t2 tecnologias lan

8/10/2019 T2 Tecnologias LAN

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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADASMaster IC 2009-2010http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

Tema 2:Tecnologas LAN.

Evolucin de Ethernet.Ethernet para MANs

VPLS

EtherChannelResilient Ethernet: HSRP


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Overview

Ethernet is the dominant LAN technology.

Easy to implement; flexible. 10BASE5, 10BASE2, & 10BASE-T Ethernet

Manchester encoding Ethernet timing limits

10BASE-T wiring parameters 100-Mbps Ethernet (Fast Ethernet)Gigabit Ethernet

MAC, frame formats, & transmission process

media and encoding pinouts and wiring

Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet

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10 Mbps Ethernet

4 common features of Legacy Ethernet:

timing parameters, frame format, transmission processes, &basic design rule.

Asynchronous Uses Preamble and SFD for synchronization

Slot Time For speeds 1000 Mbps, minimum transmission time

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10BaseT

Introduced in 1990

UTP cheaper & easier to install than co-ax. Star or extended star topology.

Supports half- & full-duplex. 10 Mbps at half-duplex; 20 Mbps at full-duplex.

Manchester encodingMax unrepeated distance 100mUTP Categories:

3 - 16 Mhz, 100 ohms

420 Mhz, 100 ohms 5100 Mhz , 100 ohms 5e350 Mhz, 100 ohms

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10BaseT Wiring & Architecture

Star topology

Hub or switch as concentration point. Switch divides into separate collision domains.

Design concernminimize delay between distant stations.

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100 Mbps or Fast Ethernet

Two technologies:

100Base-TX : copper UTP 100Base-FX : multimode optical fiber

Same frame format as 10 Mbps Ethernet 10x faster than 10Base-T

Timing is more critical; more susceptible to noise. Uses two encoding steps

4B/5BActual line encoding.

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1000 Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet

Standards

IEEE 802.3abGigabit using Cat 5, or higher. IEEE 802.3z - Gigabit over optical fiber.

1000Base-TX, 1000Base-SX, & 1000Base-LX use sametiming, transmission, & frame format.

Uses two separate encoding steps:At physical layer, bit patterns from the MAC layer are converted

into symbols. frame is coded into control & data symbols to increase in

network throughput.

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1000Base-T

Designed for Cat 5e or betterUTP. uses all four pairs of wires;

full-duplex transmissions oneach wire pair! - 250 Mbps perpair; 1000 Mbps for 4 wirepairs.

Data is divided into 4 parallelstreams, encoded, transmitted,detected, and reassembled.

Supports both half and fullduplex. Full-duplex is widespread.

4D-PAM5Pulse AmplitudeModulation

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1000Base-SX and LX

IEEE 802.3 standard recommended preferred backbone

technology Timing, frame format, & transmission are common to all

versions of 1000 Mbps. Uses 8B/10B encoding; and NRZ line encoding.

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1000Base-SX and LX (2)

SX vs LX

SX is short-wavelength 850 nm; multimode.

LX is long-wavelength 1310 nm; single or

multimode.

MAC method treats linkas point-to-point. Separate fibers for Tx and

Rx.

Inherently full duplex.Gigabit Ethernet permits

only a single repeaterbetween two stations.

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Gigabit Ethernet Architecture

Distance limitations of full-duplex links

limited only by the medium; not round-trip delay.Auto-Negotiation recommended for all links between

station & hub or switch. to permit highest common performance.

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10 Gigabit Ethernet

IEEE 802.3ae standard (2002).

10 Gbps full-duplex transmission over fiber. Use in LANs, MANs, WANs.

distance to 40 km over single-mode fiber. compatibility with SONET and SDH networks.

Properties Same Frame format

Compatible with legacy, fast, & gigabit, with no reframing orprotocol conversions.

Bit time is 0.1 nanoseconds.

Full-duplex only (CSMA/CD not necessary). IEEE 802.3 sublayers within OSI Layer 2 are preserved.

Some additions to accommodate 40 km fiber links andinteroperability with SONET/SDH technologies.

Flexible, efficient, reliable, relatively low cost end-to-end

Ethernet networks become possible.

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10 Gigabit Ethernet (3)

Implementations being considered:

10GBASE-SR for short distances (2682 m) over multimode fiber.

10GBASE-LX4 distances 240 m to 300 m over multimode fiber, and 10 km over

single-mode fiber.

