "% l#(%h H%(i%

#.#(%$% A$h$!!"% )%/% lu%)A"% .%/ "i l%u #$i$% %-%$ /u$u %)i$ "%

%"%/ $umu

Re$rodu%(i

Si)#m $#$!"u*)i A$h$!!"% umum.% #$6%"i )#c%$% )#*)u%lN%mu %"%

6u/% .%/ )#c%$% %)#*)u%l .%iu "#/% %$#!/##)i) P%$#!/##)i) %"%l%h

#m(#u*% i"i:i"u (%$u %% m#l%lui ,#$ili)%)i '#m(u%h%+I"i:i"u .%/

"ih%)il*% (#$)i,% )#$ilO$/% $#$!"u*)i 6%% "% (#i% %"% A$h$!!"%

#$i)%h m%)i/5m%)i/ m#/h%)il*% /%m# %"% i"i:i"u .%/ (#$(#"% )#hi//%

(#$)i,% "i!)#u) '(#$um%h "u%+H%)il ,#$ili)%)i (#$u% #lu$

)l(i*i%(i

A$h$!!"% "i*l%)i,i*%)i*% m#6%"i 20 *#l%) (#$"%)%$*% )$u*u$ u(uh "%

*%*i ;#$i*u ii %*% "iu$%i*% #m% *#l%) "i%%$%.% .%/ %li/ umum .%iu

K#l%) A$%ch!i"#% M.$i%!"% C$u)%c#% "% I)#c%

Archnoide


14/23

G%m(%$ 7 l%(%5l%(%

'Sum(#$ 7 h7>>/u$u/#(l!/c!m>200>11>12>h.lum5%$h$!!"%>+

A$%ch!i"#% '"%l%m (%h%)% .u%i %$%ch! l%(%5l%(%+ "i)#(u 6u/%

*#l!m!* l%(%5l%(% m#)*iu %//!%.% (u*% l%(%5l%(% )%6% K%l%6#/*i/ %"%l%h

)%l%h )%u c!!h *#l%) A$%ch!i"#% .%/ 6uml%h.% )#*i%$ 2 )#)i#) U*u$% u(uh

A$%ch!i"#% (#$:%$i%)i %"% .%/ %6%/.% l#(ih *#cil "%$i 0< mm )%m%i cm

A$%ch!i"#% m#$u%*% h#-% #$#)$i%l '"%$%+ .%/ hi"u )#c%$% (#(%) m%uu

%$%)i A$%ch!i"#% .%/ hi"u (#(%) (#$)i,% *%$i:!$% A$%ch!i"#% "i(#"%*%

m#6%"i i/% !$"! .%iu Sc!$i!i"% A$%chi"% "% Ac%$i%

Sc!$i!i"% m#mili*i %l% #.#/% (#$%cu %"% )#/m# %("!m# #$%*hi$

c!!h h#-% ii %"%l%h *%l%6#/*i/ 'U$!c!u) m!$"%B+ "% *#u//#/ ' ;uhu)

%,#$+P%"% A$%chi"% %("!m# i"%* (#$)#/m# "% m#mili*i *#l#6%$ (#$%cu %"%

*%li)#$%.% '%l% )#/%+ c!!h h#-% ii %"%l%h L%(%5l%(% )#$i/%l% 'P%$"!)%

%m#%%+ l%(%5l%(% *#ml%"i/% 'N#hil% m%cul%%+ Ac%$i% m#mili*i u(uh .%/

)%/% *#cil c!!h.% %"%l%h c%l%* %%u u/%u 'Ac%$i% )+
http://gurungeblog.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/laba-laba.jpg


