Causative verb menunjukkan bahwa seseorang/sesuatu secara tidak langsung bertanggung jawab terhadap sebuah tindakan. Subjek tidak melakukan tindakan itu sendiri, tetapi justru menyebabkan seseorang/sesuatu yang lain melakukannya. Contoh:- Yesterday Ihadmy hair cut.Pembicara pada kalimat diatas tidak memotong sendiri rambutnya, tetapi justru membuat orang lain melakukannya - Saya menyebabkan mereka memotong rambut saya.HaveHavemerupakan causative verb yang umum. Ketimbang melakukan sesuatu dengan diri kita sendiri, kita menyuruh orang yang lain untuk melakukannya. Bentuknya sebagai berikut:Kata kerja to have +objek+past participle (verb 3). Contoh:- Ihadmy jacketcleanedyesterday.-Did you haveyour computerfixed?Terkadang kita menggunakanhavesebagai causative verb ketika kita ingin melakukan tindakan oleh diri kita sendiri. Contoh:- When will the report be ready? Ill do it by tomorrow morning. >>- When will the report be ready? Illhaveit done by tomorrow morning.Dengan menggunakan causative, kalimat ke-dua diatas mengalihkan perhatian dari pelaku tindakan, dan lebih memberikan perhatian kepada tindakan yang sedang dilakukan. Ini kedengaran sopan dan profesional.GetGetsering digunakan ketimbanghave. Contoh: I got my computer fixed - I had my computer fixed. Kedua kalimat ini maknanya sama. I got my jacket cleaned. - I had my jacket cleaned. Kedua kalimat ini maknanya sama.Causative verbssering digunakan bersama dengan pengalaman-pengalaman negatif. Pada situasi-situasi ini lebih umum menggunakanhave.Contoh: I had my wallet stolen. (Saya sebenarnya tidak menyebabkan dompet saya dicuri - seseorang mencuri dompet saya dariku) She had her window smashed.LetLetdigunakan untuk membolehkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Bentuknya adalah let + orang + verb. Contoh: Johnlet me drivehis new car. Will your parentslet you goto the party? I dont know if my boss willlet me takethe day off.MakeMakedigunakan untuk memaksa seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Bentuknya adalah make + orang + verb. Contoh: My teachermade me apologizefor what I had said. Did somebodymake you wearthat ugly hat? Shemade her children dotheir homework.

Causative verbs (e.g.have, get, make, force, let, allow, permit, help, cause, enable, require,etc.) digunakan untuk mengekspresikan bahwa subject kalimat menyebabkan object kalimat melakukan suatu action (bentuk active) atau menyebabkan object kalimat dikenai suatu action (bentuk passive). Dalam bentuk active, action dilakukan oleh object kalimat,The teacher forced us to study hard.Di kalimat ini, action study hard dilakukan oleh us, dan terjadinya action tersebut disebabkan oleh the teacher.Dalam bentuk passive, action pada umumnya tidak dilakukan oleh subject kalimat, walaupun kadang-kadang action tersebut juga bisa dilakukan oleh subject kalimat. Bentuk passive tidak menonjolkan siapa pelaku dari action tersebut, melainkan lebih menonjolkan pada terjadinya suatu action.I had my room cleaned.Di contoh ini, siapa yang melakukan action cleaning my room tidak disebutkan walaupun itu sebenarnya dikerjakan oleh my sister (saya tahu karena saya yang menulis kalimatnya). Sebaliknya, kalau saya mau mengeskpresikan bahwa my sister yang mengerjakannya, maka kalimatnya dapat kita rubah menjadi,I had my sister clean my room.Kenapa pada contoh 1 digunakan infinitve to study, di contoh 2 digunakan verb3 cleaned, dan di contoh 3 digunakan simple verb (verb1) clean?Well, kita tidak usah mencari tahu alasannya, nanti tambah ribet. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah causative verbs yang mana saja yang mengikuti pola-pola berikut ini,Bentuk active:1Subject + causative verb + object +verb1+