10GBASE-LR & 10GBASE-ER 10 km & 40 km over single-mode fiber.

10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, & 10GBASE-EW to work with OC-192 synchronous transport module SONET/SDH

WAN equipment.

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10 Gigabit Ethernet Architecture

Issues of synchronization, bandwidth, and Signal-to-

Noise Ratio: 10-Gigabit Ethernet uses two encoding steps.

uses codes (symbols) for user data give efficient transmission. encoded data provides

synchronization,

efficient use of BW,and improved Signal-to-NoiseRatio.

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Future of Ethernet

Ethernet is evolving into LAN, MAN, & WAN technology.

Standards for 40, 100, or even 160 Gbps are being developed. Full-duplex high-speed Ethernet technologies are taking

over even QoS-intensive applications. Like: IP telephony & video multicast.

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Evolucin de Ethernet

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Optical Ethernet

EoMPLS

VPLS

EoRPR

NG-SONET(EoS)

Metro DWDM

Optical Ethernet

EoMPLS

VPLS

RPR

NG-SONET(EoS)

Metro DWDM

IP ADSL

IP VDSL

EPON

EFM

Optical Ethernet

EoRPR

NG-SONET(EoS)

Acceso Distribucin Metro Metro Core

Global

Internet

ATM

SONET/SDH

ATM

SONET/SDH

ATM ADSL

T1/E1

FR

ATM

Global

Internet

Casa

MDU

STU

MTU

Residencial

Empresa

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Servicios Metropolitanos

Algunos servicios son:

Conectividad Internet Transparent LAN service (punto a punto LAN to LAN) L2VPN (punto a punto o multipunto a multipunto LAN to LAN) Extranet LAN a Frame Relay/ATM VPN Conectividad a centro de backup Storage area networks (SANs) Metro transport (backhaul)VoIP

Algunos se estn ofreciendo desde hace aos. Ladiferencia est en que ahora se ofrecen usandoconectividad Ethernet !!

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Servicio Ethernet Modelo de referencia

Customer Equipment (CE) se conecta

a travs de UNICE puede ser un

router Bridge IEEE 802.1Q (switch)

UNI (User Network Interface) Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY andMAC

10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps Soporte de varias clases de servicio (QoS)

Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) Puede usar distintas tecnologas de

transporte y de provisin de servicio SONET/SDH, WDM, PON, RPR, MAC-in-

MAC, QiQ (VLAN stack), MPLS1

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CE

CE

CE

UNI

MetroEthernetNetwork(MEN)

UNI

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Servicio Ethernet Modelo (2)

Sobre el anterior modelo, se aade un cuarto

ingrediente: una Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)EVC: es una asociacin entre dos o ms UNI

Es creada por el proveedor del servicio para un cliente Una trama enviada en un EVC puede ser enviada a uno o ms

UNIs del EVC:Nunca ser enviada de vuelta al UNI de entrada.Nunca ser enviada a un UNI que no pertenezca al EVC.

Las EVCs pueden ser: Punto a punto (E-Line)

Multipunto a multipunto (E-LAN)Cada tipo de servicio ethernet tiene un conjunto de

atributos de servicio y sus correspondientes parmetrosque definen las capacidades del servicio.

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Atributos de un servicio en particular Ethernet

Multiplexacin de servicios

Asocia una UNI con varias EVC. Puede ser:Hay varios clientes en una sla puerta (ej. En un POP UNI)Hay varias conexiones de servicios distintos para un solo cliente

Transparencia de VLAN Significa que proveedor del servico no cambia el identificador de

la VLAN ( el MEN aparece como un gran switch) En el servicio de acceso a Internet tiene poco importancia

Bundling Ms de una VLAN de cliente est asociada al EVC en una UNI

Etc.

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Atributos

Atributos de UNI:

identificador, tipo de medio, velocidad, duplex, etcAtributo de soporte de VLAN tagAtributo de multiplexacin de servicio Security filters attribute etc

Atributos de EVC: Parmetros de trfico (CIR, EIR, in, out, etc)

Committed Information Rate (CIR) Excess Information Rate (EIR)

Parmetros de prestaciones (delay, jitter, etc) Parmetros de Clase de Servicio (VLAN-ID, valor de .1p, etc) Multicast frame delivery etc

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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)

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Data

UNI

CE

CE

CE

Point-to-PointEthernet Virtual Circuits

(EVC)

MetroEthernetNetwork

1 or moreUNIs

UNI

Video

IP PBX

Servers

Data

IP Voice

IP Voice

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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)

Una E-Line puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado con un ancho de banda compartido.