15/23

;#$i*u %"%l%h ci$i5ci$i "%$i )%l%h )%u h#-% A$%ch!i"#% .%/ )#$i/ *i%

6um%i .%iu l%(%5l%(%Tu(uh.% #$"i$i "%$i "u% (%/i% .%iu )#,%l!!$%*) '*#%l%5

"%"%+ %"% (%/i% %#$i!$ "% %("!m# %"% (%/i% !)#$i!$S#,%l!!$%*) %"%l%h

#.%u% u(uh (%/i% )#,%l %%u *%u '*#%l%+ "% (%/i% !$%*) '"%"%+P%"%

)#,%l!!$%*) #$"%% )#%)%/ *%li)#$% '%l% )#/%+ )#%)%/ #"i%lu) 'c%i+ "%

#%m %)%/ *%*i uu* (#$6%l%

K%li)#$% "% #"i%lu) m#$u%*% %l% %m(%h% %"% mulu

P%"% (%/i% %("!m# '!i)!)!m%+ l%(%5l%(% #$"i$i "%$i m#)!)!m% "%

m#%)!m%P%"% (%/i% !)#$i!$ %("!m# #$"%% )i#$# .%/ m#$u%*% !$/%

(#$(#u* *#$ucu "% "%% (#$u%$ (#(%)Di"%l%m )i#$# #$"%% (%.%* )i/!

.%/ m#$u%*% lu(%/ #/#lu%$% *#l#6%$ (#%/ h%lu) %%u *#l#6%$ (#%/

%("!m#K#l#6%$ (#%/ h%lu) m#)#*$#)i*% c%i$% .%/ m#/%"u/ $!#i

#l%)i*P$!#i #l%)i* #$)#(u %*% m#/#$%) "i u"%$% m#m(#u* (#%/ h%lu) .%/

"i/u%*% uu* m#6#(%* m%/)%

L%(%5l%(% (#$%%) "#/% %$u5%$u (u*u %%u $%*#%P%$u5%$u (u*u %"%l%h

!$/% $#)i$%)i (#$l%i) (%.%* )##$i (u*u "% #$l#%* %"% (%/i%

%("!m#E*)*$#)i l%(%5l%(% "il%*u*% "#/% u(ul% ' u//%l u(ulu) +

M%li/hiTu(ul% M%li/hi m#$u%*% %(u/ *#cil %6%/ "% (uu "% !$/% ii

#$l#%* "i "%l%m h#m!)!l .%/ (#$mu%$% *# "%l%m u)u)S#l%i Tu(ul% M%li/hi

#*)*$#)i l%i.% "il%*u*% "#/% *#l#6%$ *!*)%lK#l#6%$ *!*)%l m#$u%*%

*#l#6%$ #*)*$#!$i (uu .%/ (#$mu%$% %"% "%#$%h *!*)% ')#/m# %"% *%*i

i)#c%+


16/23

M#ri$od

M.$i%!"% '"%l%m (%h%)% .u%i m.$i% (%.%* !"!) *%*i+ m#$u%*%

h#-% (#$*%*i (%.%* M.$i%!"% hi"u "i "%$% %"% #m% l#m(% mi)%l.% "i

(%-%h "%u (%u %%u umu*% *%.u ;%/i% u(uh M.$i%!"% )uli "i(#"%*%

%%$% !$%*) "% %("!m#Tu(uh.% m#m%6%/ )##$i c%ci/

P%"% *%u #$"%% %#% mulu "% )%u %)%/ m%"i(ul% '$%h%/

(%-%h+ "u% %)%/ m%*)il% '$%h%/ %%)+ "% m%% .%/ (#$(#u* !)#li 'm%%

u//%l+Tu(u.% (#$)#/m# "#/% )%u hi//% "u% %)%/ %//!% (%"% %"% i%

)#/m#.%S#i% )#/m# #$"%% lu(%/ $#)i$%)i .%/ "i)#(u )i$%*#l .%/

m#u6u *# $%*#%E*)*$#)i.% "#/% u(ul% m%li/hi M.$i%!"% (#$)i,% "i!)#u)

