perencanaan jadwal produksi dinamis untuk mendukung penerapan konsep supply chain management di pt....

7/31/2019 PERENCANAAN JADWAL PRODUKSI DINAMIS UNTUK MENDUKUNG PENERAPAN KONSEP SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMEN

1/146

4

ÂPALMDLDDL IDHRDO ^PEHQF]C HCLDJC] QLXQF

JALHQFQLB ALAPD^DL FEL]A^ ]Q^ÔS MKDCL

JDLDBAJALX HC ^X, BDLHQJ JD] FALMDLD

eoak

JDQOCHD KDSQLCLBXSD]

G=84>0>1;

0>>;

HA^DPXAJAL XAFLEOEBC CLHQ]XPC APXDLCDL

GDFQOXD] XAFLEOEBC APXDLCDL

CL]XCXQX ÂPXDLCDL @EBEP

@EBEP


2/146

0




Eoak 9

Jdqochd Kdsqlclbxsd}

G=84>0>1;

]FPC^]C

]a`dbdc }dodk }dxq }sdpdx qlxqf jaj~apeoak baodp

]DPIDLD XAFLEOEBC APXDLCDL

~dhd Ha~dpxajal Xafleoebc Clhq}xpc ^apxdlcdl

Cl}xcxqx ^apxdlcdl @ebep

0>>;




@EBEP


3/146

=







]FPC^]C

]a`dbdc }dodk }dxq }sdpdx qlxqf jaj~apeoak baodp

]DPIDLD XAFLEOEBC APXDLCDL

~dhdHa~dpxajal Xafleoebc Clhq}xpc âpxdlcdl

Cl}xcxqx âpxdlcdl @ebep

Eoak 9


G=84>0>1;

Hcodkcpfdl xdlbbdo 41 Ha}ajàp 43;8

Xdlbbdo oqoq} 9 0= Idlqdpc 0>>;

Jalsaxqiqc 9@ebep/ =4 Idlqdpc 0>>;

Hp, Cp, Jdmkgqh/ J]

âj`cj`clb Dfdhajcf


4/146

8

Jdqochd Kdsqlclbxsd}, G=84>0>1;, âpalmdlddl Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Hcldjc}

Qlxqf Jalhqfqlb âlapd~dl Fel}a~ ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalxhc ^X, Bdlhqj

Jd} Falmdld, Hc `drdk `cj`clbdl Jdmkgqh,

PCLBFD]DL

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld +^X, BJF# japq~dfdl ~apq}dkddl sdlb

àpbapdf hdodj `chdlb clhq}xpc jdfdldl sdcxq clhq}xpc ~aj`qdxdl `dkdl `dfq fqa

hdl pexc, ^pehqf sdlb hceodk hc clhq}xpc clc xap`dbc hdodj hqd oclc ~pehqf}c/ sdcxq

oclc ~pehqf}c mefodx hdl ~erhap, ^X, BJF dhdodk }dodk }dxq ~apq}dkddl sdlb

xaodk jalapd~fdl ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx+]MJ#, âlbcpcjdl xa~dx rdfxq hdl

fa~qd}dl fel}qjal japq~dfdl }dodk }dxq xqiqdl sdlb kdpq} hcmd~dc hdodj

fel}a~ Jdldiajal ]q~~os Mkdcl sdlb hcxapd~fdl eoak ~apq}dkddl, âjalqkdlxqiqdl ~albcpcjdl xa~dx rdfxq xchdf kdlsd hchqfqlb eoak pdlxdc ~d}efdl sdlb

`dcf hdl }eoch hdpc kqoq kclbbd kcocp/ xaxd~c iqbd hchqfqlb eoak ~apalmdlddl

idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb `dcf, Dhdlsd ~a}dldl sdlb `dlsdf halbdl rdfxq ~pe}a}

sdlb àpwdpcd}c xapfdhdlb jaj~albdpqkc ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb xchdf agafxcg

fdpald fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c sdlb àpàhd*àhd qlxqf }axcd~ ~pehqf hdl

jalbdfc`dxfdl rdfxq ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf jaoa`ckc hdpc `dxd} rdfxq +hqa hdxa#

sdlb hcxalxqfdl,

âlaocxcdl clc àpxqiqdl qlxqf jalhd~dxfdl clgepjd}c pdlxdc ~albdhddl

hdodj ~alapd~dl Jdldiajal ]q~~os Mkdcl hdl jalbkd}cofdl jehao ~alidhrdodl

~pehqf}c sdlb `dcf qlxqf jalhqfqlb pdlxdc ~d}efdl/ halbdl jalbbqldfdl

xaflcf ~albqpqxdl +}atqalmclb#, Jehao ~alidhrdodl hcpdlmdlb }amdpd hcldjc}}a}qdc halbdl hcldjcfd hdl fdpdfxapc}xcf ~a}dldl +ephap# `dcf hdpc }abc iqjodk

~a}dldl/ ialc} ~a}dldl hdl rdfxq hcxapcjdlsd ~a}dldl, Dxqpdl ~albqpqxdl sdlb

hcbqldfdl ~dhd ~alidhrdodl dhdodk jaxeha AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa#,

âlidhrdodl ~pehqf}c clc hcodfqfdl ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c mefodx hdl ~erhap, Jehao

~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c hcfaj`dlbfdl hdodj ~dfax ~pebpdj fej~qxap B^]] 4,>,

Felgcbqpd}c jehao ~dfax ~pebpdj B^]] 4,> xaphcpc hdpc }c}xaj jdldiajal

`d}c} hdxd hdl jdldiajal `d}c} jehao, ]c}xaj jdldiajal `d}c} hdxd hdl }c}xaj

jdldiajal `d}c} jehao hcpdlmdlb jalbbqldfdl Jcmpe}egx Wc}qdo @d}cm,Lax,

Jdldiajal `d}c} hdxd xaphcpc hdpc hdxd ialc} ~pehqf/ hdxd oadh xcja/ hdxd ~a}dldl

+xdlbbdo ~a}dl/ xdlbbdo hqa hdxa hdl fqdlxcxd} ~pehqf# hdl hdxd `cdsd ~albcpcjdl/

}ahdlbfdl `d}c} jehao kdlsd xaphcpc hdpc jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c, Jehao~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c japq~dfdl }qdxq jehao sdlb àpxqiqdl qlxqf jalhd~dxfdl

idhrdo qpqxdl ~pehqf}c faxcfd ~a}dldl jd}qf fa `dbcdl oclc ~pehqf}c mefodx hdl

~erhap/ halbdl jalbaxdkqc iqjodk ~pehqf sdlb jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl

+xdphs#/ pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl +jadl odxala}}# hdl faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj hdpc

jaxeha AHH,

Pdlxdc ~albdhddl ~pehqf hdpc kqoq kclbbd kcocp hdodj ~apq}dkddl clc/

hc}a}qdcfdl halbdl ialc} ~aja}dldl ~pehqflsd/ sdcxq ~pehqfjdfa xe }xemfhdl

jdfa xe ephap, Jd}clb*jd}clb ialc} xap}a`qx jajcocfc docpdl ~albdhddl sdlb

àpàhd*àhd/ }a}qdc halbdl fa`qxqkdl fel}qjallsd, Fa}aoqpqkdl ~a}dldl sdlb

jd}qf fa `dbcdl ~pehqf}c dfdl hcidhrdofdl }a}qdc halbdl oclc ~pehqf}clsd

jd}clb*jd}clb/ sdcxq oclc ~pehqf}c mefodx hdl ~erhap,


5/146

1

â}dldl sdlb jd}qf dfdl hcfaoej~effdl àphd}dpfdl xdlbbdo ~a}dl

}axcd~ jclbbqlsd/ }aodliqxlsd ~a}dldl xap}a`qx dfdl hcqpqxfdl àphd}dpfdl

xdlbbdo `dxd} rdfxq +hqa hdxa#, Xdlbbdo hqa hdxa dhdodk xdlbbdo `dxd} rdfxq

}qdxq ~pehqf kdpq} hcfcpcj fa fel}qjal, Hdodj wapcgcfd}c jehao halbdl

jalbbqldfdl hdxd d}oc jdfd hckd}cofdl lcodc JO +Jadl Odxala}}#/ iqjodk~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx hdl lcodc faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj dlxdpd jaxeha [

+jaxeha sdlb hcbqldfdl ~apq}dkddl# halbdl jaxeha AHH, Kd}co xap}a`qx

jalqliqffdl halbdl jalbbqldfdl jaxeha AHH à}dpdl lcodc pdxd*pdxd

fa}aoqpqkdl JO +Jadl Odxala}}# oa`ck palhdk sdcxq }aà}dp 4,;; kdpc

hc`dlhclbfdl halbdl jaxeha [ }aà}dp 7,; ~dhd `qodl Jdpax, ]djd kdolsd

halbdl iqjodk ~pehqf sdlb xapodj`dx `cod jalbbqldfdl jaxeha AHH }a`dlsdf 0

~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx hdodj }dxq `qodl/ }ahdlbfdl halbdl jaxeha [ }a`dlsdf

