PLASTIC CONTAINER

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Anggota : Naomita Joice Y108114168Devina Permatasari 108114170Kezia Chritiana M. C.108114172Yoestenia 108114174Rosiana Cahyono108114179Astuti Malyawati108114180

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Plastik

polimer dengan berat molekul

tinggi

panas dan

tekanan

Bentuk tertentu

zat alami atau sintetis

Monomer-monomer

POLIMERISASI

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Arti Penting Plastik

• Sebagai kemasan primer,sekunder, tersier

• Dapat dijadikan sebagai produk jadi, seperti botol, wadah, selang, pelapis, dll

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1. Permeable terhadap lembab, gas

2. Dapat ditembus cahaya3. Memungkinkan masuknya

substansi organik karena beberapa plastik, bersifat permeable

4. Dapat berinteraksi dengan bahan formulasi/bahan pengawet

5. Karakteristik plastik yang ringan dan tipis, khususnya untuk plastic film, memerlukan penanganan khusus dalam produksinya.

1. Ringan2. Tidak memerlukan

penanganan khusus dalam penyimpanan

3. Tidak mengalami korosi.4. Tahan terhadap goncangan,

tidak mudah pecah5. Memungkinkan variasi

desain dan dekorasi yang beragam

6. Menawarkan berbagai macam proses pencetakan

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

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Sifat Plastik• Ketahanan terhadap korosi dan bahan kimia• Konduktivitas listrik• Tersedia dalam berbagai warna dan transparan.• Resistensi terhadap guncangan• Daya tahan yang baik

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Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dari

PLASTIK :• Daya rentang• Ketahanan terhadap perengangan dan kelenturan• Kelenturan• Kompresi• Torsion (pilinan)• Shear (geseran)• Stress

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1. Knowledge of formulation.2. Information on plastic: type, grade, residues, additives,

processing aids3. Toxicity/irritancy and the clearance of plastic and its

constituents (reference to permitted lists including food grade approval).

4. Design and moulding process(es).5. Physical and chemical analysis of plastic components

against specification.6. Handling onto, along and from production line.7. Decoration, printing and identification.

Poin-poin yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam memilih kemasan plastik

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8. Stress challenges—drop, impact, sterilisation, etc.9. Cleanliness—microbiological and particulate.10. Formal stability testing with product.11. In-use tests, etc. (i.e. checking possible misuse, abuse by patient or user).12. Storage, distribution and display (testing procedures).13. Monitoring of complaints and customer reaction, interactions, comments.

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Beberapa jenis kemasan yang terbuat dari plastik

http://tsffaunsoed2010.wordpress.com/page/4/Only for study purpose

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CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS ACCORDING TO THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

A. ThermoplasticsSoften with increasing temperature then become hard again as they cool easier to form.

Moluded by temperature and pressure.

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B. ThermosetsGenerally have cross-linked structure : hardness and lack of formability (sulit dibentuk)Classification :

– Urea formaldehyde (UF)– Phenol formaldehyde (PF)– Melamine formaldehyde (MF)– Epoxy resins (epoxides)– Unsaturated Polyester (UP)

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PLASTIC PACKAGING BASED ON RESIN IDENTIFICATION CODE

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1. Polyesters, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETP)

• Semicrystaline thermoplastics high strenght at short-time load in a temperature range -60oC to over 200oC

• tough, very tear-resistant• good barrier properties to gases, aromas and fats• Tg = 67-80oC , Tm = 255oC

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• Example :

PET packaging Synthetic fiber www.made –in-china.com www.conaplat.com.ar

 

Blown containers www.conaplat.com.ar (only for study)

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2. High density polyethylene (HDPE)• Made by high pressure polymerisation from

ethylene gas• Density : 0,940 g cm-3

• Most crystalline material (around 95%) good chemical stability

• Good resistance (to solvent, sunlight, cold, heat, impact, water vapor), low permeabilities (oxygen and moisture ), good inertness

• Relaively rigid, tough, lowest clarity• Tg = between -80oC and -30oC, Tm = 135oC

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• Example :

Bottle Cap Dropper www.logpac.com (only for study purpose)

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3. Polyvinylchloride (PVC)• Relatively low manufacturing cost• Numerous application possibilities• Easily degraded thgough the effect of heat, light

and mechanical energy additives ( stabilizers, plasticizers) incerase stability

• Ability to be combined with a wide range of other substances, leading to great variety of flexibilities, appearances, etc.

• Low oxygen and CO2 permeability (compared with poleolefins)

• Predictable and long-term stability• Practically odourless

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• Example :

Tablet strips and blisters Extrusion blow molding bottles

www.weiku.com www.plastics-molding.com

Infusion bags www.savinyls.co.za

(only for study) 19

4. Low density polyethylene (LDPE)• Made by high pressure polymerisation from

ethylene gas• Density : 0,91 – 0,925 g cm-3

• Good impact resistance, good cold resistance, low barrier properties to gases, aromas, and fats

• Soft, flexible, transparent to translucent, tough, high elasticity

• Tg = between -80oC and -30oC, Tm = 108oC

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• Example :

Bottle Dropper Coated papperwww.logpac.com

www.zhongyuebz.en.alibaba.com(only for study)

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5. Polypropylene (PP)• Highly cristaline structure• The homopolymer has poor low cold temperature

resistance copolymerisation with ethylene increase clarity and improves impact strength at low temperature

• Good resistance to chemicals, fats, abrasion and good water vapor barrier

• Translucent to natural milky white, high elasticity• Withstand heat possible to hot-filled process or

sterilized in autoclave• Tm : 176oC• BOPP (Biaxial Oriented Poly Propylene) improve

strength, cold stability (down to -50oC) and heat resistance. 22

• Example :