2Subject + causative verb + object +infinitive+

Bentuk passive:3Subject + causative verb + object + verb3 +

NOTE: Causative verbs bisa dalam sembarang tensis, tergantung pada konteks yang ingin diekspresikan. Verb1 adalah verb dasar (simple form verb), yaitu verb yang tidak diimbuhie/es, atau-ing, misalnya:clean, buy, study, etc. Infinitiveadalahto + verb1, misalnya:to clean, to buy, to study, etc. Verb3 adalah past participle, misalnya:cleaned, bought, studied, etc. Hanya 4 dari causative verbs di atas yang bentuk active-nya menggunakan pola 1.Do you know which ones?

In linguistics, acausative(abbreviatedcaus) is a form that indicates that a subject causes someone or something else to do or be something, or causes a change in state of a non-volitionalevent.

Causatives

Introduction

Thecausativeis a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or personcausesanother thing or person to do something. This page will explain how causatives are formed, and how to use them.

Basic causative structuresThere are two basic causative structures. One is like an active, and the other is like a passive. These examples use the causative verb "have":I had John fix the car.

(I arranged for the car to be fixed by John -- Icausedhim to fix it.)

I had the car fixed.

(I arranged for the car to be fixed by someone. We don't know who, so this is like a passive.)

The active causative structureThis is the basic structure of the active form, along with some more examples:SubjectCausative verbAgentAction verbObject

Susanhadher brotherdoher homework.

The policehadthe suspectstophis car.

Wehadthe carpenterfixour window.

The passive causative structureIn the passive form, there is usually no agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it:SubjectCausative verbObjectAction verb

Wehadour doorfixed.

Yukikohadher haircut.

Sanjayhadthe windowscleaned.

Other causative verbsAll the examples above use the causative verb "have". However, many other verbs can be used in causatives. In the active form, som of these verbs require the action verb to have "to" before it. These are some examples of the most common causative verbs.VerbMeaningForm of Action VerbExamples

makeforce, compelplain formThe robbers made us lie on the floor.[No passive form]

getsame as "have""to" formI got Jae Won to pick me up in the car.She got her hair cut.

letallowplain formI'll let you borrow my bike.[No passive form]

My house is a mess!

1. I think the carpenter should fix my door.I'llmy door.

2. I think the cleaner should wash my windows.I'llmy windows.

3. I think the gardener should cut my grass.I'llmy grass.

4. I think the builder should fix my roof.I'llmy roof.

5. I think the plumber should mend my tap.I'llmy tap.

Top of FormMy house is a mess!

1. I think the carpenter should fix my door.I'llget the carpenter to fixmy door.

2. I think the cleaner should wash my windows.I'llget the cleaner to washmy windows.

3. I think the gardener should cut my grass.I'llget the gardener to cutmy grass.

4. I think the builder should fix my roof.I'llget the builder to fixmy roof.

5. I think the plumber should mend my tap.I'llget the plumber to mendmy tap.Bottom of Form

My car is a mess!