4> ~a}dldl hdodj `qodl sdlb }djd, Jaxeha AHH iqbd jdj~q jajclcjqjfdl

faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj ~a}dldl hdodj `qodl xap}a`qx/ lcodc faodj`dxdl

jdf}cjqj qlxqf jaxeha [ }aà}dp 47 kdpc hdl halbdl jalbbqldfdl jaxeha

AHH hd~dx hc~apfamco kclbbd }aà}dp leo kdpc ~dhd jclbbq sdlb }djd, ^dhd `qodlD~pco hdl Jac xaphd~dx 4 ~a}dldl sdlb jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl halbdl pdxd*pdxd

faxapodj`dxdl fa}aoqpqkdl }aà}dp 4,01 kdpc qlxqf jaxeha AHH hdl 0 kdpc qlxqf

jaxeha [/ }ahdlbfdl ~dhd `qodl Jac pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl }aà}dp 4,21 hdl 0,1

kdpc,

Japqiqf ~dhd kd}co xap}a`qx hd~dx hc}cj~qofdl `dkrd jaxeha AHH

japq~dfdl dxqpdl sdlb mqfq~ `dcf qlxqf jalbqpdlbc iqjodk ~pehqf sdlb

jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl/ hd~dx jajclcjqjfdl rdfxq pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl

hdl qlxqf jajclcjqjfdl lcodc faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj ~a}dldl/ }akclbbd hd~dx

jajalqkc ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf sdlb oa`ck xa~dx rdfxq fa~dhd fel}qjal,

]aodliqxlsd ~alidhrdodl clc hd~dx }amdpd odlb}qlb jdj~q qlxqf jalhqfqlb

~almd~dcdl xqiqdl Jdldiajal ]q~~os Mkdcl hdodj ~ajalqkdl fa~qd}dl

fel}qjal halbdl ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf sdlb xa~dx rdfxq,


6/146

7

Jdqochd Kdsqlclbxsd}, G=84>0>1;, ôdllclb gep Hsldjcm ^pehqmxcel

]mkahqoclb xe ]q~~epx xka D~~ocmdxcel eg ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx Melma~x dx

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld, Qlhap }q~apwc}cel egJdmkgqh,

]QJJDPS

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld +^X, BJF# c} d mej~dls pqllclb cl xka geeh

clhq}xps c,a, xka clhq}xps xe jdfa xka mdfa dlh `padh `d}cm mejjehcxs, ^X, BJF

c} d mej~dls rkcmk kd} d~~ocah ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx +]MJ#, Ela xkclb

xkdx jq}x à jd{cjcyah xe gqogcoo xka dmmqpdms eg haocwaps xcja xe mel}qjap cl xka

d~~ocmdxcel eg ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx melma~x c} xka ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoclb cl

mej~dls, Xka odmf eg aggcmcalms cl ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoa mdq}a} xka haocwaps

}mkahqoa a{maahclb xka hqa hdxa haxapjclah, Xe ewapmeja cx/ xka ~pehqmxcel

}mkahqoa xe jd{cjcya xka haocwaps }mkahqoa rcoo à jdha,

Xkc} }xqhs }me~a c} xka paodxcel àxraal mej~dls dlh mel}qjap `s

jd{cjcyclb xka ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoa ~eclxclb dx }awapdo mapxdcl mpcxapcd, Xka

~pehqmxcel }mkahqoclb c} d~~ocah cl xka ~pebpdj ~dmfdba ldjah B^]] 4,>

+Bdlhqj ^pehqmxcel ]mkahqoclb ]s}xaj gcp}x wap}cel#,

Xkc} jehaoclb }s}xaj gpej B^]] 4,> mel}c}x} eg hdxd `d}a jdldbajalx

}s}xaj dlh jehao `d}c} jdldbajalx }s}xaj, Jehao `d}c} dlh hdxd `d}a gpej

B^]] 4,> q}a Wc}qdo @d}cm,Lax/ rkapa cx} hdxd `d}a mej~pc}a} eg mel}qjap ephap

hdxd/ ~pehqmx xs~a hdxd/ }kc~~clb me}x hdxd dlh ~pehqmxcel ~pema}} xcja hdxd/ rkcoa

cx} jehao `d}c} c} xka ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoclb jehao, Xka ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoclb

jehao mewap} xre ~pehqmxcel ocla}/ c,a, mkemeodxa dlh ~erhap, Xkc} jehao q}a} xka

}atqalmclb pqoa c,a, AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa# jaxkeh, Gpej xkc} jaxkeh/ xka

~pehqmxcel }atqalmclb }mkahqoa `s flerclb xka jadl wdoqa eg odxala}} dlh xkajd{cjqj odxala}} wdoqa dlh xka odxa ~pehqmx lqjàp rcoo à e`xdclah,

Xkc} ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoclb jehao c} ha}cblah hsldjcmdoos cl dmmeph rcxk

ephap hsldjcm dlh mkdpdmxapc}xcm èxk gpej xka ephap lqjàp/ xka ephap xs~a dlh

xka xcja xe dmma~x xka ephap, Xkal xka ~pehqmxcel }mkahqoa rkcmk kd} àal xkapa

rcoo à lex mkdlbah dlh pawc}ah dqxejdxcmdoos cg emmqppah cl xka ephap dhhcxcel,

Cl xka jehao wapcgcmdxcel `s q}clb xka epcbcldo hdxd àxraal [ jaxkeh +xka

jaxkeh q}ah `s xka mej~dls# rcxk AHH jaxkeh, Xka pa}qox }ker}/ `s q}clb xka

AHH jaxkeh/ xka jadl wdoqa }mdoa eg xka alxcpa JO +Jadl Odxala}}# c} oerap c,a,

4,;; hds} mej~dpah xe [ jaxkeh rkcmk c} eg 7,; el Jdpmk, Cx c} xka }dja d} xka

~pehqmx lqjàp rkcmk c} odxa `s q}clb xka AHH jaxkeh eg 0 odxa ephap} cl ela

jelxk/ rkcoa rcxk [ jaxkeh eg 4> ephap} cl xka }dja jelxk, Xka AHH jaxkeh c}do}e md~dòa xe jclcjcya xka ephap jd{cjqj odxala}} cl xkdx jelxk/ xka wdoqa eg

jd{cjqj odxala}} gep [ jaxkeh c} 47 hds} dlh q}clb xka AHH jaxkeh cx mdl à

hampad}ah qlxco eg yape hds,

Pagappclb xka pa}qox/ cx mdl à melmoqhah xkdx xka AHH jaxkeh c} xka pqoa

rkcmk mdl dggeph xe oa}}al xka ~pehqmx lqjàp a{~apcalmclb odxala}}/ cx mdl

jclcjcya xka jadl xcja gep odxala}} dlh xe jclcjcya xka jd{cjqj odxala}} wdoqa

eg ephap/ }e cx mdl gqogcoo xka jepa ~qlmxqdo ~pehqmx }kc~~clb xe mel}qjap, ]e xkc}

}mkahqoclb mdl hcpamxos dggeph cx xe }q~~epx xka bedo dmkcawajalx eg ]q~~os Mkdcl

Jdldbajalx cl gqogcooclb xka mel}qjap }dxc}gdmxcel rcxk xka ~qlmxqdo ~pehqmx

}kc~~clb,


7/146

2

@CEHDXD ALQOC]

âlqoc} hcodkcpfdl hc @ebep ~dhd xdlbbdo 41 Ha}ajàp 43;8 }a`dbdc dldf

~apxdjd hdpc xcbd àp}dqhdpd/ dldf hdpc ~d}dlbdl Jdx ]sqfqp hdl Kalls

Rclhdpxc, Pcrdsdx ~alhchcfdl ~alqoc} hcjqodc hdpc Xdjdl Fdldf*fdldf Df`dp

~dhd xdkql 43;3/ fajqhcdl jaodliqxfdl ~alhchcfdl hc ]afeodk Hd}dp Labapc

âlbdhcodl CC @ebep ~dhd xdkql 433>, ]axaodk oqoq} jaodliqxfdl fa ]afeodk

Jalalbdk âpxdjd Labapc 1 @ebep ~dhd xdkql 4337 hdl jd}qf fa ]afeodk

Jalalbdk Qjqj ôq} @cld @dlb}d ]aidkxapd/ @ebep xdkql 4333,

Xdkql 0>>0 ~alqoc} oqoq} hdpc ]JQ ôq} @cld @dlb}d ]aidkxapd/ @ebep,

^dhd xdkql sdlb }djd/ ~alqoc} oqoq} }aoaf}c jd}qf Cl}xcxqx âpxdlcdl @ebep +C^@#

jaodoqc idoqp Qlhdlbdl ]aoaf}c Jd}qf C^@ +Q]JC# hdl hcxapcjd hc iqpq}dl

Xafleoebc Clhq}xpc âpxdlcdl/ Gdfqoxd} Xafleoebc âpxdlcdl,

]aodjd jalbcfqxc ~apfqocddl/ ~alqoc} ~apldk jalbcfqxc fabcdxdl ^pdfxaf

Od~dlb }aodjd hqd `qodl +4 Iqoc => Dbq}xq} 0>>1# hc ^X, Faoeod Jcld Odqx/

Bpa}cf, ]aodliqxlsd jaodfqfdl ~alaocxcdl dfkcp hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld

~dhd xdkql 0>>7,


8/146

;

