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Simple English Learning

Kata Pengantar

Segala puji bagi Allah, Pemelihara sekalian alam, shalawat dan salam semoga sentiasa tercurah atas Nabi kita Muhammad bin Abdullah, amma ba'du.

Alhamdulillah, akhirnya kelar juga penulisan buku kami yang sebenarnya sudah kami rencanakan terbitnya sejak sdua tahun lalu.

Kami menyadari bahwa bagaimanapun bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh dunia internasional. Kami setidaknya mengerti bahwa mempelajari bahasa Inggris merupakan sebuah keutamaan, mengingat banyaknya urusan-urusan dakwah yang memerlukan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris.

Setelah sekian lama mempelajari bahasa ini, kami merasa tergugah untuk mencoba menyampaikan sedikit ilmu kami kepada orang lain melalui buku yang kami susun sendiri. Kami coba sharing, dan akhirnya kami sepakat untuk menulis sebuah buku yang berisi grammar, cerita dan percakapan berbahasa Inggris.

Dan sebagai manusia, kami yakin bahwa karya kami ini masih sangatlah jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karenanya kami sentiasa

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Kata Pengantar

membuka pintu saran dan masukan demi perbaikan buku ini pada cetakan berikutnya.

Demikian, semoga Allah membalas segala amal kita dengan balasan yang sebesar-besarnya.

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Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar................................................. i Daftar Isi ...................................................... iii VERBAL SENTENCES........................................... 1

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE .................................. 1 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .......................... 4 SIMPLE PAST TENSE....................................... 6 PRESENT FUTURE TENSE................................. 8 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE...............................11 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..............................14 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ..............17 PAST PERFECT TENSE ...................................19 PAST FUTURE TENSE ....................................20

NOMINAL SENTENCES........................................21 � Simple Present Tense ..............................21 � Simple Continuous Tense..........................21 � Simple Past Tense ..................................22 � Present Future Tense ..............................22 � Present Perfect Tense .............................22

PASSIVE VOICE................................................24 � Simple Present Tense ..............................24 � Present Continuous Tense.........................24 � Simple Past Tense ..................................24 � Present Future Tense ..............................25 � Present Perfect Tense .............................25

AUXILIARY SENTENCE........................................27 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.............................29

1. Statement ...........................................29 2. Question (pertanyaan).............................30 3. Command (Perintah) ...............................31

CLAUSES.......................................................34 1. Adjective Clause....................................34 2. Noun Clause .........................................36

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Daftar Isi

3. Adverb Clause ...................................... 36 ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.......................................... 38

1. Kata kerja ........................................... 38 2. Kelompok kata … (Adjective Phrase). .......... 38 3. Adjective ............................................ 38 4. Adverb Phrase ...................................... 39

GERUND....................................................... 41 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES .................................. 43

1. Present Real Condition ............................ 43 2. Present Unreal Condition ......................... 43 3. Past Unreal Condition ............................. 44

QUESTION TAG QUESTION.................................. 46 1. Dalam kalimat berita .............................. 46 2. Dalam kalimat perintah dan larangan .......... 47 3. Dalam kalimat ajakan. ............................ 47

CAUSATIVE VERBS ........................................... 49 REQUEST...................................................... 51 NOUN PHRASE................................................ 53

1. Determiner.......................................... 53 2. Opinion .............................................. 53 3. Adjective tentang pemberian secara umum. .. 53 4. Adjective yang berasal dari noun................ 54 5. Noun.................................................. 54

PREFERENCE.................................................. 55 1. Prefer ................................................ 55 2. Would Rather ....................................... 55 3. Would Prefer........................................ 55 4. Like................................................... 56

DEGREE OF COMPARISON................................... 58 a. Bentuk perbandingan .............................. 58 b. Susunan dalam perbandingan .................... 59

Suplemen ..................................................... 62

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VERBAL SENTENCES

Reading Many children like to keep animals as pets. The

young boy puts his rabbits back into their cage. Rabbits are friendly and fun to play with. Children who have pets must learn to take care of them. They must be sure that the pets has food and water everyday and clean warm place to live.

(Taken from: Animals Helping People)

Difficult word: Pet : binatang kesayangan Friendly : jinak (jika dipakai untuk hewan) Cage : kandang

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kalimat yang tidak menggunakan auxiliary pada pola positifnya.

Kegunaan : 1. Menceritakan sesuatu yang menjadi kebiasaan. 2. Menceritakan sesuatu yang hampir selalu

terjadi 3. Menceritakan sesuatu ketetapan Allah (biasa

disebut General Truth). 4. Menceritakan sesuatu yang telah terjadwal

(scheduled).

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Simple Present Tense

Formula: (+) S + V1/V1+s/es + O (-) S + do/does + V1 + O (?) do/does + S + V1 + O ?

Q.word + do/does + V1 + O ?

Example : Many children like to keep animals as pets. The young boy puts his rabbits back into their

cage.

Catatan : Imbuhan s/es pada verb atau auxiliary diperuntukkan bagi kalimat yang menggunakan subjek berkata ganti/berupa to be: He – she – it.

Adverb of Frequency yang biasa digunakan : Always (selalu), usuallly (biasanya), often (sering), frequently (sering kali), habitually (biasanya) dan sometimes (kadang-kadang),.

Sedang Adverb of Time-nya :- every … (setiap …) - on … (pada …) - once a … (sekali se …)

- twice a … (2x se …) - three times a … (3x se …)

Dialogue A Poor Cat

A : Look! There is little cat under that mangoes tree. It`s look cold.

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B : She’s a sweet cat. I want to keep her as my pet.

A : Never mind. Keep her, but let me see her next time! Ok. By the way do you know what a cat needs?

B : I think she need a warm place, water and …… A : Not about that, but I ask you about her food? B : Oh, according to me a cat usually likes to look

for mouses in a home. A : I see, thank you for your information. B : You’re welcome. A : I will learn to take care of her. I love her very

much!

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Present Continuous Tense

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Continuous Tense merupakan suatu bentuk

kalimat yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:

1. Sesuatu yang sedang terjadi dan mungkin masih terjadi.

2. Sesuatu yang akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat. 3. Sesuatu yang terjadi secara bertahap.

Formula (+) S + is/am/are + V1+ing + O (-) S + is/am/are + not + V1+ing + O (?) is/am/are + S + V1+ing + O ? Q.word + is/am/are + S + V1+ing + O ?

Examples: Listen to her! She is reading the Holy Qur’an

now. When are you going to see that doctor? How about him? He is getting well.

Adverb of Time yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah :

Now (sekarang), at this time dan at this moment (saat ini).

Dalam bahasa Inggris kita mengenal beberapa Non Progressive Verbs, antara lain : like, know, belong, mean, suppo e, understand, want, think, emembe , be ieve, hear, app ecia e, have, own,

taste, love, hate, possess, smell.

sr r l r t

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Meski tanpa imbuhan –ing, verb-verb di atas pasti bermakna “sedang”. Example : Now, I know that I don’t know what you

know (correct). Now, I’m knowing that I don’t know so much (incorrect).

Keep her (cat), kata ganti tersebut tidak salah karena kata ganti hewan atau benda dalam keadaan tertentu disamakan kata ganti orang (his / her / them).