"% m#l%*u*% $#)$!"u*)i )#*)u%l )#c%$% i#$%lM.$i%!"% "i(#"%*% m#6%"i "u%

!$"! .%iu Chil!!"% "% Dil!!"%

'hilo$od

K#l!m!* h#-% ii "i*#%l )#(%/%i *#l%(%/Tu(uh.% m#m%6%/ "%

%/%* iihP%"% *#%l%.% #$"%% %#% "% mulu "#/% )#%)%/ m%"i(ul% "%

"u% %)%/ m%*)il%P%"% i% )#/m# u(uh.% #$"%% *%*i "% )#%)%/

)i$%*#lP%)%/% #$%m% *%*i #$m!"i,i*%)i m#6%"i %l (#$%cuAl% #.#/%

"i/u%*% uu* m#.#/% mu)uh %%u #//%//u.%S#/%%.% m#im(ul*%

(#/*%* "% $%)% )%*iC!!h h#-% ii %"%l%h *#l%(%/ ')cui/#$% )+

+i$lo$od

H#-% %"% !$"! ii "i*#%l "#/% *%*i )#$i(u m#)*iu 6uml%h *%*i.%

(u*% (#$6uml%h )#$i(uA"% .%/ m#.#(u*% %m% l%i )##$i


17/23


18/23

G%m(%$ 7 l!()#$

'Sum(#$ 7 h7>>/u$u/#(l!/c!m>200>11>12>h.lum5%$h$!!"%>+

M%l%c!)$%c% %"%l%h c$u)%c#% .%/ (#$u*u$% l#(ih (#)%$ "%$i %"%

#!m!)$%c%H#-% .%/ #$m%)u* *#l!m!* ii %"%l%h U"%/ l!()#$ "%

*#ii/;#$i*u %*% "i(%h%) )#"i*i m#/#%i u$%i h#-% *#l!m!* )%u ii

U"%/ m#mili*i #*))!)*#l#! .%/ *#$%) uu* m#li"u/i u(uh.%Tu(uh.%

#$"i$i "%$i "u% (%/i% .%iu *%u "% !$%*) .%/ m#.%u m#m(#u* )#,%l!!$%*)

)#$% %("!m#Di(%/i% )#,%l!!$%*) "ili"u/i !l#h #*)!)*#l#! .%/ *#$%) (#$u%

*%$%%*)K%$%%*) m#mili*i "u$i "i u6u/ %#$i!$ .%/ "i)#(u $!)$umDi "#*%

$!)$um #$"%%$ m%% ,%)# ' m%6#mu*+ .%/ (#$%/*%iP%"% *%u )#,%l!!$%*)

m#$u%*% #.%u% lim% )#/m#

Di(%/i% *%u #$"%% )#%)%/ %#ul% )#%)%/ %#% "% i/% %)%/

(%/i% muluA#ul% (#$,u/)i )#(%/%i %l% #$%(% )#"%/*% %#% )#(%/%i %l%

*#)#im(%/% u(uhTi/% %)%/ mulu #$"i$i "%$i )#%)%/ m%"i(ul% "% "u%

%)%/ m%*)il%P%"% (%/i% !$%*) #$"i$i "%$i "#l%% )#/m# #$"%% i/% %)%/

m%*)ili#" )#%)%/ )#li#" "% #m% %)%/ *%*i 6%l%'#$i!!"+
http://gurungeblog.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/lobster.jpg


19/23

M%*)ili#" #$)#(u (#$,u/)i )#(/%i #.%$i/ m%*%%S#li#" (#$,u/)i

uu* m#c%$i m%*%% "% m#li"u/i "i$i "%$i mu)uhP%"% (%/i% %("!m#

#$"%% lim% %)%/ *%*i $#%/ 'l#!!"+P%"% u6u/ !)#$i!$ #$"%% #l)! "%

)#%)%/ %l% *#mu"i uu* (#$#%/ 'u$u!"+P%"% u"%/ 6%% %)%/% l#!!"

1 "% 2 (#$)%u m#6%"i /!!!" G!!!" (#$,u/)i )#(%/%i #.%lu$ )#$m% )%%

*!ul%)iS#"%/*% %"% -%i% (#$,u/)i uu* m#l#*%*% #lu$ "% m#m(%-%

%%*.% S%lu$% #c#$%% u"%/ #$"i$i "%$i mulu #)!,%/u) l%m(u/ u)u) "%

%u)Mulu "% #)!,%/u) #$l#%* "i (%/i% (%-%h )#,%l!!$%*)L%m(u/ ' #$l#%* "i

)#,%l!!$%*) + "% u)u) ' #$l#%* "i %("!m# + (#$%"% "i)#%6%/ (%/i% "!$)%l

u(uh H%i .%/ m#$u%*% *#l%6%$ #c#$%% #$l#%* "i (%/i% !$%*) "%

%("!m#m%*%% u"%/ (#$u% (#$u"u l%$:% )#$%//% "% i*%5i*% *#cilSi)%

m#%(!li)m# "i*#lu%$*% m#l%lui %l% *#l#6%$ hi6%u .%/ #$l#%* "i *#%l%.%

P#$%%)% "il%*u*% "#/% i)%/ .%/ #$"%% "i (%/i% :#$%l u(uh.%

"#*% *%*iSi)#m #$#"%$% "%$%h #$"i$i "%$i 6%u/ #m(uluh "%$%h "% )iu)

.%/ $!//%.% (#$"i"i/ ii)O$/% *#l%mi (#$)i,% "i!)#u)

In(ec!