1. The tires need replacing.I'llhave the tires replacedtomorrow.

2. The oil needs changing.I'llhave the oil changedtomorrow.

3. The ashtrays need emptying.I'llhave the ashtrays emptiedtomorrow.

4. The engine needs tuning up.I'llhave the engine tuned uptomorrow.

5. The brakes need fixing.I'llhave the brakes fixedtomorrow.

6. The gas tank needs filling.I'llhave the gas tank filledtomorrow.

Mostly causatives - a look athave, get, make, letand lots more

The term causative verb is not used very much in EFL teaching. The term doesn't even appear in the index ofSwan, the grammar bible of TEFL, althoughMurphydoes havecausative have (have something done). But it does starts to appear when you get to certificate exam levels, when it refers almost exclusively to that same 'have something done' construction. I thought there must be more to it than that, and started to investigate - what, for example constitutes a causative verb, how many of them are there? It was easier said than done!Practise (mostly) causative verbs with these quizzes / exercises.1. Causative verbs - basic sentence structure2. The three exceptions -have, letandmake3. The verb that likes to swing both ways -help4. Two special verbs -getandhave5. The construction -have something done6. Certain verbs that can also take the...-ingform without an object.7. Verbs of permission -let, allowandpermit8. Verbs of compulsion -tell, order, makeandforce9. The construction -something needs doing10. Non-causative useWhat is a causative verb? Investigation.Just about every website you visit has a different selection or definition of causative verbs. Of the better grammar sites About.com (ESL) lists onlymakeandhave, although on their Grammar for native speakers pages they define a causative verb as:A verb - such ascause, allow, help, enable, keep, hold, let, force, require, andmake- used to indicate that some person or thing helps to make something happen -makebeing the prototypical causative verb.while CCC expands the list a bit, and this list is repeated quite a lot round the Internet:let, help, allow, have, require, allow, motivate, get, make, convince, hire, assist, encourage, permit, employ, forceOne blogger insists rather pompously, however, that there are only three -make, getandhave- and thatletandallowcan't possibly be causitive verbs as they don't cause anything. But as he doesn't even includecauseas a causative verb, orforce, which sounds pretty causative to me, I think we'll ignore this minimalist approach.Another teacher blogger, Jennifer, was asked by a student for a definitive list of causative verbs and had similar problems to me when she consulted her collection of grammar books; there's a link to her discussion below. She makes the point that what we often call causative verbs are not so much to do with causing something, but rather verbs which follow a certain pattern:subject + verb + object + infinitiveShe cites a list of a 32 verbs fromFuchs and Bonner:advise, allow, ask, cause, challenge, choose, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, hire, invite, need, order, pay, permit, presuade, promise, remind, request, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, wish, would likeNow I thought I was beginning to get somewhere. Then I found some research by somebody at Boston University, which lists about 90 such verbs following this pattern, which he calls 'mostly causative verbs' - unfortunately he doesn't say which are which. He divides them into twelve groups: want, would like, need etc tell, order, force etc ask, beg, urge etc remind, advise, warn etc influence, encourage, motivate etc cause, lead, drive etc allow, forbid, invite etc rush, hurry etc train, teach, raise etc pay, employ, hire expect, trust The three exceptions - have, let and makeThe following exercises deal with verbs that are often referred to as causative. I don't claim that every verb that follows is a causative verb, but they all follow similar patterns, which is more important form our point of view than what we call them. I'll leave it to the linguists to sort out which are causative and which aren't.Try the exercises first without looking at the answers, but if you get stuck you can find answers to all the exercises at the end of this post.Click and Drop- Where you see the red question mark symbol?, place the cursor over it for instructions, using your mouse.1. Causative and causative-like verbs - the basic structureEx 1a- Match the beginnings and endings.?1.Her boss told her to go homea)to work longer hours.

2.She asked the children to tidyb)friendly but polite.

3.I would like you to write downc)company cheques in his absence

4.He warned the students notd)to report on the matter.

5.She encouraged him to applye)to forget to revise for the exams.

6.The judge invited the youngf)as she wasn't looking very well.

7.I was always taught to beg)in public again!

8.The company hired consultantsh)for his mother's birthday.

9.I'll thank you not to criticise mei)man to explain his actions.

10.He has authorised me to signj)the following sentences.

11.The staff have been persuadedk)their rooms before Granny arrived.

12.She reminded him to buy a presentl)for a better job.

Notice the basic structure for 'mostly causative verbs' with positive and negative infinitives:Active:

subject +verb +object +to+ infinitive +complement

Her bosstoldherto gohome

subject +verb +object +not to+ infinitive +complement

The teacherwarnedthe studentsnot to forgetto revise

Passive:

subject +be+verb (3rd form) +to+ infinitive +complement

The staffhave beenpersuadedto worklonger hours

subject+be+verb (3rd form) +not to+ infinitive +complement

The boywasorderednot to doit again

Ex 1b- A teacher is instructing his students. Complete the gaps, using the verb in brackets in the correct form, so that the second sentence has the same meaning as the first. Use the structures above and the example (EG) as models. You may have to use Passive and / or negatives.EGThey were made to stay late by the teacher.