Reading Dad was very proud of his corn patch in the

back yard. We think he counted the ears of corn every day. One day some ears were missing. He told mother that she was picking the corn too green. But she said she hadn’t gathered any any yet. Dad asked me about it, but I hadn’t taken any. Nexy day more corn was gone. The boys next door were blamed, but they said they hadn’t been near the patch. Again more corn was stolen. The family were puzzled. Dad promised a dollar to the one who solved the mystery. The next morning Dad yelled, “There goes the corn thief!” we looked out and saw a squirrel making of with an ear of corn from the patch.

Difficult word : Pick : memetik Gathered : mengumpulkan Blamed : disalahkan

Next door : tetangga Squirrel : bajing, tupai Make of with : mencuri

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Simple Past Tense

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense adalah suatu pola kalimat yang biasa digunakan untuk menceritakan/mengungkapkan sesuatu yang terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu di waktu lampau.

Formula : (+) S + V2 + O. (-) S + did+not + V1 + O. (?) Did + S + V1 + O ? Q.word + did + S + V1 + O ?

Example : Dad asked me about his corn. He counted the ears every day. The boys next door were blamed.

Adverb of Time yang biasa digunakan antara lain: This … (… ini.) this morning Last … (… lalu) last sunday … ago ( … yang lalu) five years ago yesterday (kemarin)

Reading

W hen mother sent me to the store for milk, she warned me not to spill it. On my home I thought

of the picture we have at school of a lovely lady carrying a jug on her shoulder. I decided that I would carry the milk home that way. As I swung the bottle up it slipped out of my hand and flew into the air. I was scared to look. When I finally did, there stood a man

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laughing as he held out the milk. “I’m a good catcher”, he said. “But your pitching could certainly be improved”.

Difficult words : Spill : menumpahkan Jug : kendi Shoulder : bahu Held out : memegang

Swung : mengayunkan Slipped : lepas Scared : ketakutan Pitching : lemparan

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Present Future Tense

PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

Formula : (+) S + will + V1 + O. (-) S + will+not + V1 + O (?) Will + S + V1 + O ? Q.word + will + S + V1 + O ?

Present Future Tense mempunyai beberapa kegunaan, yaitu: 1. Menyatakan aktifitas yang akan dilakukan

pada waktu mendatang. Ex : The students will attend the meeting to night.

2. Mengungkapkan keinginan yang hendak dilakukan. Ex : Anis want to know more.

Afifah plans to study English tomorrow. 3. Mengungkapkan prediksi atas suatu

kemungkinan. Ex : Hans will see his friend soon

Muttaqin will get a letter next Sunday 4. Menunjukkan rencana yang merupakan

kelanjutan dari rencana/perbuatan tertentu yang terjadi sebelumnya (dalam hal ini kita pakai bentuk is/am/are-going to). Ex : Why did Friya study in the boarding school ?

She is going to teach her people. Why did Khodijah buy a new pen? She is going to write some story.

5. Mengungkapkan suatu permintaan atau perintah dengan halus. Ex : Will you turn the light on, please?

Will you please be careful?

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We plan to have a reunion. Will you come?

Adverb of Time yang biasa digunakan:o Tomorrow o To night o Later / next time o Soon … later (…

lagi/mendatang) 2 days later, etc.

o next …(… depan) next week, etc.

o the following … (… berikutnya) the following day

Etc (et cetera)= berarti ‘dan sebagainya’, ‘dan lain-lain’. Dalam penulisannya tidak memerlukan tambahan and.

Reading LITTLE AMBULANCE

“Quick ! Out of the way !” shouts little ambulance to all the cars.

“Please let me pass”. “Nah-nah! Nah-nah!” goes her sirene all the

cars move aside as little ambulance rushes past. Little ambulance reaches Tommy’s house. Tommy tortoise is very ill. He needs to go to the hospital. Little ambulance takes Tommy there.

“You will soon be better”, she says now little ambulance is rushing down the road

again “Nah-nah! Nah-nah!” goes her sirene. Daisy doll fells dizzy little ambulance takes care

of Daisy and she soon fells better. Little ambulance

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takes care of Daisy and she soon fells better. Topsy tiger has fallen out of a tree and hurt her leg. Little ambulance takes Topsy to hospital. Now little hospital is at the circus. She is there just in case anyone needs her help. Now the busy day is over. Little ambulance snoozes. She dreams of day…. just watching the butterflies in the garden. Difficult words : Rush : Bergegas, sibuk, kerepotan Case : panggilan Snoozes : tidur sebentar

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present Perfect Tense biasa digunakan untuk: 1. Mengungkapkan sesuatu yang telah

terjadi/dilakukan. 2. Mengungkapkan sesuatu hal/aktifitas yang

sudah dimulai sejak beberapa waktu yang lalu, tetapi masih ada hubungan dengan saat ini.

Formula (+) S + has/have + V3 + O. (-) S + has/have +not + V3 + O (?) has/have + S + V3 + O ? Q.word + has/have + S + V3 + O ?

Example : Burhanuddin has spoken with his father. Muttaqin has studied in Ma’had since Des, 12, 2003

Adverb of Frequency yang biasa digunakan antara lain:- Already (telah) - Ever (pernah) - Recently (baru-baru

saja)

- Just (beberapa waktu lalu)

- Yet (for negative form) - Never - Before

Using numbers to write the date. MM/DD/YY

07 / 29 / 91 10 / 20 / 91

: July 29, 1991 : Oct 20, 1991

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Present Perfect Tense

Saying Dates Usually written form January 01 March 03

Spoken January first or the first of january March third or the third of march. ………etc.

Reading

A pretty carpet We have moved into a new house and I have

working hard all morning. I have been trying to get my new room in order. This has not been easy because I own over a thousand books. To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I have temporality put my book on the floor. At the moment, they cover every inch of floor space and I actually have to walk on them to get in or out of the room. A short while ago, mysister helped me to carry one of my old book case up the stairs. She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. “This is the prettiest carpet I have ever seen”, she said. She gazed at it for sometimes then added” you don’t need bookcase at all. You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!”

Taken from: Developing Skills

Difficult word Temporality : (yang bersifat) sementara Stairs : tangga Gazed : memandang/menatap

Maybe (one word) vs. May be (two words)

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Ex : “Will Hans go to Jack’shouse tomoorow?”. “I don’t know may be. Maybe Hans will go to Jack’s house tomorrow and maybe he won’t”.

Bedain sekali lagi : first, Maybe Alicia will visit me again tomorrow. then, DJ may be there next time.

In ‘first’ sentence “maybe” is an adverb means “possibly”

It comes in front of a subject and verb. then “may be is used as a verb of sentence.

As a verb, it acts as part of verb and comes after n subject.

Begitu pula dalam tulisan, keduanya harus dibedakan. Maybe = possibly vs May be (may one

of auxiliary verb)

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Past Continuous Tense

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Continuous Tense adalah bentuk kalimat yang biasa digunakan untuk: 1. Mengungkapkan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi

ketika peristiwa lain terjadi. 2. Menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi di

masa lampau. 3. Menyatakan suatu kejadian atau keadaan yang

terjadi secara bertahap.

Formula : (+) S + was / were + Ving + O (-) S + was / were +not + Ving + O (?) was / were + S+Ving + O ? Q.word + was/were + S + Ving + O ?

Ex : 1. Etin was sweeping the floor when Khodijah called her.