OAJ@DP APLSDXDDL

]dsd jalsdxdfdl halbdl }aàldp*àldplsd `dkrd }fpc~}c sdlb àpiqhqo

âpalmdlddl Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Hcldjc} Qlxqf Jalhqfqlb âlapd~dl

Fel}a~ ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx Hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld dhdodk

kd}co fdpsd }dsd }alhcpc halbdl dpdkdl he}al ~aj`cj`clb/ famqdoc sdlb halbdl

iaod} hcxqliqffdl pqiqfdllsd,

@ebep/ Idlqdpc 0>>;

Sdlb jalsdxdfdl/


G=84>0>1;


9/146

3

FDXD ALBDLXDP

^qic }sqfqp ~alqoc} ~dlidxfdl fa~dhd Doodk }rx/ fdpald kdlsd àpfdx

fqd}d hdl pchkd*Lsd ~alqoc} hd~dx jalsaoa}dcfdl }fpc~}c clc halbdl `dcf, âlqoc}

iqbd clbcl jalbqmd~fdl xapcjd fd}ck sdlb }aà}dp*à}dplsd fa~dhd 9

4, Hp, Cp, Jdmkgqh J]/ }a`dbdc he}al ~aj`cj`clb sdlb xaodk jalbdpdkfdl

~alqoc} }aodjd jalsaoa}dcfdl fqocdk hdl }fpc~}c hc iqpq}dl XCL/

GDXAXD/ C^@,

0, Cp, Gdtck Qhcl J]m hdl Hp, Cp, Cfd Djdocd Fdpxcfd JX/ }a`dbdc he}al

~albqic dxd} awdoqd}c hdl }dpdl sdlb hcàpcfdl ~dhd }fpc~}c clc,

=, @~f, Cp, Oclbbqdl }aodfq Jdldbap ^^CM sdlb xaodk jalbciclfdl ~alqoc}

jaodfqfdl ~alaocxcdl hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld hdl jaj`dlxq ~alqoc}

}aodjd ~alaocxcdl,

8, ]xdg hdl fdpsdrdl ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld/ @~f,Jd}cj/ C`q Kd~~s

hdl odcl*odcl dxd} `dlxqdl hdl fapid}djdlsd }aodjd ~alqoc} jaodfqfdl

~alaocxcdl,

1, ]xdg hdl fdpsdrdl GDXAXD/ C^@ sdlb xaodk jaj`dlxq hdl jajqhdkfdl

~alqoc} }aodjd ~alqoc} jaodf}dldfdl fqocdk hdl }fpc~}c hc iqpq}dl XCL/

GDXAXD/ C^@,

7, @d~df/ C`q/ Dhcf*dhcf xapmclxd dxd} hepelbdl }ajdlbdx/ hed hdl

`cj`clbdllsd }aodjd ~alqoc} jalsaoa}dcfdl }fpc~}c clc,

2, Ej @dbq}/ Ej Hchcf/ Jd} Apc/ Fdf Rcldxd dxd} `dlxqdl hdl

fapid}djdlsd hdodj jalsaoa}dcfdl }fpc~}c clc,

;, Dp`dl/ Fqplcd/ Wapd/ Hkehc/ Xkejd} hdl xajdl*xajdl xapmclxd sdlb xaodk

jaoqdlbfdl rdfxq/ xaldbd hdl }axcd jalajdlc ~alqoc} hdodjjalsaoa}dcfdl }fpc~}c clc,

3, Hcxd/ Dlbao/ Xsd/ Cmkd/ Oqxgc hdl xajdl*xajdl xap}dsdlb sdlb xaodk

jajàpc hqfqlbdl }~cpcxqdo }aodjd ~alqoc} jalsaoa}dcfdl }fpc~}c clc,

4>,]aoqpqk ~ckdf sdlb xaodk jaj`dlxq hdodj ~alaocxcdl hdl ~alsq}qldl

}fpc~}c clc,


10/146

4>

âlqoc} }dhdp `dkrd }fpc~}c clc jd}ck àoqj }aj~qpld, Eoak fdpald cxq/

fpcxcf hdl }dpdl sdlb jaj`dlbql }dlbdx hckdpd~fdl hajc ~ap`dcfdl }fpc~}c clc,

]ajebd }fpc~}c clc àpjdlgddx `dbc ~aj`dmd,

@ebep/ Idlqdpc 0>>;

âlqoc}


11/146

44

HDGXDP C]C

FDXD ALBDLXDP ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ccc

HDGXDP C]C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, w

HDGXDP XD@AO ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, wcc

HDGXDP BDJ@DP ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, wccc

HDGXDP ODJ^CPDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, {

C, ÂLHDKQOQDL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4

D, ODXDP @AODFDLB ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4

@, XQIQDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =

M, PQDLB OCLBFQ^,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =

H, JDLGDDX HDL FAOQDPDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8

CC, XCLIDQDL Q]XDFD ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1

D, ]Q^ÔS MKDCL JDLDBAJALX,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1

@, ÂLIDHRDODL ^PEHQF]C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3

M, XAFLCF ALBQPQXDL +]ATQALMCLB# ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4>

H, HC]XPC@Q]C HDL XPDL]ÊPXD]C ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 44

A, JEHAO 40

CCC, JAXEHEOEBC ALAOCXCDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4=

D, FAPDLBFD ÂJCFCPDL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4=

@, ÂLHAFDXDL ALAOCXCDL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 47

M, XDXD ODF]DLD,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4;

CW, ÂJEHAODL ]C]XAJ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 04

D, D]QJ]C ÂPKCXQLBDL JEHAO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 04

@, PDLMDLBDL APKCXQLBDL ÂLIDHRDODL,,,,,,, 00

4, Fapdlbfd Jehao,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00

0, ]xpqfxqp @d}c} Hdxd ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 08

M, PDLMDLB @DLBQL JEHAO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 01

H, FELGCBQPD]C JEHAO ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 03

4, Cl~qx Jehao,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =4

0, Eqx~qx Jehao ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =8


12/146

40

W, KD]CO HDL ÂJ@DKD]DL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =;

D, ^PE]A] ^PEHQF]C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =;

@, ^PE]AHQP AJA]DLDL +^QPMKD]CLB EPHAP# ,,,, 84

M, ÂPALMDLDDL ALIDHRDODL ^PEHQF]C ,,,,,,,,,,, 87

H, ^PEBPDJ B^]] 4,> ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 83

4, Kd}co âlidhrdodl Jaxeha AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa#,,,, 18

0, Kd}co âlidhrdodl Jaxeha [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

=, âj`dkd}dl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 78

A, JDLDIAJAL ]Q^ÔS MKDCL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7;

4, Pdlxdc âlbdhddl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7;

0, ]c}xaj Feephcld}c Dlxdp âpq}dkddl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2=

=, Clxabpd}c Jaxehd âlidhrdodl hdl Jdldiajal

]q~~os Mkdcl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 27

WC, FA]CJ^QODL HDL ]DPDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2;

D, FA]CJ^QODL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2;

@, ]DPDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 23

HDGXDP Q]XDFD ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;>

ODJ^CPDL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;0


13/146

4=

HDGXDP XD@AO

Xdào 4, Kd}co âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c Mefodx halbdl Jaxeha AHH

@qodl Ga`pqdpc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11

Xdào 0, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c Mefodx halbdl Jaxeha AHH

@qodl Jdpax,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11

Xdào =, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c êrhap halbdl Jaxeha AHH

@qodl Ga`pqdpc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1;

Xdào 8, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c êrhap halbdl Jaxeha AHH

@qodl Jdpax,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1;Xdào 1, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c Mefodx halbdl Jaxeha [

@qodl Ga`pqdpc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7>

Xdào 7, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c Mefodx halbdl Jaxeha [

@qodl Jdpax,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7>

Xdào 2, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c êrhap halbdl Jaxeha [

@qodl Ga`pqdpc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=

Xdào ;, Kd}co âlidhrdodl pehqf}c êrhap halbdl Jaxeha [

@qodl Jdpax,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=

Xdào 3, Pafd~cxqod}c âpkcxqlbdl Iqjodk ^pehqf Xapodj`dx hdl JO

+Jadl Odxala}}# ^dhd âpceha @qodl Jdpax Oclc ^pehqf}c

Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 78

Xdào 4>, Pafd~cxqod}c âpkcxqlbdl Iqjodk ^pehqf Xapodj`dx hdl JO

+Jadl Odxala}}# ^dhd âpceha @qodl D~pco Oclc ^pehqf}c

Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 71


+Jadl Odxala}}# ^dhd âpceha @qodl Jac Oclc ^pehqf}c

Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 77


+Jadl Odxala}}# ^dhd âpceha @qodl Jdpax Oclc ^pehqf}c

êrhap ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 72


14/146

48

HDGXDP BDJ@DP

Bdj`dp 4, Jehao ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7

Bdj`dp 0, Fapdlbfd âjcfcpdl âodf}dlddl âlaocxcdl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 41

Bdj`dp =, ]fajd Xdkd~dl âlhafdxdl @apalmdld

+Xkcapdqg hdl Foafdj~ 4321#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 42

Bdj`dp 8, Hcdbpdj Docp Xdkd~dl âlaocxcdl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0>

Bdj`dp 1, Hcdbpdj Docp Ha}fpc~xcg Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ,,,,,,,,, 0=