The teacherforced them to staylate. (force)

1.They were ordered to keep quiet.

The teacherquiet. (tell)

2.They were requested to fill in the forms.

Hethe forms. (ask)

3.They were told that they mustn't cheat.

The teacher. (warn)

4.He asked them if they would like to enter an essay competition.

The studentsan essay competition. (invite)

5.The teacher told them what a good idea it was to study hard.

Hehard. (encourage)

6.He told them not to forget to revise for their exams.

The teacherfor their exams. (remind)

7.The students dissuaded the teacher from keeping them late in class.

The teacherthem late in class. (persuade)

8.They learnt from the teacher to respect other people's opinions.

Heother people's opinions. (teach)

2. Three exceptions -have,letandmakeLook at these three sentences:Hehadher play the whole thing again.Sheletthe children play in the garden.Hemadeus tidy up after the picnic.these three verbs have a slightly different structure. Complete the rules:subject + causative verb + infinitive without '', which is also known as theinfinitive.

Note that of these three verbs onlymakeis used in the Passive, in which case we need to use 'to'.We were madetotidy up after the picnic.Ex 2- Complete the gaps, using the verb in brackets in the correct form, so that the second sentence has the same meaning as the first. Use the sentences above as models.1.We had to work late (make). The bosslate. (make)

2.We were allowed to leave early. Sheearly. (let)

3.We were asked to do overtime. Sheovertime. (have) [US English]

4.She forced us to miss lunch. Welunch. (make)

There's more about these verbs in later sections.3. The verb that likes to swing both ways -helpLook at these two sentences:Could youhelpmetomove this table.Shehelpedher brother do his homework.With the verbhelpwe can use a'to' infinitiveor abare infinitive4. Two special verbs -haveandgetLook at this conversation. An American tourist is staying in a British hotel:US tourist:Could you have somebody come and look at my shower. It doesn't seem to be working properly.Reception:I'll get a technician to come up and look at it straightaway, sir.The expressionshave somebody do somethingandget somebody to do somethingmean something likearrange for somebody to do something, and could be replaced byask, telletc, depending on the relationship between the two people.Have somebody do somethingis more common in American English. We British tend to prefer the 'get' version.Ex 4- Complete the gaps, using the verb in brackets in the correct form, so that the second sentence has the same meaning as the first. Use the sentences above as models.1.I'll arrange for my assistant to send you all the details.

I'llyou all the details (have)

2.I'll make sure she includes an application form.

I'llan application form. (get)

3.He persuaded her to apply for the job.

Hefor the job. (get)

4.He told her to rewrite the letter.

Hethe letter. (have)

We can't turn these into a normal passive with the verbbe, but see the next section for a different passive-like construction.5.have (get) something doneEx 5a- Look at these sentences. Who does the action, me or somebody else? Tick (check) the appropriate boxes and then check.MeSomebody else

1.I'll cut the grass tomorrow.

2.I'll have the grass cut tomorrow.

3.I do my hair every month.

4.I have my hair done every month.

5.I repaired my car yesterday.

6.I had my car repaired yesterday.

We use the passive-like constructionhave something donewhen we arrange for somebody else to do something and when it is unnecessary to say who does it, or it is obvious who does it.In informal spoken English we can also use the verbgetwith a similar meaning.It's time you got your hair cut.We're getting the front door repainted next week.The expressionhave something doneis also used for experiences (usually unpleasant) that happen to us, which of course we don't arrange for somebody to do.He had his wallet stolen in Barcelona.Have you ever had your car broken into?The verbgetis not usually used with this meaning.Ex 5b- Complete the gaps, using the words in brackets and the structurehave something done.1.I need tofor my new passport. (my photo / take)

2.When did you last? (the chimney /sweep)

3.We'rein our garden. (a swimming pool / build)

4.Welast week. (a satellite dish / install)

5.She needs to, she's so forgetful. (her head / examine)

6.Theywhile they were on holiday. (their house / burgle)

7.My daughter wants. (her ears / pierced)

8.We'd betterwhile we're here. ( tyres / check)

9.They'retomorrow. (a new dishwasher / deliver)

10.Heaway by the police. (driving licence / take)

6. Alternative structure with the-ingform and without an object.A few of these causative or causative-like verbs can be used in certain circumstances with the-ingform without an object.allow recommend encourage allow permit forbidEx 6- Fill the gaps as in the example (EG)EGHe permits us to smoke during breaks.