2. Anis was standing when the door opened last time.

3. Afifah was getting well when the nurse came in

Reading Nasredin was cutting a brach of a tree. While

he was sawing, another man passed in the street. He stopped and said, “Excuse me, but if you continue to saw that brach like that, yaou will fall down with it”.

He said this, because Nasredin was sitting on the branch and cutting it at place between himself and the trunk of the tree.

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Nasredin said nothing. He thought, “This is some foolish person who no work to do and goes about telling other people what to do and what not to do”.

The man continued his way. Of course, after a few minuter, the branch fell and Nasredin fell with it.

“Subhanalloh”, he cried “The man knows the future !!!!!” and he ran after him to ask how long he was going to live. But the man had gone.

Difficult words branch: cabang trunk : pokok pohon

future : masa depan foolish : bodoh, tolol

Conversation Nadin : Hi, yas. How about you ? Yasmin : Hi, you. Who tell you about my name ? Nadin : Rina has told me and also ever showed

me your picture. Yasmin : What ! Rina ??!! Nadin : Ya, Rina. She is my friend and also my

cousin. Yasmin : Well, I have just remember that, pleased

to meet you ! Nadin : Me too. I hear that you become fmous

enough because of your good articles. Yasmin : I don’t think so. I only like to pour out what

in my opinion in hand writing. I don’t know what’s in interesting in them.

Nadin : Oh, proud of you. Yasmin : Thank you very much.

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Past Continuous Tense

“How about you” merupakan kalimat sapaan yang biasa diucapkan untuk orang yang kurang dikenal or bahkan barusan dikenal, dan tidak memerlukan jawaban.

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Formula : (+) S + has/have + been + V1+ing + O (-) S + has/have + not + been + V1+ing + O (?) has / have + S + been + V1+ing + O ? Q.word + has/have + S + been + V1+ing + O ? Kegunaan : Mengungkapkan suatu keadaan/aktifitas yang sudah terjadi/dilakukan beberapa waktu yang lalu, yang hingga saat ini masih terjadi/dilakukan. Note : Pada mulanya have/has dalam kalimat

berfungsi untuk menyatakan yang telah terjadi/dilakukan, akan tetapi tatkala didalam kalimat ditambahkan been + Ving maka kalimat itupun berfungsi menyatakan sesuatu yang sampai sekarang masih terjadi / dilakukan.

Bila kalimat introgatifnya berbentuk negatif, maka

strukturnya adalah : have/has + S + not + been + Ving or Haven’t/hasn’t + S been + Ving ……..

Examples: - Ozaq has been studying here since 12 December 2003. - Burhan has been trying this way for about 10 minutes

now. - Afifah hasn’t been cooking for more than 2 hours. - Anis hasn’t been sitting for an hour now. - Has Etin been cleaning for more than 20 minutes ?

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Present Perfect Continuous Tense

- What has Khodijah been writing all the time ? Adverb of Time : Since ….

For more than … (+now) For … (+now)

From : Grolier

Abu Nawas The Arabic poem Abu Nawas, Father of the

Forelocks, got this nickname from two locks of hair that reached to his shoulders. His real name was Hasan ibn Hani. Although he composed a variety of poems in traditional style, such as panegyrics, satires, hunting verses, and elegies even religious poems – his fame rests on his wine (khamr) poetry called khamriyat and on his love poems addressed to young boys.

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PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past Perfect Tense adalah formula kalimat yang biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu hal/aktifitas yang telah terjadi/dilakukan sebelum batas waktu tertentu diwaktu lampau. Formula : (+) S + had + V3 + O. (-) S + had + not + V3 + O. (?) had + S + V3 + O ? Q.word + had + S + V3 + O ? Reading

Too Late The plane was late and detectives were at the

airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel of the plane and carried it into the customs house. While 2 detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

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Past Future Tense

PAST FUTURE TENSE

Past Future Tense adalah pola kalimat yang berguna untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang pada waktu lampau hendak dikerjakan. Formula : (+) S + would + V1 + O. (-) S + would + not + V1 + O. (?) Would + S + V1 + O ? Q.word + Would + S + V1 + O ?

It was Saturday, exactly at May 27th 2006. That morning I was finishing my cooking. I would recite the Holy Qur’an. I was climbing the water-tower when I felt a vibration. I looked around. There was nothing. After few second I felt a bigger vibration. It was getting bigger and bigger. In the yard one of my teacher shouted. “Boys!!! Go out, quickly!!!” At the afternoon my English teacher told that there was an earth–quake in Jogjakarta that morning.

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NOMINAL SENTENCES

Nominal sentences adalah kalimat yang tidak

berpredikat kata kerja. Predikat dalam sebuah nominal

sentence bisa berupa kata benda (noun), kata sifat

(adjective), ataupun kata keterangan (adverb). Kegunaan

dan pemakaian nominal sentences sama dengan kegunaan

dan pemakaian verbal sentences. Berikut ini beberapa

contoh bentuk nominal sentences.


Formula : (+) S + is/am/are + Noun/adj/adv (-) S + is/am/are +not + Noun/adj/adv (?) is/am/are + S + Noun/adj/adv ? Q.word + is/am/are + S + Noun/adj/adv ? Contoh: The teacher is Mrs. Endang

tobe N Predicate

Ozaq and Burhan are students in 1st Aly

tobe Noun

S

P AP S

Simple Continuous Tense

(+) S + is/am/are + being + N/adj/adv. (-) S + is/am/are + not + being + N/adj/adv. (?) is/am/are + S + being + N/adj/adv ?

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Nominal Sentences

Q.word + is/am/are + S + being + N/adj/adv ?

Ex : Afifah is being a leader

Simple Past Tense

(+) S + was/were + N/adj/adv. (-) S + was/were + not + N/adj/adv. (?) was/were + S + N/adj/adv ? Q.word + was/were + S + N/adj/adv ?

Ex : Anis was a plumpang student last year.


(+) S + will be + N/adj/adv. (-) S + will+not + be + N/adj/adv. (?) will + S + be + N/adj/adv ? Q.word + will + S + be + N/adj/adv ?

Ex : Khodijah will be a teacher.


(+) S + have/has + been + N/adj/adv. (-) S + have/has + not + been + N/adj/adv. (?) have/has + S + been + N/adj/adv ? Q.word + have/has + S + been +

N/adj/adv ? Ex : Etin has been a student for more than a year.

AN EXCITING TRIP

I have just received a letter from my brother. Tim. He is in Australia. He was been there for six months. Tim is an enginer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different

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places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting. Conversation

An Examination Via : Hi Cha. Had you studied chemistry ? Cha : Will we have a chemist examination ? Via : Don’t you know before ? We will have the

exam two days later. Cha : Oh, my God !! I must study hard tonight.

Thank you for your reminding. Via : You’re welcome. Do we have another

exam, Cha ? Cha : I don’t know. But I hope it’s none.

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Passive Voice

PASSIVE VOICE

Selain untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan/kejadian

yang dikerjakan/terjadi pada waktu lampau, verba bentuk

ketiga juga berfungsi untuk membuat kalimat pasif. Dalam

kalimat pasif subjek selalu dikenai pekerjaan. Berikut ini

beberapa contoh bentuk kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Inggris.