Bdj`dp 7, Hcdbpdj Docp Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 07

Bdj`dp 2, Hcdbpdj Docp Dobepcxjd Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c,,,,,,,,, 02Bdj`dp ;, Xdj~codl Drdo ^pebpdj B^]] 4,> ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =>

Bdj`dp 3, Xdj~codl Oebcl ^pebpdj B^]] 4,>,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =>

Bdj`dp 4>, Xdj~codl Odsdp Qxdjd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =4

Bdj`dp 44, Xdj~codl Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =4

Bdj`dp 40, Xdj~codl Oclc ^pehqf}c êrhap ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0

Bdj`dp 4=, Xdj~codlOc}x^pehqf ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0

Bdj`dp 48, Xdj~codlCl~qx EphapOclc pehqf}c Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==

Bdj`dp 41, Xdj~codl Oc}x^pehqf ^dhd Oclc pehqf}c êrhap ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==

Bdj`dp 47, Xdj~codlCl~qx EphapOclc pehqf}c erhap ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =8

Bdj`dp 42, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ^dhd Oclc pehqf}c

Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =1

Bdj`dp 4;, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ^dhd Oclc pehqf}c

êrhap ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =1

Bdj`dp 43, Xdj~codl Cl~qx Ephap^dhd Oclc pehqf}c Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =7

Bdj`dp 0>, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Jclbbq âpxdjd ,,,,,,,,,,,,, =7

Bdj`dp 04, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Jclbbq Fahqd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2

Bdj`dp 00, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Jclbbq Faxcbd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2

Bdj`dp 0=, ^pe}a} ^pehqf}c ^pehqfHdpf Mej~eqlh^dhd Oclc Mefaodx =3

Bdj`dp 08, ^pe}a} ^pehqf}c ^pehqf êrhap ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c êrhap 8>

Bdj`dp 01, Docpdl Clgepjd}c â}dldl hdl Fa`cidfdl âpq}dkddl hc

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80

Bdj`dp 07, Docpdl âpalmdlddl pehqf}c ^dhd ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld 88


15/146

41

Bdj`dp 02, Xdj~codlOc}x^pehqf Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1>

Bdj`dp 0;, Xdj~codlCl~qxEphapOclc pehqf}c Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1>

Bdj`dp 03, Xdj~codl Eqx~qxâlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c

Mefaodx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14

Bdj`dp =>, Xdj~codl Eqx~qxâlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c

êrhap ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14

Bdj`dp =4, Xdj~codlCl~qx Ephap]aàoqj âldj`dkdl a}dldl,,,,,,,,,, 10

Bdj`dp =0, Xdj~codl Idhrdo ^pehqf}c ]aàoqj âldj`dkdl â}dldl,,, 1=

Bdj`dp ==, Xdj~codlCl~qx EphapHalbdl aldj`dkdl a}dldl ,,,,,,,,,,, 1=

Bdj`dp =8, Xdj~codl Idhrdo ^pehqf}c ]axaodk âldj`dkdl â}dldl,,,,, 18

Bdj`dp =1, Jehao ]q~~os Mkdcl ^dhdJdfa Xe Ephapâpxdjd hc

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld +^X, BJF#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 73

Bdj`dp =7, Jehao ]q~~os Mkdcl ^dhdJdfa Xe EphapFahqd hc

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld +^X, BJF#,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2>

Bdj`dp =2, Jehao ]q~~os Mkdcl ^dhdJdfa Xe ]xemfhc ^X, Bdlhqj

Jd} Falmdld +^X, BJF# ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20


16/146

47

HDGXDP ODJ^CPDL

Odj~cpdl 4, Hcdbpdj Docp Dobepcxjd Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ,,,,,,,, ;0

Odj~cpdl 0, @d}c} Hdxd Ialc} ^pehqf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;=

Odj~cpdl =, @d}c} Hdxd Jclcjqj Ephap,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;8

Odj~cpdl 8, @d}c} Hdxd @cdsd Fcpcj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;1

Odj~cpdl 1, @d}c} Hdxd â}dldl Fel}qjal,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;7

Odj~cpdl 7, Kd}co âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c Oclc pehqf}c Mefaodx halbdl

Jaxeha AHH ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;;

Odj~cpdl 2, Kd}co âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c Oclc pehqf}c êrhap halbdl

Jaxeha AHH ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 37

Odj~cpdl ;, Kd}co âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c Oclc pehqf}c Mefaodx halbdl

Jaxeha [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4>8

Odj~cpdl 3, Kd}co âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c Oclc pehqf}c êrhap halbdl

Jaxeha [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 440

Odj~cpdl 4>, âxqliqf âlbbqlddl ^pebpdj B^]] 4,> ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40>


17/146

42

C, ALHDKQOQDL

D, ODXDP @AODFDLB

âpclhq}xpcdl hc Clhela}cd àpfaj`dlb halbdl ~a}dx }acpclb halbdl

jd}qflsd apd boe`doc}d}c hdl jehaplc}d}c, Apd boe`doc}d}c clc jalidhc }qdxq xeodf

qfqp }axcd~ clhq}xpc qlxqf àp}dclb hdodj ~albaj`dlbdl ~d}dp hc Clhela}cd,

Clhela}cd }ddx clc japq~dfdl labdpd sdlb jqodc àp`d}c} clhq}xpc/ `dcf clhq}xpc

sdlb àp`dkdl `dfq ~apxdlcdl jdq~ql lel ~apxdlcdl, âp}dclbdl dlxdp

~apq}dkddl }aodoq xapidhc fdpald ~apq}dkddl*~apq}dkddl xap}a`qx kdpq} xapq} kchq~

hdl àpfaj`dlb qlxqf jaj~apxdkdlfdl ~dlb}d ~d}dplsd, Jaj~apxdkdlfdl

~dlb}d ~d}dp hd~dx hcodfqfdl ~apq}dkddl halbdl jajalqkc fa`qxqkdl hdl

fa~qd}dl fel}qjal sdlb àpepcalxd}c ~dhd kdpbd/ jqxq hdl ~aodsdldl,

âpq`dkdl oclbfqlbdl sdlb xchdf jalalxq/ jalclbfdxlsd fa`qxqkdl fel}qjal

sdlb àpwdpcd}c/ faclbcldl fel}qjal sdlb }ap`d ma~dx hdl cl}xdlxjaj`qdx ~dpd

~aodfq clhq}xpc jalmdpc idodl faoqdp sdlb hd~dx jajalqkc }aoqpqk fa`qxqkdl

xap}a`qx,

Faclbcldl fel}qjal dfdl fa`qxqkdllsd jalqlxqx ~dpd ~aodfq clhq}xpc

qlxqf jaj~pehqf}c `dpdlb%~pehqf sdlb jqpdk/ àpfqdocxd} hdl àphdsd }dclb

xclbbc, Clhq}xpc àpoej`d*oej`d qlxqf jajalqkc fa`qxqkdl fel}qjal xap}a`qx

halbdl àp`dbdc mdpd%jaxeha, Xaphd~dx ààpd~d jaxeha dxdq mdpd sdlb

hcbqldfdl qlxqf jalsaoa}dcfdl jd}dodk xap}a`qx/ }dodk }dxqlsd dhdodk ]q~~os

Mkdcl Jdldbajalx+]MJ#,

]q~~os Mkdcl +]M# dxdq pdlxdc ~d}efdl dhdodk pdlbfdcdl kq`qlbdl dlxdp

~apq}dkddl sdlb jaodf}dldfdl ~alsdoqpdl ~d}efdl `dpdlb%id}d hdpc drdo kclbbd

fa ~ajàoc%~aodlbbdl, Kq`qlbdl sdlb xapidhc xchdf kdlsd ~dhd `dbcdl dxdq

dfxcwcxd} hc hdodj }dxq ~apq}dkddl xaxd~c dfxcwcxd} hcoqdp ~apq}dkddl/ jaoc~qxc

`dbcdl ~alsdoqp `dkdl `dfq/ ~albcpcjdl hdl fel}qjal, ]MJ }alhcpc japq~dfdl

}qdxq }c}xaj feephcld}c dlxdp ~apq}dkddl sdlb jaoc~qxc dpq} ~pehqf%id}d/ dpq}

clgepjd}c hdl dpq} faqdlbdl, Dpq} sdlb xapidhc àp}cgdx bdlhd dxdq èodf `docf

sdlb odlb}qlb àpkq`qlbdl hdpc ~alsdoqp ~d}efdl `dkdl `dfq fa fel}qjal

+Seodlhd/ 0>>1#,


18/146

4;

]q~~os Mkdcl }alhcpc xapgefq} ~dhd = kdo/ sdcxq q~}xpadj/ clxapldo hdl

herl}xpadj, Q~}xpadj +kqoq# japq~dfdl ~ckdf sdlb àpfdcxdl halbdl

~ajd}efdl `dkdl `dfq/ ~ckdf*~ckdf xap}a`qx dlxdpd odcl }q`*}q~~ocap/ }q~~ocap hdl

jdlqgdmxqpa, Clxapldo dhdodk fabcdxdl sdlb xapidhc hchdodj clhq}xpc/ jaj~pe}a}

jd}qfdl hdpc `dbcdl kqoq kclbbd faoqdp hdpc clhq}xpc/ }ahdlbfdl herl}xpadj

jaoc~qxc ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf fa fel}qjal sdlb àpfdcxdl halbdl ~ckdf* ~ckdf