EPL: Ethernet Private Line Es un servicio EVC punto a punto con un ancho de banda

dedicado

El cliente siempre dispone del CIR Normalmente en canales SDH en redes MPLS Es como una lnea en TDM, pero con una interfaz ethernet

EVPL: Ethernet Virtual Private Line En este caso hay un CIR y un EIR y una mtrica para el soporte

de SLAs (service level agreement) Es similar al Frame Relay Se suele implementar con canales TDM compartidos con redes

de conmutacin de paquetes usando SWs y/o routers2

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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)

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CE

CE

CE

MetroEthernetNetwork

CE

Multipoint-to-MultipointEthernet Virtual Circuit

(EVC)

UNI

UNI

UNI

UNI

IP PBX

Servers

Data

Data

Data

IPVoice

IP Voice

IP Voice

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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)

Una E-LAN puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado

con un ancho de banda compartido.EPLan: Ethernet Private LAN

Suministra una conectividad multipunto entre dos o ms UNIs,con un ancho de banda dedicado.

EVPLan: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN Otros nombres:VPLS: Virtual Private Lan Service TLS: Transparent Lan ServiceVPSN: Virtual Private Switched Network

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Un ejemplo: ONO

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Un ejemplo: ONO

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Otro ejemplo: Telefonica

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Otro ejemplo: Telefonica

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Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

VPLS defines an architectureallows MPLS networks offerLayer 2 multipoint Ethernet Services SP emulates an IEEE Ethernet bridge network (virtual)Virtual Bridges linked with MPLS Pseudo Wires

Data Plane used is same as EoMPLS (point-to-point)

PE PECE CE

VPLS is an Architecture

CE

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Virtual Private LAN Service

End-to-end architecturethat allows MPLS networks toprovide Multipoint Ethernet services

It is Virtual because multiple instances of this serviceshare the same physical infrastructure

It is Private because each instance of the service isindependent and isolated from one another

It is LAN Service because it emulates Layer 2multipoint connectivity between subscribers

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Why Provide A Layer 2 Service?

Customer have full operational controlover theirrouting neighbours

Privacy of addressing space- they do not have to beshared with the carrier network

Customer has a choice of using any routing protocolincluding non IP based (IPX, AppleTalk)

Customers could use an Ethernet switchinstead of arouter as the CPE

A single connectioncould reach all other edge pointsemulating an Ethernet LAN (VPLS)

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VPLS is defined in IETF

Application

General

Ops and Mgmt

Routing

Security

IETF

MPLS

Transport

Formerly PPVPN

workgroup

VPWS, VPLS, IPLS

BGP/MPLS VPNs (RFC4364 was 2547bis)

IP VPNs using Virtual

Routers (RFC 2764)

CE based VPNs using IPsec

Pseudo Wire Emulation

edge-to-edge

Forms the backbone

transport for VPLS

IAB

ISOC

As of 2-Nov-2006

Internet

L2VPN

L3VPN

PWE3

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Classification of VPNs

CPE

Based

Layer 3

MPLS

VPN

Virtual

Router

GREIPSec

Layer 3

P2P VPWSEthernet

FrameRelay

PPP/HDLC

ATM/CellRelay

Ethernet(P2P)

FrameRelay

ATM

Ethernet(P2MP

)

Ethernet(MP2M

P)

Network

Based

Layer 2

VPLS

IPLS

VPN

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ATM

AAL5/Cell

PPPHDLC

Ethernet FR

L2VPN Models

IP

L2TPv3

Point-to-Point

ATM

AAL5/Cell

PPPHDLC

Ethernet FR

VPWS

Point-to-Point

Like-to-Like

Any-to-AnyLike-to-Like

L2VPN

MPLS

VPLS/IPLS

Multipoint

Ethernet

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IP LAN-Like Service (IPLS)

An IPLS is very similar to a VPLS except The CE devices must be hosts or routers not switches The service will only carry IPv4 or IPv6 packets IP Control packets are also supportedARP, ICMP Layer 2 packets that do not contain IP are not supported

IPLS is a functional subset of the VPLS service MAC address learning and aging not required Simpler mechanism to match MAC to CE can be used Bridging operations removed from the PE