Hepermits smokingduring breaks.

1.She advised us to take out insurance.

Sheout insurance.

2.We'd recommend you to book your flight early.

We'dyour flight early.

3.Technology encourages us to multitask.

Technology.

4.She only allows us to smoke on the balcony.

She onlyon the balcony.

Note what happens in the passive:We aren't allowed to smoke in the house.- Smoking isn't allowed in the house.They are forbidden to talk during meals.- Talking is forbidden during meals.7. Verbs of permission -let, allow,andpermitThese verbs can be used in various ways as well as in the classic causative structure:Ex 7- Fill the gaps with appropriate words or expressions from the box.?letpermitallownot permittedpermittedallowednot allowedsubject + verb + object + infinitive

1.The managementstaff to smoke in certain areas. (more formal)

2.Theyus to use a special room for smoking. (neutral)

3.Theyus smoke in a specified area. (more informal)

subject + passive verb + infinitive

4.Staff are only(orallowed) to smoke in designated areas.

5.You are(ornot permitted) to smoke in any other part of the office.

subj + verb +-ingform

6.We do not(orpermit)smokingin the kitchen.

Other passive structures

7.Smoking is(orallowed) only in specified areas.

8.Smoking is(ornot permitted) except in specified areas.

9.It isto smoke in the kitchen.

verb + adverb particles

10.She wouldn't(orallow) mein.

11.The cat isn't(orlet)outat night.

Notes1. letis not used withto2. Passive structures are common withpermittedandallowed, but notlet3. The passive structure withit-it is permitted- but notit is allowedorit is let4. Adverb particles (in, outetc) withallowandlet, but notpermit8. Verbs of compulsion -tell, order, makeandforceEx 8- The students are back with their teacher. What did he get them to do? Make sentences using the verb given in brackets plus a verb from the box, as in the example.staystopopenlook atwritedofinishEGHeinstructed them to opentheir our books. (instruct)

1.Hepage 27. (tell)

2.Hean essay. (make)

3.Hewriting. (order)

4.Helate. (force)

5.Theytheir work. (be told)

6.Theyit all again. (be made)

9.something needs doingThe verbneedhas several functions. We saw above that it can be used like a causative verb in the pattern:I need somebody to do this for me.But in British English it also has another use, related tohave something done.Ex 9a- Look at these sentences. Who should do the action, the subject or anybody (it doesn't matter)? Tick (check) the appropriate boxes and then check.The subjectAnybody

1.I need to hoover (vacuum) the carpet

2.The carpet needs hoovering.

3.The dinner needs preparing.

4.She needs to prepare the dinner.

5.I need to feed the cats.

6.The cats need feeding.

This has the same meaning as a passive infinitive where the agent isn't mentioned:The carpet needs hoovering= The carpet needs to be hooveredEx 9b- Make sentences withneed(s)using the verbs in the box in the-ingform, as in the example.cleanironcheckwalkreturnpolishtidychangewaterEGThe dogsneed walking.

1.My shirt.

2.The sitting room.

3.The plants.

4.The baby.

5.My shoes.

6.The car brakes.

7.That library book.

8.The bathroom.

Sometimes we can also use a S-V-O-...ingstructureShe needs her head examining= She needs her head examined.10. Non-causative useA lot of causative verbs are also used in non-causative contexts. For example:He told his daughter to put away her clothes.= instruct, order (causative)He told his daughter a bedtime story.(non-causative)She asked her brother to help her.= request (causative)She asked her brother what the capital of Argentina was.(non-causative)Answers to the exercises - click on a button and then go back to the exercise.