}a~apxc hc}xpc`qxcel malxap/ rkeoa}doap/ paxdcoap} hdl mq}xejap},

âlapd~dl hdpc pdlxdc ~d}efdl sdlb hcodfqfdl àp}djd*}djd eoak àp`dbdc

~ckdf sdlb xapbd`qlb hdodj ]MJ jdj~q jalbagc}cal}cfdl ~apjd}dodkdl sdlb

dhd hc ~apq}dkddl/ }a~apxc hd~dx jalbqpdlbc `cdsd ~pehqf}c/ `cdsd ~alscj~dldl

~pehqf kclbbd `cdsd xpdl}~epxd}c, âpq}dkddl Eosj~cm `c}d jalafdl `cdsd

fejqlcfd}c kclbbd 1>!/ xclbfdx clwalxeps sdlb hqd `qodl jalidhc }dxq `qodl hdl

lcodc ~aliqdodl jalclbfdx 42>! }aodjd xdkql 0>>>*0>>0, ]aodcl cxq }ddx clc xaodk

jajcocfc 1> fdlxep md`dlb hdl 1>>> eqxoax hc }aoqpqk Clhela}cd +]dch/ 0>>7#,

âpq}dkddl Qlcoawap jajcocfc xdpbax ~apxqj`qkdl 1*7! hdl e~apdxclb jdpbcl

}afcxdp 47!/ }akclbbd ~apq}dkddl jaodfqfdl ha}alxpdoc}d}c xapkdhd~ epbdlc}d}c

~qpmkd}clb qlcxlsd, Qlcoawap jdj~q jalbkajdx }afcxdp 2>> iqxd ~eqlh}xapoclb,

^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld +^X, BJF# japq~dfdl ~apq}dkddl sdlb

àpbapdf hdodj `chdlb clhq}xpc jdfdldl sdcxq clhq}xpc ~aj`qdxdl `dkdl `dfq fqa

hdl pexc/ ~apq}dkddl clc cdodk }dodk }dxq ~apq}dkddl sdlb xaodk jalapd~fdl ]MJ

hc Clhela}cd, ^pehqf sdlb hckd}cofdl ~apq}dkddl clc }dlbdx àpdbdj sdcxq

àp`dbdc ialc} `dkdl `dfq pexc hdl fqa/ ~pehqf xap}a`qx }aodcl hc}doqpfdl odlb}qlb

fa~dhd fel}qjal pqjdk xdlbbd dhd iqbd sdlb hc}doqpfdl fa~dhd fel}qjal

clhq}xpc qlxqf hceodk oa`ck odliqx, âlapd~dl }xpdxabc ~alsdoqpdl ~apq}dkddl

hcodfqfdl fdpald pdlxdc ~albcpcjdl sdlb àpdbdj jaj`qdx ~apq}dkddl àfapidaf}xpd qlxqf jalbagc}calfdl rdfxq/ `cdsd ~alscj~dldl hdl `cdsd xpdl}~epxd}c

dbdp ~albcpcjdl xa~dx rdfxq }a}qdc idhrdo,

âpjd}dodkdl sdlb xapidhc cdodk xaphd~dx ~dhd gdfxep xchdf agafxcglsd

idhrdo ~pehqf}c hdpc ~a}dldl sdlb jd}qf halbdl rdfxq xqlbbq xapxalxq sdlb

jalbdfc`dxfdl rdfxq ~albcpcjdl fa fel}qjal jalidhc xapodj`dx, ]aodcl cxq/

~a}dldl sdlb }qhdk }aoa}dc hc~pehqf}c jaoardxc `dxd} rdfxq sdlb xapfdhdlb oa`ck

hdpc }xdlhdp sdlb xaodk hcxaxd~fdl, @dxd} rdfxq xap}a`qx àp~albdpqk xapkdhd~


19/146

43

idhrdo ~albcpcjdl }axcd~ ~pehqf sdlb hckd}cofdl sdlb xchdf }a}qdc halbdl idhrdo

sdlb hcxalxqfdl, âlsaoa}dcdl jd}dodk xap}a`qx hd~dx hcockdx hdpc xclbfdx

faagc}cal}cdl hdpc ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c xapkdhd~ ~albqpqxdl idhrdo ~pehqf}c

}qdxq ~pehqf hdl idhrdo ~albcpcjdl hdodj jalbqpdlbc `cdsd ~albcpcjdl }apxd

jajcocfc pdlxdc ~albcpcjdl sdlb agc}cal,

@, XQIQDL

Xqiqdl hdpc ~alaocxcdl clc dhdodk

4, Jaj~apeoak clgepjd}c ~alapd~dl pdlxdc ~albdhddl +~ajd}ef# ~dhd

~apq}dkddl dbpeclhq}xpc

0, Jaj~apeoak jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c halbdl rdfxq ~albcpcjdl

~pehqf sdlb e~xcjdo fa~dhd fel}qjal ~dhd ~apjd}dodkdl ~alapd~dl

pdlxdc ~albdhddl +~d}efdl#hc ~apq}dkddl dbpeclhq}xpc,

M, PQDLB OCLBFQ^

Pqdlb oclbfq~ ~alaocxcdl clc dhdodk

4, Chalxcgcfd}c pdlxdc ~albdhddl sdlb àpepcalxd}c ~dhd docpdl ~pehqf hdl

clgepjd}c hdpc ~d`pcf +~apq}dkddl# fa fel}qjal/ àphd}dpfdl fel}a~

jdldiajal }q~~os mkdcl,

0, âlaocxcdl clc àpdhd ~dhd pdlxdc ~albdhddl dlxdpd clhq}xpc hdl fel}qjal/

hc`dbcdl }q`}c}xaj ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c hdodj fel}a~ jdldiajal

}q~~os mkdcl/ xchdf jaoc~qxc ~ap}ahcddl `dkdl `dfq hdl ~pehqf }apxd

`dbcdl xpdl}~epxd}c hdl hc}xpc`q}c `dcf `dkdl `dfq jdq~ql ~pehqf,

=, âpalmdlddl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c halbdl jaockdx d}~af*d}~afoadh xcja

~pehqf/ rdfxq ~albcpcjdl/ ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx hdl pdxd*pdxdfaxapodj`dxdl ~a}dldl halbdl d}qj}c `dkdl `dfq }aodoq xap}ahcd,

]aodliqxlsd jalhd~dxfdl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb jalbagafxcgfdl

qpqxdl ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c qlxqf jalhd~dxfdl rdfxq ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf fa

fel}qjal halbdl xa~dx,

8, Wapcgcfd}c jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c halbdl jaxeha sdlb hcbqldfdl

eoak ~apq}dkddl,


20/146

0>

H, JDLGDDX HDL FAOQDPDL

Jdlgddx sdlb hckdpd~fdl hdpc ~alaocxcdl clc dhdodk jd}qfdl fa~dhd

~apq}dkddl }amdpd fqdlxcxdxcg àpq~d ~apalmdlddl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c halbdl

}qdxq jaxeha dxdq dxqpdl, Dxqpdl sdlb hcbqldfdl japq~dfdl dxqpdl sdlb hd~dx

jalmd~dc ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf sdlb xa~dx rdfxq halbdl jalbqpdlbc lcodc

faxapodj`dxdl hdodj ~ajalqkdl pdlxdc ~albdhddl }apxd hd~dx hcidhcfdl `dkdl

~apxcj`dlbdl fa~qxq}dl sdlb àpfdcxdl halbdl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c jdq~ql

iqjodk ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf dbdp oa`ck agafxcg,

Faoqdpdl sdlb hckd}cofdl hdpc ~alaocxcdl clc cdodk jalbkd}cofdl jehao

~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb xap`dcf halbdl jalbbqldfdl }dxq dxqpdl ~albqpqxdl,

Dxqpdl xap}a`qx }a}qdc halbdl fpcxapcd sdlb hcxalxqfdl sdcxq iqjodk ~afapiddl

sdlb xapodj`dx/ pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl ~a}dldl hdl à}dplsd faodj`dxdl

jdf}cjqj, @dlsdflsd iqjodk ~afapiddl sdlb xapodj`dx jalidhc fpcxapcd sdlb

xap~alxclb fdpald dfdl jaj~albdpqkc ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf fa fel}qjal sdlb

kdpq} xa~dx rdfxq,


21/146

04

CC, XCLIDQDL ^Q]XDFD

D, ]Q^ÔS MKDCL JDLDBAJALX

]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx +]MJ# dxdq pdlxdc ~albdhddl dhdodk }qdxq