G%m(%$ 7 Kuu5*uu

'Sum(#$ 7 h7>>/u$u/#(l!/c!m>200>11>12>h.lum5%$h$!!"%>+
http://gurungeblog.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/kupukupu.jpg


20/23

I)#c% '"%l%m (%h%)% l%i i)#ci )#$%//%+;%.%* %//!% h#-% ii

)#$i/ *i% 6um%i "i)#*i%$ *i% mi)%l.% *uu5*uu .%mu* l%l% l#(%h )#mu

c%u/ 6%/*$i* (#l%l%/"% l#(%hCi$i *hu)u).% %"%l%h *%*i.% .%/ (#$6uml%h

#%m (u%h

K%$#% iu ul% )#$i/ 6u/% "i)#(u h#B%!"%

I)#c% "%% hi"u "i (#$/%/%i h%(i% .%iu %i$ %-%$ l%u "% "%$%H#-%

ii m#$u%*% )%u5)%u.% *#l!m!* i:#$#($%% .%/ "%% #$(%/I)#c% %"%

.%/ hi"u (#(%) "% %"% .%/ )#(%/%i %$%)i

Tu(uh I)#c% "i(#"%*% m#6%"i i/% (%/i% .%iu *%u !$%*) "%

%("!m#K%u m#mili*i !$/% .%/ (#$*#m(%/ (%i* .%iu %"%.% )#%)%/

%#% m%% m%6#mu* 'm%% ,%)#+ "% m%% u//%l '!)#li+I)#c% m#mili*i !$/%

#$%)% "i)#(u %lu)

I)#c% .%/ m#mili*i ).% %"% )#/m# *#"u% "% *#i/% ;%/i% %("!m# I)#c%

i"%* m#mili*i %//!% u(uh P%"% %("!m#.% #$"%% )i$%*#l .%iu lu(%/

#$%%)% .%/ m#u6u %(u/ $%*#% T$%*#% m#$u%*% %l% #$%%)% %"%

I)#c%P%"% %("!m# 6u/% #$"%% u(ul% m%li/hi .%iu %l #*)*$#)i .%/ m#l#*%

%"% !)#$i!$ )%lu$% #c#$%%Si)#m )i$*ul%)i.% #$(u*%O$/% *#l%mi.%

"i!)#u)