Formula : (+) S + is/am/are + V3 + by + O. (-) S + is/am/are + not + V3 + by + O. (?) Is/am/are + S + V3 + by + O ? Q.word + is/am/are + S + V3 + by + O ? Ex : The water pump is used every day.

Present Continuous Tense

Formula : (+) S + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + O. (-) S + is/am/are + not + being + V3 + by + O. (?) is/am/are + S + being + V3 + by + O ? Q.word + is/am/are + S + being + V3 +

by + O ? Ex : How is the message being written ?

Simple Past Tense

Formula : (+) S + was/were + V3 + by + O.

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(-) S + was/were + not + V3 + by + O. (?) was/were + S + V3 + by + O ? Q.word + was/were + S + V3 + by + O ? Ex : Was the job done by the clerks ?


Formula : (+) S + will + be + V3 + by + O. (-) S + will + not + be + V3 + by + O. (?) Will + S + be + V3 + by + O ? Q.word + will + S + be + V3 + by + O ? Ex : The program will be discussed next week.


Formula : (+) S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O. (-) S + have/has + not + been + V3 + by

+ O. (?) have/has + S + been + V3 + by + O ? Q.word + have/has + S + been + V3 +

by + O ? Ex : Has the book been hidden twice ?

Note : 1. Kalau kita hendak memasifkan sebuah kalimat

aktif, sedangkan dalam kalimat (aktif) itu ada 2 buah objek (direct and indirect object), maka kita boleh memilih salah satu objek tersebut untuk dijadikan subjek.

2. Kalau subjek dalam kalimat aktif adalah someone (tanpa ada sebutan yang jelas), maka

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Passive Voice

kita boleh tidak mencantumkan objek dalam kalimat pasifnya.

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AUXILIARY SENTENCE

Formula : (+) S + can/may/must + V1 + Obj. (-) S + can/may/must + not + V1 + Obj. (?) can/may/must + S + V1 + Obj ? Q.word + can/may/must + S + V1 + Obj ? Untuk Pasif : (+) S + can/may/must + be + V3 + by + Obj. (-) S + can/may/must + not + be + V3 + by +

Obj. (?) can/may/must + S + be + V3 + by + Obj ? Q.word + can/may/must + S + be + V3 + by

+ Obj ? Example : - The students can do the quiz. - The quiz may be done by the student. Reading

How to learn a language ? To learn to speak a foreign language well, a

student must not be afraid of making mistakes. Language is for communication, the mistakes are a secondary consideration. While you’re communicating, you will realize your mistakes. You can use these mistakes to improve your communicate skills. The way you say something may be different from what a native speaker says. Here is an example, a Spanish student may say, “I do it”. To mean he is going to do something in the hear future, while communicating with

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Auxiliary Sentence

a native speaker, the student will hear “I’ll do it”, and so correct his mistakes. The student who doesn’t speak will probably not notice the difference; this student will never speak good English.

Little about Time On time : tepat waktu Out time : late In time : pas-pasan waktunya Early : terlalu awal

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung dalam bahasa Inggris pada dasarnya sama dengan kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Perbedaan mendasar kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung dalam bahasa Inggris dengan bentuk kalimat (lampau, sedang dan yang akan dating) yang sama dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah adanya perubahan bentuk kalimat tersebut dalam bahasa Inggris.

Sebagaimana kita ketahui, jenis kalimat yang digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ada 3 macam, yaitu : pernyataan (statement), pertanyaan (question) dan perintah (command). Oleh karenanya perubahan bentuk kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung dalam bahasa Inggris pun dibagi menjadi tiga.

1. Statement

Pada kalimat pernyataan ada beberapa hal yang perlu disesuaikan jika kita hendak mengubah dari kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung.

a. Mengganti tanda petik dengan that. b. Menyesuaikan pronoun dalam kalimat inti dengan

pronoun dalam kalimat pengantar. c. Mengubah tenses dalam kalimat inti.

Kalau kalimat pengantar pada kalimat langsung bukan berupa Simple Present Tense, maka kita perlu mengubah tenses dalam kalimat inti sesuai dengan daftar dibawah ini :

Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense Simple Past Tense Simple Present Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense

2

Direct and Indirect Speech

Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Present Prefect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Future Tense Past Future Tense Kalau kalimat pengantar dalam direct speech adalah

Simple Present Tense, maka tense dalam main sentences tidak perlu diubah kalau kita mengubahnya menjadi indirect speech. d. Beberapa kata lain yang perlu diubah :

This / these that / those Here there Yesterday the day before Last …… the …..before / previous ……. ago ………before / earlier now then / at the time today that day tomorrow the next / following day next …… the following / next….

2. Question (pertanyaan)

Karena kalimat tanya dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi verbal question dan pronominal ques ion, maka perubahan kalimat tanya dalam Direct and Indirect Speech pun dibedakan berdasarkan pembagian tersebut.

t

a. Verbal Question Dalam verbal question (yang biasa disebut yes – no

question), kalau kita hendak mengubah dari direct speech menjadi indirect speech, maka langkah-langkah yang harus kita tempuh adalah:

Mengganti tanda petik dengan if (apakah) atau whether (apakah). Mengganti tanda tanya (?) dengan titik (.)

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Menyesuaikan pronoun dalam kalimat inti dengan pronoun dalam kalimat pengantar. Untuk perubahan ten es dan lain-lain, sama dengan statement.

s

s

b. Pronominal Question Pronominal Question juga biasa disebut WH Question.

Untuk mengubah Pronominal Question dari direct speech menjadi indirect speech, kita harus melalui langkah-langkah berikut :

Menghilangkan tanda petik (“). Mengganti tanda Tanya (?) dengan titik (.) Menyelesaikan pronoun dalam kalimat inti dengan pronoun dalam kalimat pengantar. Untuk perubahan ten es dan lain-lain, sama dengan statement.

3. Command (Perintah)

Pada kalimat perintah ada beberapa langkah yang perlu dilakukan jika kita hendak mengubah dari kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung.

a) Mengganti tanda petik dengan to. b) Kalimat sesudah to predikatnya selalu V1. c) Mengganti tanda seru (!) menjadi titik (.)

NB : Untuk bentuk negatifnya, kita perlu menambahkan not didepan to.

Info: Future Tense murni dinyatakan dengan shall untuk orang pertama (I,we), will untuk orang ke-2 dan ke-3. Namun, sekarang “will” lebih sering digunakan untuk semua orang kecuali dalam kalimat interrogative. Shall dan will bisa disingkat “ll”

31

Direct and Indirect Speech

Reading Be Careful When Walking In The Street It was cold and wet afternoon. I went home

from school. I felt cold and hungry. The traffic was heavy. Now and then a careless driver drives very close to the pavement. I was quite careful. Suddenly I heard a car from behind. I stepped on to the pavement quickly……..but it was too late. I fell on the pavement. I tried to get up but my leg heart. Soon people gathered around me. Then an ambulance came and took me to hospital. The doctor said “You have broken a leg in the accident”. I had to stay in hospital for a month.

When my parents heard of the accident, they came to the hospital immediately.

“What happened to you, my child?” my mother cried. “Who did this to you?”. Then she asked me a lot of questions. “Why weren’t you careful? My poor boy, why didn’t you telephone us immediately?”.

I just close my eyes because I still could not think clearly. The hospital bell rang. My parents had to leave the hospital. Mother kissed me on the forehead and said “I’m sorry to leave you here. Be a good boy. Assalamu’alaikum”.