BOPP film Multilayer bottles www.ameetsleeve.com www.webpackaging.com

(only for study)

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6. Polystyrena (PS)• Highly rigid material but brittle and sensitive to stress

cracking.• Resistant t mineral oil, water, salt solutions, dilute acid

and alkalis solutions, fairly permeabel to moisture, high permeability to gases and vapors

• PS + oxygen + UV light yellowing and brittleness• Soluble in aromatic and hydrocarbon solvent, ethers,

esters and ketons• Generally, not suitable for pharmaceutical packaging• Brittleness modified with rubber, polybutadiene,

styrene butadiene 9SBR lower rigidity, hardness, clarity, chemical resistance and higher permeability HIPS (High Impact Poly Styrene)

• Tm : 230oC 24

• Example :

Foam www.wikipedia.org

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7. Other• For other plastic including styrene acrylonitrile

(SAN) , polycarbonate (PC), nylon (PA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

• SAN : basically for engineering, not pharmaceutical plastic

• PA : good gases and aromas barrier• ABS : resistant to aqueous salt, base or acid

solutions and not disolve in hydrocarbon

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CONSTITUENT MAYBE ADD ON

PLASTIC

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Antifogging agentUsed to prevent the formation of small discrete water droplets on the inner surface of the packaging. Example : poly(oxy ethylene), sorbitan monooleate, polyglycerol.

Antistatic agentUsed to reduce the chargeability of plastics. Example :External antistatic : alkylsulfonate, salt of alkylated benzenesulfonicInternal antistatic : amides, glycerol

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ColorantsUsed to improve produscts appearance or functional demand (light screening, conductivity, change transparency and weathering resistant. Maybe mixed into the polymer mass or apllied as printing inks on plastic surfaces. Medium-soluble dyes

Example : derivatives of anthraquinone, quinophthalone, perinone, azine, etc. Medium-insoluble pigments.

Example : titanium oxide, zinc oxide, carbon black also act as light screens to against photodegradation

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LubricantsUsed to reduce the danger of thermomechanical degradation include reducing external friction on plastics, equipment

interfaces protecting from sticking to the mold of the machinery protect from internal friction on macromolecule

interfaces, improving the movement of polymeric

Example : fatty alcohols, amides, parafin wax, calcium stearats in pasticular acids, etc.

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Blowing agentUsed to expanded the polymer matrix. Example : 2.2’-azobis(isobutyronitrile), p-toluensulfonylhydraze, p-toluenesulfonylsemicarbazide, etc.

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PlasticizersUsed to improve processibility and flexibility or stretchability of plastics by decreasing their melt viscosity, glass transition temperature, and modulus of elasticity of the final product without change its chemical properties. Gennerally use as mixture.

Have possibility to migrate via interface contact consider its low migratory level

Example : Phthalates, esters of dicarboxylic acid, citric, lactic, esters of trimellitic, etc.

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StabilizersUsed to stabilized the polymers from the effect of environmental stresses during their lifetime. They are classfied as :– Antiacid– Antimicrobials– Antioxidant– Dehydrating agent– Heat stabilizers– Light stabilizers

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Problems should be encountered on plastics packaging

1. Leaching2. Sorption3. Permeation4. Chemical modification

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• The average person throws away 726 kilograms of waste each year!

• The average family throw away 1. 5 TONS of rubbish each year…

• Doesn’t sound bad?

How to STOP ? 35

3R• REDUCEMengurangi jumlah sampah yang dibuang

• REUSEMenggunakan sesuatu secara berulang-ulang

• RECYCLEMenciptakan sesuatu yang baru dari barang lama

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Reduce

http://www.mnn.com/ (only for study purpose) 37

Reuse

http://www.google.co.id/search (only for study purpose)38

Recycle

http://www.google.co.id/search (only for study purpose) 39

Recycling Precesses• Primary recycling (Pre-consumer Scrap)• Second recycling (Physical Reprocessing)• Tertiary recycling (Chemical Reprocessing)

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http://www.google.co.id/search (only for study purpose) 41

BPA FREE

• Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that is mainly used in combination with other chemicals to manufacture plastics and resins (epoxy resin for coating on the inside can).

• BPA could make transparent highly crystalline polymer with good mechanical properties. (high impact strength plus high temperature resistance and fairly low moisture absorption).

?BPA

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What does BPA-free mean?BPA-free means that on the plastic packaging that we use does not contain any BPA (bisphenol-A)

Why we should avoid using BPA? What is the impact of BPA?

The National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction, part of the National Institutes of Health, completed a review of BPA in September 2008

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Result1. some concern effects on brain,

behavior, prostate gland in fetuses, infants, children at current human exposures to BPA

2. Minimal concern effect on mammary gland, earlier age for puberty for females in fetuses, infants, children at current human exposures to BPA

• BPA can migrate in small amounts into food, beverage and medicine stored in materials containing the substances

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What type of plastic that contain BPA?

• PolycarbonatePolycarbonate is a copolymer of bisphenol A and phosgene or diphenyl carbonate. It is a transparent highly crystalline polymer with good mechanical properties, e.g. high impact strength plus high temperature resistance and fairly low moisture absorption.

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What to look for on the bottle?

Source : http://www.nrdc.org/health/bpa.pdfOnly for study purpose

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Type of plastic that can be sterilize by autoclave

• Polypropylene (PP) max temperature : 165oC• Polycarbonate (PC) max temperature : 135oC• Polymethylpentene (PMP) max temperature :

175oC• HDPE max temperature : 135oC

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