Simplifies hardware capabilities and operationDefined in draft-ietf-l2vpn-ipls

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VPLS Components

N-PE

MPLS

Core

E router

E router

E switch

CE router

CE router

CE switch

CE switch

CE router

Attachment circuits

Port or VLAN modeMesh of LSP between N-PEs

N-PE

N-PE

Pseudo Wires within LSPVirtual Switch Interface (VSI)

terminates PW and provides

Ethernet bridge function

Targeted LDP between PEs to

exchange VC labels for Pseudo WiresAttachment CE

can be a switch or router


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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADASMaster IC 2009-2010http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/

Tema 2:Tecnologas LAN.

EtherChannelResilient Ethernet: HSRP

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Etherchannel Concepts

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An Etherchannel combines multiple physical links into a single logical link. Ideal for load

sharing or link redundancycan be used by both layer 2 and Layer 3 subsystems

Physical ViewMultiple ports are

defined as being

part of an

Etherchannelgroup

Logical ViewSubsystems running

on the switch only

see one logical link

An Etherchannel can be defined on Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit

Ethernet Ports

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Etherchannel Concepts


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2009-2 Etherchannel Concepts

Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC)

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Prior to Virtual Switch, Etherchannels were restricted to reside within the same physical

switch. In a Virtual Switch environment, the 2 physical switches form a single logical network

entity - therefore Etherchannels can now also be extended across the 2 physical chassis

Regular Etherchannel on single chassis Multichassis EtherChannel across 2 VSL-

enabled Chassis

Virtual Switch Virtual Switch

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Resilient Ethernet

How does a workstation get a default gateway?

DHCP:gives the workstation the default gateway IRDP (ICMP Router Discovery Protocol): extension to ICMP thatallows an end-station to automatically discover a defaultgateway. RPs (Route Processors) periodically generate specialmulticast packets that announce the routers existence to the

clients every 5 to 10 minutes. Multicast packet has the RPsaddress and a life-time value. Could take up to 30 minutes. Proxy ARP: host dynamically discovers default IP address and

MAC of the default gateway. When default gateway fails, trafficis dropped. After a lengthy period of time, host will re-performthe Proxy ARP, but in most situations, host will continue usingsame failed default gateway.

What happens to the workstation when router fails? Host cant communicate with other networks

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Solution is HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol)

Cisco-proprietary

protocolProvides Layer 3

redundancyTransparent to end

stationsRP (Route Processor)

monitors the status of

other RPs andprovides a quickfailover when primarydefault gateway fails.4

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HSRP

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HSRP


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HSRP

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HSRP G


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HSRP Group

A group of 2 or more RPs

that represent a singledefault gateway. It has avirtual IP address and avirtual MAC address. Ifthe primary RP fails,

another RP takes over.One RP can be the

backup for multipleprimary default gateways

Only one RP forwardsdata for a LAN.

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HSRP G


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HSRP Group

Group has the

following type of RPs:Virtual RPActive RPStandby RP

Other RPsVirtual RP Provides a

single RP that is availableto end stations.

Not a real RPthe IP andMAC addresses are notphysically assigned to anyone interface on any of theRPs in the broadcastdomain4

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HSRP Group

Active RP Responsible for forwarding all traffic destined for the Virtual RPs MAC

address. Elected in an election processRP with highest priority is active. If

priorities are same, highest IP address wins. Default priority is 100. Only one active RP per network/subnetwork/VLAN

Standby RP Elected in an election process Keeps tabs on Active RP by looking for HSRP multicast messages (HSRP

hellos). Hellos are sent by active RP every 3 seconds. If standby doesnthear any hellos for 10 seconds, it promotes itself and becomes theactive RP.

Sends out its own hellos every 3 seconds so that if it fails, one of theother possible HSRP RPs in the standby group will become the standby. Only one standby RP per network/subnetwork/VLAN

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HSRP Group

Other HSRP RPs

Listen for hellos from standby and active RPs. If any end-station uses a REAL MAC address of one of the RPs inthe broadcast domain, that specific RP (whether active, standbyor other RP) will process and forward the frame.

Each standby group must have a unique virtual IP

address and a virtual MAC address. These addresses are unique across different VLANs.

End stations perform an ARP request with the virtual IPaddress and get the virtual MAC address of the default

gateway RP.

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