Info : Using Today, Tonight and this (-morning, -afternoon, -evening, -week, -month, -year). Those words can express present, past or future time.

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Conversation I’m very busy now.

Al : What are you doing, Fan? Fan : I’m reading this interesting book. Al : What’s the book about? Fan : About the bottle of Surabaya. Al : Can you tell me how is the story ? Fan : Oh, sorry I can’t. I’m still reading it. Al : May I borrow for a minute? Fan : Very sorry, you may not. Al : OK, I think that’s better to red together, deal ? Fan : Oh, come on, Al. Let me read it myself. I’m very busy now. I still have much main jobs. I must read this book fastly, OK. Al : I’m sorry to disturb you Fan : Never mind.

3

Clauses

CLAUSES

Klausa adalah konstruksi yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat. Ditinjau dari klausa pembentuknya, kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi: a. Compound sentences (kalimat majemuk setara) b. Complex sentences (kalimat majemuk bertingkat).

Sementara itu, Complex Sentence dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi dengan meninjau klausa sematannya. Klausa-klausa tersebut adalah: 1. Adjective Clause

Sesuai dengan sifat adjective, adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi menerangkan katabenda. Kata benda yang diterangkan selalu mempunyai posisi dalam main clause (klausa utama), sehingga kedudukan adjective clause selalu tergantung pada kata benda yang diterangkan.

Untuk menghubungkan kata benda dalam main clauses dengan depend clause (klausa semata), digunakan konjungsi sebagai berikut:

Who, whom, whose + noun, which, of which, that. Berdasarkan fungsinya, adjective clause dibedakan

menjadi dua macam : Resrictive Clause dan Non Rest ictive Clause. r

Restrictive clause adalah adjective clause yang menentukan atau membatasi kata benda yang diterangkan, oleh karenanya klausa ini harus selalu ada dalam kalimat.

Non Restrictice clause adalah adjective clause yang tidak bersifat membatasi kata benda yang diterangkan.

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Non restrictive clause hanya berfungsi sebagai keterangan tambahan, oleh karena itu klausa ini boleh dihilangkan dari kalimat. Dalam penulisan, Non Restrictive Clause dibedakan dari Restrictive Clause dengan adanya tanda koma (,) pada Non Restrictive Clause.

Example :

Restrictive Clause a person who makes the wooden part of building is carpenter.

Non Restrictive Clause Mrs. Anis, who is sitting next tome, will go to see a doctor next week.

Tambahan : Ciri-ciri lain yangmembedakan keduanya ialah

Restrictive Clause : - Hubungan antara klausa Induk dengan

Adjective clause sangat erat, sehingga tanpa adjective clause, kalimat tersebut kurang lengkap artinya.

- Diucapkan dengan tidak memakai jeda antara klausa induk dengan adjective clause.

- Konjungsi (that, what, dkk) yang berfungsi sebagai subjek dari adjektif klausa dapat dihilangkan.

Misal: I know the boy we saw yesterday.

Non Restrictive Clause - Hubungan antara klausa induk dengan

klausa adjective tidak erat. - Dibaca dengan jeda antara klausa induk

dengan klausa adjective.

3

Clauses

- Klausa adjektif jenis ini dituliskan dalam suatu kalimat, maka konjungsi yang ada dalam klausa adjective itu tidak dapat dihilangkan.

2. Noun Clause

Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Karena fungsinya sebagai kata benda, maka dalam complex sentences, noun clause bisa berposisi sebagai:

Subject Object / objective complement Predicate complement

Examples: Mona answered the questions correctly made her teacher surprised. Vifa wondered where her eraser gone. Jogja is where Dj lives. The teacher didn’t tell Fiya what we had to study again.

3. Adverb Clause

Adverb clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adverb dalam kalimat. Ditinjau dari fungsinya adverb clause dibagi menjadi : Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Adverb of Cause / Reason Adverb of Condition Adverb of Concession / contrast. Adverb of Result Adverb of Manner.

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Reading Reward for Virtue

My friend, Syilfi, she always been fat, but things got so bad recently that she decided to go on diet. She began her diet a week ago. First of all, she wrobe out long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things she loves: butter, potatoes, rice, milk, chocolate and sweets.

Yesterday, I paid her a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised see that Syilfi was still as fat as ever. She led me into her room and hurriedly hid a large parallel under her desk. It was obvious that she was very embarrassed. When I asked her what she was doing, she smiled quickly and put the parallel on the desk.

She explained that her diet was so strict that she had to reward her self occasionally. Then she showed me the comments of parcel.

It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets.

3

Active Participle

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

Active participle adalah bentuk V1+ing yang memiliki fungsi sebagai: 1. Kata kerja

Active Participle yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja sebenarnya telah kita pelajari pada bagia terdahulu. Active participle yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja terdapat pada: a. Present Continuous Tense

Contoh : Hans is playing with the children. Jack is talking to his friends.

b. Past Continuous Tense Contoh : Viva is playing with the children.

Ani was listening “murottal” when Dj tells her.

c. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Contoh : He hasn’t been saying anything for more

than 2 hours. 2. Kelompok kata yang menerangkan kata benda

(Adjective Phrase).

Adjective jenis ini selalu terletak dibelakang kata benda yang diterangkan.

Misal : People studying in the morning go to school at seven o’clock or eight.

3. Adjective

Active participle jenis ini selalu dikatakan didepan kata benda yang diterangkan (seperti adjective pada umumnya). Penggunaan V1+ing sebagai active participle

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jenis ini terkadang rancu dengan Gerund karena bentuknya yang hamper sama.

Misalnya : Swimming pool (Gerund) Swimming boy (Active participle)

4. Adverb Phrase

Active participle yang membentuk suatu kelompok kata yang berkedudukan sebagai adverb dalam sebuah kalimat biasanya terbentuk dari 2 kalimat yang dihubungkan oleh sebuah konjungsi. Hubungan kedua kalimat tersebut adalah:

o Sebab akibat (konjungsi: because) o Terjadi bersamaan (konjungsi: when) o Terjadi berurutan (konjungsi: when, while).

Kalimat yang akan diubah menjadi adverb phrase harus berupa kalimat aktif. Selain itu subjek kedua kalimat harus sama.

Contoh : Mrs. Atik cannot write because the pen has gone. Mrs. Ismi said the pen is not her while we asked her about it.

Reading

WALKING is A SPORT Sport help us to become strong and healthy.

There are many kinds of sport : walking, running, hunting, cycling, swimming and soon. It is not important what kinds of sport we are going to do, as long as we are strong enough to do it.

Healthy people should exercise regularly, no matter how old they are. The simplest the best sport is walking. It is also the cheapest one, because we do

3

Active Participle

not need money to do it. A long walk in the evening may help us sleep than any medicine.

But people today do not like walking. They prefer to drive a car, thought they are not in a hurry or traveling a long distance.

This kind of “disease” come from our laziness.

Dialogue Let’s go to the garden.

Via : Let’s go to garden. Liy : I wish I could, but I can’t. Via : What keeps you so busy ? You have been

sitting there for hours. Liy : Well, I’m very busy. I have to finish this writing

today. Via : I understand that, but you must take a coffee

break, though for just a short time.