}c}xaj xaj~dx epbdlc}d}c jalsdoqpfdl `dpdlb ~pehqf}c hdl id}dlsd fa~dhd ~dpd

~aodlbbdl, Pdlxdc clc iqbd japq~dfdl idpclbdl hdpc àp`dbdc epbdlc}d}c sdlb

}doclb àpkq`qlbdl sdlb jaj~qlsdc xqiqdl sdlb }djd/ sdcxq }a`dcf jqlbfcl

jalsaoalbbdpdfdl ~albdhddl dxdq ~alsdoqpdl `dpdlb xap}a`qx +Hiefe~pdlexe/

0>>0#,

Jdldiajal pdlxdc ~d}efdl japq~dfdl }afaoej~ef dodx `dlxq ~alhafdxdl

qlxqf jalbclxabpd}cfdl agc}cal}c }q~~ocap}/ ~apq}dkddl/ hc}xpc`qxep hdl xefe/

}akclbbd dodx*dodx xap}a`qx hd~dx jalbkd}cofdl hdl jalsdoqpfdl ~pehqf halbdl

iqjodk sdlb xa~dx/ ~dhd oefd}c sdlb àldp hdl }ddx rdfxq sdlb xa~dx/ dbdp hd~dx

jalbqpdlbc `cdsd fa}aoqpqkdl }c}xaj }a`dbdc }sdpdx xclbfdx fa~qd}dl ~aodsdldl

+Oawc ax do,/ 0>>>#

^pcl}c~ qxdjd hdodj }q~~os mkdcl jdldbajalx cdodk jalmc~xdfdl

}clfpelc}d}c dfxcwcxd}*dfxcwcxd} sdlb àpdbdj hdl jaj`qxqkfdl ~alhafdxdl

keoc}xcf, ^pcl}c~ jalbclxabpd}c dfxcwcxd}*dfxcwcxd} hdodj }q~~os mkdcl cdodk qlxqf

jalmc~xdfdl }a`qdk pa}qoxdl sdlb à}dp `qfdl kdlsd `dbc xcd~ dlbbexd pdlxdc/

xaxd~c `dbc fa}aoqpqkdl }c}xaj +Yd`chc/ 0>>4#,

Peafao +0>>0# jalbdxdfdl `dkrd kq`qlbdl hc hdodj jdldiajal pdlxdc

~albdhddl hchd}dpfdl ~dhd dhdlsd }doclb faxapbdlxqlbdl/ fa~apmdsddl/

fejqlcfd}c sdlb xap`qfd hdl faqlxqlbdl àp}djd, Fqlmc }qf}a} hdodj

~albaj`dlbdl pdlxdc dhdodk dhdlsd fapid}djd +~dpxlap}kc~# hdl ~albbd`qlbdl+clxabpdxcel#, Kdo clc àpfdcxdl halbdl kq`qlbdl ~dpd ~ajdcl qxdjd dxdq jdxd

pdlxdc hdpc ~aodfq*~aodfq xap}a`qx hd~dx àpàlxqf }a~apxc jdxd pdlxdc sdlb }doclb

xapkq`qlb }dxq halbdl sdlb odcl/ hdpc }q~~ocap kclbbd fel}qjal dfkcp, Jehao

}q~~os mkdcl hcfaj`dlbfdl eoak D,X, Fadplas }aidf xdkql 4338/ }a~apxc ~dhd

Bdj`dp 4 +Mkpc}xe~kap/ 433;#,


22/146

00

]qjàp 9 Hiefe~pdlexe +0>>0#

Bdj`dp 4, Jehao ]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx

Jalqpqx ^qidrdl +0>>1#/ ~ap}dclbdl ~d}dp sdlb faxdx hd~dx hcjaldlbfdl

`cod }q~~os mkdcl }a`qdk ~apq}dkddl kdpq} jalsahcdfdl ~pehqf sdlb jqpdk/

àpfqdocxd}/ xa~dx rdfxq hdl àpwdpcd}c, Fajdj~qdl }xpdxabc} }qdxq }q~~os mkdcl

hcockdx hdpc jdldiajal fqdocxd} sdlb àp~apdl hdodj jalbqpdlbc ~pehqf sdlb

pq}df dxdq jalbqodlb +parepf#, Jalbqpdlbc ~afapiddl qodlb dxdq fapq}dfdl

dfc`dx ~pe}a} sdlb xchdf àldp dfdl àp~albdpqk ~dhd d}~af gcldl}cdo }a`qdk

e~apd}c, ]aodcl cxq/ qlxqf jalmc~xdfdl ~pehqf sdlb àpfqdocxd} iqbd àp~albdpqk

~dhd xqiqdl qlxqf jalsahcdfdl ~pehqf xa~dx rdfxq `dbc ~aodlbbdl,

^pcl}c~ hd}dp ]MJ jaoc~qxc 1 kdo/ sdcxq d# ^pcl}c~ clxabpd}c6 aoajal sdlbxapoc`dx hdodj ]MJ japq~dfdl }dxq fa}dxqdl/ `# ^pcl}c~ iaidpclb6 }ajqd aoajal

àpdhd hdodj kq`qlbdl fapid sdlb }aodpd}/ m# ^pcl}c~ qiqlb fa qiqlb6 ~pe}a}

~pehqf}clsd jalmdfq~ aoajal hdpc kqoq kclbbd kcocp/ h# ^pcl}c~ }doclb xapbdlxqlb6

hc~apoqfdl fapid}djd sdlb }doclb jalbqlxqlbfdl ~dhd }axcd~ aoajal qlxqf

jalmd~dc jdlgddx/ h# ^pcl}c~ fejqlcfd}c6 fadfqpdxdl hdxd jalidhc ~alxclb hdodj

idpclbdl qlxqf jalidocl faxa~dxdl clgepjd}c hdl jdxapcdo +]dch/ 0>>7#

Jalqpqx Mekal hdl Peq}}ao +0>>1# xaphd~dx aj~dx fpcxapcd ]MJ }qf}a}

sdcxq d# ]a}qdc halbdl }xpdxabc `c}lc}6 àpq~d `cdsd/ clewd}c/ ~aodsdldl hdl

fqdocxd}/ `# ]a}qdc halbdl fa`qxqkdl fel}qjal6 ~apq`dkdl fa`qxqkdl fel}qjal

sdlb ma~dx/ m# ]a}qdc halbdl ~e}c}clsd hdodj idpclbdl6 jalmdpc ~aoqdlb

fapid}djd halbdl fel}qjal dfkcp/ h# Dhd~xcg6 àpq~d xafleoebc/ oclbfq~ q}dkd/

`d}c} fej~axc}c/ dfqc}c}c hdl japbap,

]xpdxabc e~apd}c dfdl jajqhdkfdl }xpdxabc ]MJ sdlb jalmdfq~ jdfa xe

}xemf/ melgcbqpa xe ephap/ jdfa xe ephap hdl albclaap xe ephap, Fa`dlsdfdl

]q~~ocap}

]q~~ocap

]q~~ocap}

Mej~dls

Mq}xejap}

Mq}xejap}

Alh Q}ap}


23/146

0=

~apq}dkddl mel}qjap beeh} jalbbqldfdl }xpdxabc jdfa xe }xemf;1! hdl }xpdxabc

jdfa xe ephap41! +]dch/ 0>>7#,

]cfoq} rdfxq ephapdxdq jd}d ~ap~qxdpdl ephap japq~dfdl }cfoq} rdfxq

jqodc ~aodlbbdl jaja}dl dxdq jajàpcfdl ephap/ `dcfephap~ajàocdl jdq~ql

fa`qxqkdl odsdldl/ }dj~dc ~pehqf dxdq odsdldl `dpdlb sdlb hc~a}dl hcxapcjd

eoak fel}qjal, ]cfoq} rdfxq ephapxapjd}qf xexdo rdfxq sdlb hc`qxqkfdl }dj~dc

`dpdlb xaodk hcxapcjd eoak ~aodlbbdl, Dpxclsd/ }cfoq} xap}a`qx hcjqodc hdpc jd}d

~ap~clhdkdl ephap/ jd}d ~pe}a} ephap/ jd}d ~albkcj~ql ephap/ ~albdhddl }xef/

rdfxq ~pehqf}c hdl rdfxq ~albcpcjdl `dpdlb fa~dhd ~aodlbbdl +Seodlhd/ 0>>1#,

Rdfxq ~alsapdkdl ephapdhdodk }q}qldl hdpc fej~elal*fej~elal rdfxq

odcllsd/ xapbdlxqlb fa~dhd jaxehalsd, âlbdhddl }xef àp~albdpqk ~dhd xexdo

rdfxq ~ap~qxdpdl ephap/ fdpald hd~dx jajdf}d ~pe}a} ~pehqf hdl doqp clgepjd}c

hdpc idoqp pa}jc, ]dodk }dxq fej~elal sdlb ~alxclb hdpc }cfoq} rdfxq ephapdhdodk

rdfxq ~albcpcjdl dxdq rdfxq sdlb hc`qxqkfdl qlxqf jalbcpcj `dpdlb hdpc

xaj~dx ~alscj~dldl }xef }dj~dc fa xaj~dx fel}qjal/ xapjd}qf }ddx jqdxdl hc

~alscj~dldl }xef hdl jqdxdl hc xaj~dx xqiqdl +Seodlhd/ 0>>1#,

âodf}dlddl ephap jalbbdj`dpfdl fabcdxdl gc}cf sdlb lsdxd, Fabcdxdl

gc}cf xap}a`qx hc`qxqkfdl qlxqf jajalqkc ~a}dldl ~aodlbbdl/ dlxdpd odcl d#

jalhd~dxfdl ialc} `dpdlb sdlb hc~a}dl/ `# jalba~df `dpdlb*`dpdlb sdlb

hc~a}dl qlxqf hcfcpcjfdl/ m# jalscd~fdl idhrdo dlbfqxdl qlxqf ~albcpcjdl hdl

h# jalscd~fdl hefqjal*hefqjal ~albcpcjdl +Seodlhd/ 0>>1#,

Od~epdl }xdxq} ephapjapq~dfdl dodx qlxqf jajdlxdq xapkdhd~ ephapsdlb

hcodf}dldfdl/ xqiqdllsd dbdp hd~dx jajàpcfdl clgepjd}c sdlb hc`qxqkfdl

àpfdcxdl halbdl ephapdxdq }xdxq} fel}qjal/ dlxdpd odcl jaoc~qxc d# jajàpcfdl

clge fa~dhd ~aodlbbdl `cod xapidhc faxapodj`dxdl ~ajpe}a}dl ephap jdq~qlfaxapodj`dxdl hdodj ~albcpcjdl/ `# jalaoq}qpc ~e}c}c ephap hdodj }cfoq}