"er%em&n,n In(ec! di&ed%n men-di !i,

P#$%m% Am#%(!l% %"%l%h #$*#m(%/% .%/ h%.% (#$u% #$%m(%h%

u*u$% )%6% %% #$u(%h% -u6u"C!!h.% *uu (u*u 'l#i)m% )%cch%$i%+


21/23

K#"u% H#mim#%(!l% %"%l%h %h% #$*#m(%/% I)#c% .%/ i"%* )#mu$%

"im%% I)#c% mu"% .%/ m##%) mi$i "#/% i"u*.% #%i %"% !$/% .%/

(#lum mucul mi)%l.% )%.%S%.% iu %*% mucul hi//% %"% )%% "#-%)%

h#-% #$)#(u

I)#c% mu"% "i)#(u im,%Ri/*%)% )*#m%.% %"%l%h #lu$ im,% 'l%$:%+

"#-%)% 'im%/!+

C!!h I)#c% ii %"%l%h (#l%l%/ *#c!% '#$il%#% %m#$ic%%+ 6%/*$i*

'/$.llu) )+ "% -%l%/ )%/i 'l#!c!$i)% %cu%+ K#i/% H!l!m#%(!l% %"%l%h

#$*#m(%/% I)#c% "#/% )#i% %h% m#u6u*% #$u(%h% -u6u" .%/ )%%/

(#$(#"% ')#mu$%+

T%h%.% %"%l%h )#(%/%i (#$i*u #lu$ l%$:% u% "#-%)%L%$:%.% (#$(#u*

ul% um(uh "% m#/%l%mi #*"i)i) (#(#$%% *%li

S#%l%h iu l%$:% m#/h%)il*% #li"u/ *#$%) "i)#*uu$ u(uh.% uu*

m#m(#u* u%Pu% (#$*#m(%/ m#6%"i (%/i% u(uh )##$i %#% )%.%

*%*i !$/% $#$!"u*)i "% !$/% l%i.% .%/ m#$u%*% )$u*u$ I)#c% "#-%)%

S#l%6u.% I)#c% "#-%)% *#lu%$ "%$i u%C!!h I)#c% ii %"%l%h *uu5*uu

l%l% "% .%mu*

Berd(r%n (#$/In(ec! di&ed%n men-di du (u&%el(

P#$%m% A#$i/!% 'i"%* (#$)%.%+ u(uh %#$i/!% (#$u*u$% *#cil )#*i%$

0< cm "% m#mili*i %#% %6%/Umum.% (#$*#m(%/ )#c%$%

%m#%(!l%C!!h h#-% *#l%) ii %"%l%h *uu (u*u


22/23

K#"u% P#$i/!% '(#$)%.%+ m#$u%*% *#l!m!* i)#c% .%/ )%.%.%

(#$%)%l "%$i !6!l% lu%$ "i"i/ u(uh .%/ "i)#(u E*)!#$i/!%K#l!m!* l%i

.%/ )%.%.% (#$%)%l "%$i !6!l% "%l%m "i"i/ u(uh "i)#(u E"!#$i/!%

E*)!#$i/!% "i(#"%*% m#6%"i (#(#$%% !$"! (#"%)%$*% i# )%.% mulu

"% m#%m!$,!)i).% 7

O$h!#$% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ )%.% "#/% )%.% "#% .%/

)#miMi)%l.% *#c!% 6%/*$i* "% /%)i$

H#mi#$% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ )%.% .%/ i"%* )%m% %6%/ C!!h.%

-%l%/ )%/i 'l#!c!$i)% %cu%+ "% *uu (u)u* 'c.m#B $!u"u)+

H!m!#$% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ .%/ )%m% %6%/C!!h.% -#$#/

c!*l% 'Nil%%$:%% lu/#)+ *uu "%u 'Ahi)+ "% *uu *#%l% 'P#"iculu)

hum%u)+

O"!%% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ )%.% )##$i 6%l% C!!h.% c%u/ '%%l%+

E"!#$i/!% "i(#"%*% m#6%"i 7

C!l##$% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ )%.% "#/% )%.% "#% .%/ *#$%) "%

#(%lMi)%l.% *um(%/ %"u* 'O$.ci#) $hi!c#$!)+ "% *uu /%(%h

'Rh.!#$% "imiic%+

H.m#!#$% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ )%.% .%/ )##$i )#l%u "#/% )%.%

"#% l#(ih (#)%$ "%$i%"% )%.% (#l%*%/ Mi)%l.% )#mu $%/$%/

'O#c!h.ll% )%$%/illi%+ )#mu hi%m 'M!!m!$ium )+ l#(%h m%"u 'Ai)

i"ic%+ "% %-! 'J.l!c!% l%i#)+


23/23

Di#$% h%.% m#mili*i )#%)%/ )%.%Mi)%l.% .%mu* 'cul#B )+

.%mu* m%l%$i% 'A!h#l#) )+ .%mu* "#m%m (#$"%$%h 'A#"#) A#/.i+

l%l% $um%h 'Mu)c% "!m#)ic%+ l%l% (u%h 'D$!)!hil% m#l%!/%)#$+ "%

l%l% )#5)# 'Gl!))i% %l%li)+

L#i"!#$% m#mili*i "u% %)%/ )%.% .%/ (#$)i)i* h%lu) "% i# mulu

m#/i)%Mi)%l.% *uu5*uu )u#$% ';!m(.B m!$i+ "% *uu5*uu #l%/

'Ach#$!i% %$!!)+

tugas praktikum paleontologi

Documents