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GERUND

Gerund adalah V1+ing yang diperlakukan seperti kata benda. Oleh karena itu, gerund dalam kalimat menduduki posisi kata benda, antara lain: 1. Subject, 2. Predicate (dalam kalimat nominal) 3. Object 4. Passive Voice

Dalam kalimat yang subjeknya bermakna pasif ada beberapa verb yang bila diikuti oleh verb lain, maka verb yang mengikuti tersebut harus berbnetuk V1+ing (Gerund). Verbs tersebut adalah: Need, want (ingin/perlu), require (ingin/perlu).

Contoh: The car needs cleaning. 5. Gerund yang berfungsi menerangkan kata benda

dibelakangnya: Contoh: Swimming pool

Jack went to the swimming pool last holiday.

Bentuk ini hampir sama dengan Active Participle. Perbedaannya terletak pada makna, perhatikan :

Swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang), Swimming boy (anak yang berenang)

Reading

Kinds of animal Sometimes many animals crowd together to sleep.

Walruses usually live in large herds in the icy waters of the far north. From time to time, they gather on rocky shores and rest.

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Gerund

The walrus is sleeping on its side. You can see its front teeth or tusks. By fanning its flipper in the air, a walrus stays cool in the warm sun.

It seems hard for walruses to rest. They are always surfing and snorting. When one turns over, it wakes up another and another and another

From: Ways Animals Sleep

Unless (If + not) If you do not do your homework, Mr. Toni will be angry.

Unless you do your homework, Mr. Toni will be angry.

Have you know ?

4

Menanyakan umur merupakan sesuatu yang tabu bagi budaya barat. Pertanyaan itu tidak biasa digunakan sehari-hari.

2


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences adalah kalimat pengandaian. Kalimat ini terdiri dari klausa yang didahului “if” dan kalimat inti. Berdasarkan kegunaannya Conditional Sentences dibagi menjadi tiga macam: 1. Present Real Condition

Conditional sentence jenis ini berguna untuk mengungkapkan suatu rencana (plan) atau suatu kemungkinan terjadinya suatu hal. Formula : If S V1 O AP AT, S will

clause

Example : If a person can not communicate he will not talk to other people.

2. Present Unreal Condition

Conditional sentence jenis ini berguna untuk mengungkapkan suatu kemungkinan/khayalan/ imagination atas terjadinya suatu peristiwa. Sebagaimana terlihat dari namanya, kalimat jenis ini menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu yang diberitakan tidak terjadi pada faktanya. Formula : If S V2 O AP AT, S would VI …

clause

If S was/were N AP AT, S would … clause

Contoh: - If the child was near her parents, she would be taken care finely. - If the babies spoke, they would tell us what they want without crying.

4

Conditional Sentences

3. Past Unreal Condition

Conditional sentence jenis ini berfungsi untuk mengungkapkan suatu penyesalan atas sesuatu yang telah terjadi baik itu baru saja atau lampau. Formula: If S had V3 O AP AT, S would have V3..

clause

Contoh: If he had seen who was under him, he would have accepted all of his.

Note: Antara klausa dan kalimat inti dalam conditional sentence harus setara. Jadi kalau klausa menggunakan Verb I (misalnya), maka kalimat intinya juga harus Verb I.

COMMUNICATION

The word communication comes from verb communicate, which means to gibe or exchange information, news, ideas, or opinions by speech or writing. In other words communication is the studying of information or news between people.

Trough communication people learn from one another the things they want to know. Imagine if human beings could not communicate with one another. If a person cannot communicate he will not talk to other people, and no other people will talk him or teach him anything. So it would be impossible for him to learn anything. Can he learn anything by himself?

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Dialogue Serly : Hello, Vir! What do you do? Are you busy

now? Vira : Hai, Erly! I’m not busy. I’m watching a TV,

what happened? Serly : I want to invite you to my house’s friend. He

invites me to his party and he said that I may invite my best friend.

Vira : Oh……, OK! I will be ready. Serly : Thanks, I will go to your home at 8 o’clock. Vira : OK, I wait you.

4

Question-tag Question

QUESTION TAG QUESTION

Question tag question adalah suatu bentuk pertanyaan yang dibuat dengan cara meanambahkan tag (ekor) dalam kalimat asal. Question tag sangat umum pengunaannya dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris sehari-hari. Pola kalimat dengan Question tag digunakan untuk meminta persetujuan atau penegasan/kepastian dari lawan bicara tentang sesuatu yang dinyatakan.

Berdasarkan kalimat asalnya, maka pembuatan Question tag dibedakan menjadi tiga macam. 1. Dalam kalimat berita

Penambahan tag (ekor) pada kalimat berita harus memperhatikan auxiliary atau to be kalimat berita tersebut. Selain itu, apabila kalimat tersebut positif, tag harus negative, begitu pula sebaliknya. Contoh :

- She likes Arabian language than English, doesn’t she ?

- We can not get permission from teacher, can we? - They are from Jogja, aren’t they?

Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan: Auxiliary negative dalam question tag selalu dalam bentuk contracted form (bentuk singkatan), misalnya: are not= aren’t, did not= didn’t, will not= won’t, etc.

Subject pada tag selalu berbentuk pronoun (I, you, we, they, he, she, it).

Kata-kata yang membentuk makna negative membentuk kalimat berita menjadi negative, Misal : no…… (no one, no body. no thing), hardly

46


(hampir, tidak pernah), seldom (jarang). rarely, scarcely (jarang), none (tak satupun).

Untuk idiom used to (kebiasaan), Question tag nya menggunakan auxiliary did, sedangkan have/has to Question tag nya auxiliary do/does.

Everyone dalam kalimat berita dianggap tunggal, namun dalam tag dianggap jamak.

Kata “I” (saya) dalam tag negative selalu memakai to be “are”.

2. Dalam kalimat perintah dan larangan

Kalimat perintah dan larangan mempunyai tag khusus, yaitu: “will you?”. Subjek pada tag selalu you karena kalimat perintah maupun larangan selalu ditujukan kepada orang kedua. Walaupun bentuknya Question, namun maknanya tetap sebagaimana asalnya, hanya saja bentuk ini terkesan lebih halus. Contoh :

- Don’t be noisy, will you? - Change you words, will you? - Repeat again, will you? - Don’t speak slowly, will you?

3. Dalam kalimat ajakan.

Kalimat ajakan mempunyai tag khusus, yaitu “shall we?”. Subjek dalam tag ini selalu we karena pembicara juga ikut melakukan pekerjaan bersama lawan bicara. Contoh : Let’s finish this work, shall we?

4

Question-tag Question

Reading THE ECLIPSE

It’s interesting to learn how an eclipse happens. We know that the moon around earth, don’t it? When the moon passes between the sun and the earth, the shadow of the moon falls on the earth,. In this part of the earth people don’t have sunlight. We call these a solar eclipse because we cannot see a part of the whole of the happens once every 18 months. However, a total solar eclipse, that is when the sun becomes totally dark happens only once in 350 years at any given place.

People did not dare to look at the sun during the eclipse. It’s dangerous to look up at the sun because it may cause blindness, it’s wise to look after our eyes, isn’t it?

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CAUSATIVE VERBS

Causative verbs adalah kata-kata (kalimat) yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan bahwa seseorang menghendaki orang lain melakukan suatu pekerjaan untuk dirinya.