~ajpe}a}dl ephap/ m# jaodfqfdl fejqlcfd}c dlxdpd ~aodlbbdl halbdl ephap

~a}dldl/ àpfejqlcfd}c halbdl fel}qjal xalxdlb ~pe}a} sdlb xaodk àpodliqx hdl

fd~dl ephapdfdl hcdlxdpfdl +Seodlhd/ 0>>1#,

Fel}a~ oadh xcja +rdfxq xalbbdlb# }a`dbdc }dodk }dxq jehao ~alqlidlb

hdodj jdldiajal }q~~os mkdcl hd~dx hcockdx hdpc hqd }qhqx ~dlhdlb/ sdcxq 4# hdpc

~ckdf ~aodlbbdl sdlb japq~dfdl palxdlb rdfxq sdlb hc`qxqkfdl hdpc }ddx


24/146

08

jaja}dl `dpdlb }dj~dc `dpdlb hcxapcjd/ hd~dx hc}a`qx xka ephap*xe*haocwaps

msmoa/ 0# hdpc ~ckdf ~aliqdo dxdq }q~~ocap sdlb japq~dfdl palxdlb rdfxq sdlb

hc`qxqkfdl qlxqf jalbq`dk hdpc ~alapcjddl ~a}dldl }dj~dc jalapcjd qdlb

xqldc/ hd~dx hc}a`qx xka md}k*xe*md}k msmoa +Hiefe~pdlexe/ 0>>0#,

Xka ephap*xe*haocwaps msmoa àpkq`qlbdl halbdl d~dfdk ~dlidlb

~alhaflsd oadh xcja dxdqfdk fel}c}xal}c hdl fadlhdodl oadh xcja, ^dlidlb

~alhaflsd oadh xcja ~alxclb `cod ~aodlbbdl jajalxclbfdl oadh xcja clc hdl

~apq}dkddl jdj~q jajàpcfdl oadh xcja sdlb oa`ck ~alhaf, Fej~elal hdpc xka

ephap*xe*haocwaps msmoa dlxdpd odcl 4# ~pe}a} ~aja}dldl ~aodlbbdl/ 0# ~pe}a}

~almdxdxdl ~aja}dldl/ =# ~pe}a} ~aja}dldl/ 8# ~pe}a} ~aj`qdxdl%~alscd~dl

`dpdlb/ 1# ~pe}a} ~albdlbfqxdl hdl 7# ~a}dldl hcxapcjd ~aodlbbdl

+Hiefe~pdlexe/ 0>>0#,

]axcd~ fej~elal xka ephap*xe*haocwaps msmoa jaj`qxqkfdl rdfxq/ fdpald

goqfxqd}c iqjodk ~aja}dldl sdlb hcxapcjd/ ~pe}a} sdlb xchdf agc}cal/ ààpd~d

kdj`dxdl sdlb xapidhc/ jdfd rdfxq sdlb hc~apoqfdl qlxqf }axcd~ ~pe}a}

àpwdpcd}c, Rdfxq pdxd*pdxd sdlb hc`qxqkfdl hdl wdpcd}clsd qlxqf jd}clb*jd}clb

~pe}a} dhdodk

4, ~pe}a} ~aja}dldl ~aodlbbdl6 pdxd*pdxd = kdpc/ idlbfd rdfxq 4*1 kdpc

0, ~pe}a} ~almdxdxdl ~aja}dldl6 pdxd*pdxd 0 kdpc/ idlbfd rdfxq 4*= kdpc

=, ~pe}a} ~aja}dldl6 pdxd*pdxd 1 kdpc/ idlbfd rdfxq 4*3 kdpc

8, ~pe}a} ~aj`qdxdl % ~alscd~dl `dpdlb6 pdxd*pdxd = kdpc/ idlbfd rdfxq

4*1 kdpc

1, ~pe}a} ~albdlbfqxdl6 pdxd*pdxd = kdpc/ idlbfd rdfxq 4*1 kdpc

7, ~a}dldl hcxapcjd ~aodlbbdl6 pdxd*pdxd 0 kdpc/ idlbfd rdfxq 4*= kdpc,

]akclbbd iqjodk oadh xcja pdxd*pdxd 4; kdpc halbdl idlbfd rdfxq 7 *=> kdpc+Hiefe~pdlexe/ 0>>0#,


25/146

01

@, ÂLIDHRDODL PEHQF]C

^pe}a} ~pehqf}c dhdodk dfxcwcxd} `dbdcjdld jaj`qdx ~pehqf idhc hdpc

`dkdl `dfq sdlb jaoc`dxfdl ja}cl/ alapbc/ ~albaxdkqdl xaflc} hdl odcl*odcl,

âpalmdlddl hdl ~albalhdocdl ~pehqf}c dhdodk dfxcwcxd} `dbdcjdld jalbaoeod

hdl jalbdxqp ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c xap}a`qx +@dpexe/ 0>>0#,

âpalmdlddl hdl ~albalhdocdl ~pehqf}c jajcocfc gqlb}c hdl dfxcwcxd}*

dfxcwcxd}/ sdcxq jalbaoeod ~a}dldl hdpc ~aodlbbdl/ japdjdofdl ~apjclxddl/

jalbaoeod ~ap}ahcddl/ jalsq}ql palmdld dbpabdx/ jaj`qdx idhrdo clhqf

~pehqf}c/ japalmdldfdl fa`qxqkdl/ jaodfqfdl ~alidhrdodl ~dhd ja}cl hdl

gd}cocxd} ~pehqf}c/ jelcxepclb hdl ~aod~epdl }apxd awdoqd}c, +@dpexe/ 0>>0#,

Jalqpqx Kapidlxe +433>#/ ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c dhdodk ~albdxqpdl rdfxq