Berikut ini variasi struktur causative verbs: a. S + make + direct Obj + verb (inf.) caust. verb

b. S + get + direct Obj + to inf. caust. verb

c. S + have + indirect Obj + verb3 (passive) caust.verb

Example: - Mr. Thoni makes the text finish. - Anis gets the homework to finish. - Fia had the plant in 5th flour watered. Catatan :

- Kata make, get and have adalah bentuk pertama. Kata-kata ini boleh dirubah dalam bentuk ke-2 dan ke-3, tergantung tense.

- Bentuk ini tidak sama dengan Command atau Request karena terkesan lebih halus.

Bandingkan: - Close the door ! - Could you close the door, please ? - I need to have the door closed.

4

Causative Verbs

Conversation Mahfus : What are you looking for? Ziyad : I’m looking for my blue book. Mahfus : Are you in hurry? Ziyad : Yes, I want to give a picture.

I need to have the lamp turned on. Mahfus : OK, I will do for you. Ziyad : Thanks, Oh what I found? Mahfus : What’s thing? Ziyad : Some mice having a party here.

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REQUEST

Request atau yang dikenal dengan sebutan Polite request adalah bentuk kalimat yang digunakan untuk meminta sesuatu dari lawan bicara. Berikut ini adalah beberapa request disertai responnya: 1. Would you mind + Ving? 2. Do you mind + poss.pron + Ving?

No, of course not. No, at all, with pleasure.

Request yang menggunakan kata mind verb-nya pasti dalam bentuk –ing. 3. Could you + V1?

Yes, of course / I’m sorry. 4. Can you + V1?

Certainly / I’m sorry I can’t. All right. 5. I’d like you to + V1?

Yes, I’d like to … / I’m sorry I’d love but…. (Request no.5 biasa digunakan untuk undangan

ke suatu acara dan jawaban terakhir juga khusus untuk no.5).

Request yang menggunakan kata would, can atau to (inf.) verb-nya pasti dalam bentuk pertama. Conversation Jihand : Don’t you do anything? Nia : No, I feel very bored here. Jihand : I see. I think I have something to make you

happy. Nia : What’s that? Jihand : I’d like you to close your eyes.

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Request

Nia : All right. I do. Jihand : Now, open your eyes and look. Nia : Great! It seems very lux ring I have ever

seen, thank you very much. You are the best friend of mine.

Jihand : Oh, that’s nothing.

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NOUN PHRASE

Phrase (frase) adalah kelompok kata yang tidak mengandung unsure predikat. Oleh sebab itu tidak pernah didapati frase yang menggunakan konjungsi, karena konjungsi itu sendiri pasti menduduki posisi tertentu (subjek).

Dalam noun phrase ada sebuah aturan yang mengatur kata manakah yang diprioritaskan penyebutnya. Berikut urutannya:

1. Determiner

Determiner (kata tunjuk) memang harus disebut pertama kali dalam Noun phrase. Beberapa determiner tersebut adalah : this, an, a, any, my,. some. many, etc.

2. Opinion

Opinion adalah pendapat subjectif/kualitas suatu benda, misalnya: beautiful, handsome, pretty, expensive, etc.

3. Adjective yang mempunyai kesan pemberian secara umum.

Adjective with general meaning. Kalau dalam kalimat ada adjective jenis ini yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu, maka urutan-urutannya adalah sebagai berikut:

a. Size : ukuran, seperti : big, long, tall, slim, etc. b. Age / temperature : umur / suhu, seperti : old,

hot, young, etc. c. Participle, Misal : broken, wodden, etc. d. Shape : bentuk, seperti : round, square, etc. e. Colour : warna, seperti : red, black, pink, blue,

etc.

5

Noun Phrase

4. Adjective yang berasal dari noun.

Adjective ini biasa disebut dengan istilah propes adjective. Urut-urutannya adalah:

Origin : asal noun, seperti : Asian, Javanese, etc. Material : Wujud benda, seperti : cotton, wood, etc. Purpose : noun/gerund/adj, yang menunjukkan

tujuan pemakaian/kaitan (dengan yang lain)/komponen benda yang diterangkan, seperti : shewing, swimming, etc.

5. Noun

Biasa disebut Head, karena inilah inti frase yang kedudukan frase tergantung padanya.

AdverbUrutan : manner place time

Cara tempat waktu Example : He reads the text slowly in front of his friends at seven o’clock.

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PREFERENCE

Preference (pilihan) digunakan bila kita ingin menyatakan sikap atau perasaan lebih senang terhadap suatu kegiatan atau benda melebihi yang lain.

Preference dapat dinyatakan dengan beberapa cara: 1. Prefer

Prefer biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan pilihan selamanya, sifat pilihan ini bersifat kontinue.

Formula : 1. S + prefer + N + (to Noun). 2. S + prefer + to.inf + (than + verb) 3. S + prefer + Ving

(1) + to + Ving(2)

Contoh : - I prefer Javanese language (to Chinese

language) - I prefer to race (than volley) - She prefer reading to cooking.

2. Would Rather

Berbeda dengan prefer, would rather untuk menyatakan pilihan sementara.

Formula : S + would rather + inf. + O + than + inf.

Contoh : I would rather stay in the house than go out.

3. Would Prefer

Would prefer, sebagaimana would rather juga berfungsi untuk menyatakan pilihan sementara.

Formula : S + would prefer + to.inf + rather than + ….

5

Preference

Contoh : My father would prefer to work in office rather than victory.

Ketiga bentuk diatas dapat dirangkaikan

dengan instead of ….(daripada …)

4. Like

Preference dapat juga dinyatakan dengan menggunakan kata kerja like. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa kalau sesudah like ada infinitive, maka tidak boleh ditambah dengan to.

Formula : S + like + … + better than + …. Contoh : Bria likes English better than Chemistry.

Conversation Brian : Hi, Rizal, pleased to meet you! Rizal : Oh, hi Bry, me too. How are you? Brian : I’m very fine, and you? Rizal : As you see me now, let’s go to that

restaurant. Brian : Oh, never mind. Rizal : Would you prefer to have, juice or tea? Brian : I would prefer to have a juice. Rizal : Oh, we are having the same. I will tell him (a

servant) Reading

RAFFLESIA ARNOLDI The vast archipelago and the great number of

island have made Indonesia the home of a large variety of plant life.

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The Indonesia flora ranges from the tiny orchid to the giant Rafflesia plant. No wonder many botanists are curious to study these plants.

The Refflesia Arnoldi is the biggest flower in the world. It is unusual because of its large size. It has a flower almost a meter in diameter and 1,40 meters in height.

The great number of n The great many of

A plenty of + uncou Noun phrase = noun modifier

Unusual pertammengandung arti tidak

Noun Pelaku Botany Botanist Science Sciences Dent Dentist

SGWa

Countable Nou

ntable noun

bahan un pada kata .

lang of American : onna : going to anna : want to

rmscray : enyah

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Degree of Comparison

DEGREE OF COMPARISON

a. Bentuk perbandingan

Positive Comparative Superlative Big Bigger Biggest Tall Taller Tallest Clever Cleverer Cleverest Interesting More interesting Most interesting

Dalam degree of comparison kita mengenal 3 macam adjective: Positive, comparative (lebih), superlative (paling/ter….).

Secara garis besar cara membuat bentuk comparative dan superlative adalah dengan menambahkan –er (untuk comparative) atau –est (untuk superlative) jika adjective terdiri dari 1 suku kata, sedang kalau adjective terdiri dari 2 suku kata atau lebih, maka perubahannya adalah dengan menambahkan more (untuk comparative) atau most (untuk superlative) didepan adjective.

Namun untuk adjective yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata berakhiran er, ly atau y maka perubahannya mengikuti adj, yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata dengan mengubah akhiran –y menjadi –i.

Good/well Bad Little Many Much Far (waktu) Far (jarak) Old Old (dalam keluarga)

Better Worse Less Move Move Further Farther Older Elder

Best Worst Least Must Most Furthest Farthest Oldest Eldest

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b. Susunan dalam perbandingan

a. Pada perbandingan persamaan dimana adjective berbentuk positive, kita menggunakan as … as dalam affirmative dan no as / not so … as dalam kalimat negative.

t

Contoh: - He is running as fast as a horse. - She was so kind as her sister.

b. Pada comparative kita menggunakan than.

Contoh : she knew more than I did.

c. Perbandingan dari 3 atau lebih, orang atau barang dinyatakan dengan superlative yang menggunakan the ……..in / of. Contoh : This is the oldest mosque in the world.

d. Parallel increase (setara bertingkat) dinyatakan dengan

the + comp. … the + comp. …. Contoh : The more powerfull are, the more arrogant they become.

e. Peningkatan / pengurangan secara bertahap

dinyatakan dengan 2 comparative yang dihubungkan dengan and. Contoh : She becomes farther dan farther.

Conversation Risya : Hi Fira, how about you ? Fira : Oh, hi Ris. How long we didn’t meet?

5

Degree of Comparison

Risya : Well, for about 5 years, you are looking tallest than you were.

Fira : Really, oh you are just kidding, aren’t you? Risya : Just forget it by the way what do you see

about dinner? Fira : That’s a good idea, I agree with it. Will you

invite another? Risya : Certainly, we will have meeting with our old

friends. Fira : Ok, when is that? Risya : Today, in next week, I hope we won’t be too

busy. Fira : I hope so. Reading

Percy Buttons I have just moved to a house in Bridge street.

Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. I return for his, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meat. He ate the food and drank the beer. Ten he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbor told me about him. Every body knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer. Info :

Adverb boleh ditaruh didepan kalimat apabila ada maksud menghubungkan dengan kalimat sebelumnya.

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Ex.: We have to recite the Holy Qur’an at 8 o’clock at 9 o’clock we study together.

Reading

No wrong Numbers Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silburg and

now he has just bought another garage in Pinhust. Pinhust is only 5 miles from Silburg, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he just bought twelve pigeon. Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhust to Silburg. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many request for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In his way, he has begun his own. Note : - Use other before singular countable noun and

before one. - Use other before a) uncountable noun

b) plural, coun, noun following the, all, every. - Use other or the others as pronoun to replace

countable nouns. - Every other……….. is an idiom meaning

(selang……) Such as : Every other day selang sehari We meet every other day.

- The other day is an idiom too meaning “tak lama berselang”

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Suplemen – Ways of Saying The Time

Suplemen

Ways of Saying The Time A.M : morning P.M. : afternoon / evening / night

8 : 05

8 : 00 it’s eight o’clock.

It’s noon. It’s midnight.

12 : 00 it’s eight. It’s eight – oh- five It’s 5 (minutes) after 8. It’s 5 (minutes) past 8.

It’s eight – fifteen. 8 : 15 It’s a quarter after eight.

It’s a quarter past eight. It’s eight – thirty. It’s half past eight.

8 : 45

8 : 30 It’s eight forty-five It’s a quarter to nine. It’s a quarter of nine.

It’s eight –fifty. 8 : 50 It’s ten to nine.

It’s ten of nine. Info : 9:00 A.M. (American English)

9.00 A.M. (British English)

1st first 2nd second 3rd third 4th fourth …etc. 9th ninth (bukan nineth) 12th twelfeth (v diganti f) 20th twentieth (y diganti e) 100th (one hundredth)

1. one 2. two 3. three 4. four U

N

REBM

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TARIKH 28th July preposisi: on tanpa tanggal preposisi: in BEDA: crowded (ramai, berdesak-desakan) ≠ noisy (ramai, suara gaduh) LITTLE ABOUT: Leg and foot foot (paha s/d ujung jari / yang dipakaikan sepatu). Pesawat terbang dengan ketinggian 100 kaki foot. Kalau kaki meja selalu pakai leg.

6

Suplemen – Making Some Letters

Making Some Letters

How to make a formal letter? You can make such as:

Mr. and Mrs. Saiful request the warmth of Mr. and Mrs. Ziyad’s company at dinner of Friday, July the first at seven o’clock in the evening.

45 jalan Borobudur R. S. V. P.

Ini merupakan budaya barat, dengan ini maka harus dibalas; bisa hadir atau tidak.

How is an informal letter? Look this letter:

45 Jalan Ahmad Yani 1 Surabaya 28 Oct. 2008

Dear Yanti, If you have no plan for this coming holiday,

perhaps you would like to come and stay with me, we all would be surprised to see you again. We have a bigger house now and there are rooms for two or three. Do come! We look forward to heaving from you.

Affectionately yours, Evi

“Do come” Do menunjukkan penegasan. Untuk formal letter harus memakai orang ke-3.

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Reading Ways Animals Sleep

Unlike you, fish can never close their eyes. They have no eyelids. The shark, a kind of fish, lies very still in an underwater eave.

Insects stay most of the time, but they too, must rest. One rainy night a katydid rests under a leaf that makes a good umbrella. Don’t you think the green, upside-down katydid looks like part of the plants?

Many animals sleep in tree, where they can be safe. Others, like leopard, find cool shade there on hot day. A furry Koala is snuggling between hight branches. It will sleep there most of the day.

All in a raw, ducks are getting ready for a nap. Like many birds, ducks rest on leg with their bills tucked under their feathers.

Just like you, all animals need some form of rest every day. Most animals have a specials place where they sleep, but some just curl up on the around. Some sleep floating in the water. Others find safe places to sleep in the trees. Wherever they one, animals have ways of protecting themselves while they sleep.

6

Suplemen - Mata Angin

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FREQUENCY ADVERB

Verb

neverrarely

seldomsometimes

usuallyoften

always

Subject +

⎪⎪⎪⎪

⎭

⎪⎪⎪⎪

⎬

⎫

⎪⎪⎪⎪

⎩

⎪⎪⎪⎪

⎨

⎧

+

b
Frequency Adver
Frequency Adverbs datang di antara subjek dan simple present verb walaupun ada juga beberapa yang datang di permulaan, tengah-tengah atau akhir kalimat. Always 100% Usually 99% - 90% Often 90% - 75% Sometimes 75% - 25% Seldom 25% - 10% Rarely 10% - 1% Never 0%

Alw

ays

Usually

Often

Sometim

es

Seldom

Rarely

Never

Sunday √

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Suplemen - Frequency Adverb

Monday √ √

Tuesday √ √ √

Wednesday √ √ √

Thursday √ √ √ √ √

Friday √ √ √ √ √

Saturday √ √ √ √ √ √

Via drinks all of the drink 100% Dj drinks most of her drink. a large part, but not all Alice drinks some of her drink a small or medium part

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