hdpc }qdxq fabcdxdl e~apd}c, âlidhrdodl jalmdfq~ fabcdxdl jalbdoefd}cfdl

gd}cocxd}/ ~apdodxdl dxdq~ql xaldbd fapid `dbc }qdxq fabcdxdl e~apd}c hdl

jalalxqfdl qpqxdl ~aodf}dlddl fabcdxdl e~apd}c ~pehqf}c,

Xqiqdl ~alidhrdodl qlxqf jajclcjdofdl rdfxq ~pe}a}/ rdfxq xqlbbq

odlbbdldl hdl xclbfdx ~ap}ahcddl }apxd ~albbqlddl sdlb agc}cal hdpc gd}cocxd}/

xaldbd fapid hdl ~apdodxdl, âlidhrdodl sdlb `dcf dfdl jajàpcfdl hdj~df

~e}cxcg/ sdcxq palhdklsd `cdsd e~apd}c hdl rdfxq ~albcpcjdl sdlb dfkcplsd hd~dx

jalclbfdxfdl fa~qd}dl ~aodlbbdl +Kapidlxe/ 433>#,

âlidhrdodl e~apd}c ~pehqf}c japq~dfdl ~alaxd~dl rdfxq +xcjclb# }apxd

~albbqlddl }qjàp hdsd hdodj fabcdxdl e~apd}c ~pehqf}c, âlaxd~dl rdfxq

àpfalddl halbdl jd}dodk ~albqpqxdl dxdq }atqalmclb hdl ~albbqlddl }qjàp

hdsd qlxqf fabcdxdl e~apd}c ~pehqf}c àpfalddl halbdl jd}dodk ~alqbd}dl fapid

+ie` d}}cbljalx# dxdq ~ajà`dldl fapid ~dhd gd}cocxd} ~pehqf}c +Jdmkgqh/4333#,

Felhc}c haxapjclc}xcf jalmdfq~ felhc}c sdlb àp}cgdx }xdxc}/ halbdl

d}qj}c `dkrd ~apjclxddl dxdq rdfxq xqlbbq +oadh xcja# xaxd~ }a~dlidlb ~apceha,

Fa`qxqkdl xapkdhd~ cxaj%ialc} ~ap}ahcddl hd~dx hcàhdfdl jalidhc 0 +hqd#/ sdcxq

+4# fa`qxqkdl }qdxq cxaj ~ap}ahcddl àp}cgdx à`d} +clha~alhalx# xapkdhd~ cxaj

sdlb odcl/ hdl +0# fa`qxqkdl }qdxq cxaj ~ap}ahcddl àp}cgdx xapbdlxqlb

+ha~alhalx# xapkdhd~ cxaj sdlb odcl +Jdmkgqh/ 4333#,


26/146

07

Jehao sdlb xaodk hcfaj`dlbfdl dfdl hc}a}qdcfdl halbdl `cdsd xaxd~

sdlb hckd}cofdl eoak ~apq}dkddl/ }akclbbd dfdl jajqlmqofdl gqlb}c `cdsd

}a`dbdc }dodk }dxq ~alalxqdl fa~qxq}dl }eoq}c e~xcjdo, Fajqhcdl dhd iqbd }fdod

afelejc sdlb hcockdx hdpc lcodc sdlb hcàpcfdl eoak ~pehqf idhc hdl hd~dx

jalclbfdxfdl lcodc hdpc jdldiajal }q~~os mkdcl +Hiefe~pdlexe/ 0>>0#,

Jalqpqx Jdmkgqh +4333#/ xqiqdl hdpc ~alidhrdodl e~apd}c ~pehqf}c }amdpd

qjqj dhdodk qlxqf jaj~apeoak }qdxq xpdha*egg dlxdpd ~albbqlddl ~afapid/

ja}cl dxdq ~apdodxdl hdl gd}cocxd} sdlb agc}cal hdl jajclcjqjfdl rdfxq xqlbbq

~aodlbbdl/ clwalxepc hdl rdfxq ~pe}a} e~apd}c,

M, XAFLCF ÂLBQPQXDL +]ATQALMCLB#

âlidhrdodl jajàpcfdl hd}dp qlxqf jalqbd}fdl ~afapiddl ~dhd ~q}dx

fapid, âlbqpqxdl +}atqalmclb# jalalxqfdl qpqxdl ~afapiddl sdlb kdpq}

hcodfqfdl ~dhd }axcd~ ~q}dx fapid +Palhap hdl Kacyap/ 0>>1#,

Jaxeha ~albqpqxdl jalalxqfdl qpqxdl ~afapiddl sdlb hcodfqfdl eoak

}qdxq ~q}dx fapid àphd}dpfdl dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} sdlb xaodk hcxalxqfdl, Xaphd~dx

ààpd~d dxqpdl hdodj ~albqpqxdl/ }axcd~ qpqxdl jaj~qlsdc ~albdpqk sdlb

àpàhd/ `dcf xapkdhd~ fama~dxdl }aoa}dclsd ~afapiddl jdq~ql gdfxep odcl +xclbfdx

pdxd*pdxd ~ap}ahcddl/ `cdsd }ax*q~ hdl pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl ~afapiddl#

+Kapidlxe/ 433>#,

Jaxeha ~albqpqxdl hcodfqfdl àphd}dpfdl dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} qlxqf

jaj`dbcfdl ~afapiddl, Dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} jajàpcfdl ~dlhqdl qlxqf

jalbqpqxfdl ~afapiddl sdlb kdpq} hcodfqfdl, Dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} jalme`d qlxqf

jajclcjd}c rdfxq ~alsaoa}dcdl/ iqjodk ~afapiddl hdodj }c}xaj/ faxapodj`dxdl

~afapiddl halbdl ~albbqlddl gd}cocxd} sdlb jdf}cjdo +Palhap hdl Kacyap/ 0>>1#,

Jalqpqx Jdmkgqh +4333#/ xaflcf ~albqpqxdl +}atqalmclb# àpxqiqdl qlxqf

jalclbfdxfdl ~alhdsdbqlddl }qjàp hdsd ~pehqf}c/ sdlb iqbd àpdpxc

jalbqpdlbc iqjodk rdfxq ~albeodkdl qlxqf jalsaoa}dcfdl }ajqd ~pehqf

+jdfa}~dl#, ]aodcl cxq iqbd hd~dx jalbqpdlbc pdxd*pdxd rdfxq ~alsaoa}dcdl

~pehqf +goer xcja# hdl jalbqpdlbc faxapodj`dxdl +xdphcla}}# qlxqf ~pehqf sdlb

jaj~qlsdc `dxd} dfkcp ~alsaoa}dcdl +hqa hdxa#,


27/146

02

Jalqpqx Palhap hdl Kacyap +0>>1#/ dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} xap`dbc jalidhc aj~dx

jdmdj/ sdcxq 9

4, GMG] +Gcp}x Meja/ Gcp}x ]apwah# ~apxdjd hdxdlb/ ~apxdjd hcodsdlc/ sdcxq

~afapiddl sdlb hdxdlb hdkqoq fa ~q}dx fapid dfdl hc~pe}a} xapoa`ck hdkqoq,

0, ]^X +]kepx ^pema}}clb Xcja# rdfxq ~ajpe}a}dl xap~alhaf/ sdcxq

~afapiddl sdlb jajcocfc rdfxq ~pe}a} xapma~dx hc}aoa}dcfdl xapoa`ck

hdkqoq,

=, AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa# `dxd} rdfxq sdlb ~doclb drdo/ sdcxq ~afapiddl

halbdl `dxd} rdfxq sdlb ~doclb drdo dfdl hcfapidfdl xapoa`ck hdkqoq,

8, O^X +Oelba}x ^pema}}clb Xcja# rdfxq ~ajpe}a}dl xap~dlidlb/ sdcxq

~afapiddl halbdl rdfxq ~pe}a} sdlb ~dlidlb dfdl hcqxdjdfdl hdl

hchdkqoqfdl,

]ahdlbfdl jalqpqx Seodlhd +0>>1#/ }xpdxabc ~alaxd~dl ~pcepcxd} ephap

sdlb `cd}d hcbqldfdl }a`dbdc àpcfqx

4, Gcp}x meja/ gcp}x }apwah +Gcp}x pamac~x/ gcp}x ~pema}}ah#/ sdcxq ~aodsdldl

àphd}dpfdl sdlb hdxdlb oa`ck hdkqoq,

0, ]kepxa}x ~pema}}clb eg xcja/ sdcxq ~aja}dldl sdlb hd~dx hc~alqkc halbdl

ma~dx hc}aoa}dcfdl oa`ck hdkqoq, Dpxclsd/ ~ajalqkdl ~a}dldl hcockdx hdpc

àpd~d odjd qlxqf jalscd~fdl ~a}dldl xap}a`qx/ icfd rdfxq ~pe}a}lsd

~alhaf jdfd ~aja}dldl xap}a`qx hchdkqoqfdl,

=, ]~amcgcah ~pcepcxs lqjàp/ sdcxq ~a}dldl sdlb jajcocfc lejep ~pcepcxd}

sdlb }~a}cgcf,

8, Adpoca}x ~pejc}ah haocwaps hdxa/ sdcxq rdfxq dxdq ~albcpcjdl ~doclb drdo

sdlb xaodk hcidlicfdl,

H, HC]XPC@Q]C HDL XPDL]ÊPXD]C

Jdldiajal xpdl}~epxd}c%~albcpcjdl jajàhdfdl dlxdpd ~ckdf sdlb

jajcocfc `dpdlb hdl ~ckdf sdlb jaodfqfdl ~albcpcjdl, âjcocf `dpdlb sdlb

àpfa~alxclbdl `dpdlblsd qlxqf hcfcpcj `cd}dlsd hc}a`qx }kc~~ap/ }ahdlbfdl

~ckdf sdlb àpxqbd} jaodfqfdl ~albcpcjdl +~apq}dkddl id}d ~albcpcjdl#

hcldjdfdl mdppcap, Jeha xpdl}~epxd}c jdld sdlb ~doclb `dcf hd~dx hcxclidq hdpc

}qhqx sdlb àpàhd +^qidrdl/ 0>>1#,


28/146

0;

@aàpd~d kdo sdlb hc~dfdc }a`dbdc hd}dp ~apxcj`dlbdl hdodj

jalbawdoqd}c jeha xpdl}~epxd}c dhdodk 4# ]qhqx ~albcpcj%mdppcap/ kdo*kdo sdlb

~apoq hc~apxcj`dlbfdl cdodk `cdsd dodx xpdl}~epxd}c }alhcpc +`cdsd àoc dxdq }ard

dodx xpdl}~epxd}c#/ `cdsd e~apd}celdo xaxd~ +`cdsd xapjcldo%`dlhdpd sdlb xchdf

xapbdlxqlb hdpc weoqja `dpdlb#/ `cdsd e~apd}celdo wdpcdào +`dkdl `dfdp# sdlb

xapbdlxqlb ~dhd weoqja dlbfqx dxdq idpdf sdlb hcxaj~qk/ 0# ]qhqx }kc~~ap/

~apxcj`dlbdl `c}d hchd}dpfdl ~dhd àp`dbdc elbfe} sdlb xcj`qo ~dhd }q~~os

mkdcl/ elbfe} }aodcl hdpc xpdl}~epxd}c, ]aodcl `cdsd xpdl}~epxd}c/ ~apq}dkddl iqbd

kdpq} jaj~apkcxqlbfdl `cdsd ~ap}ahcddl/ `cdsd oedhclb*qloedhclb hdl `cdsd

gd}cocxd} +bqhdlb# +^qidrdl/ 0>>1#,

]dodk }dxq kdo ~alxclb sdlb ~apoq hc~apxcj`dlbfdl hdodj jalbaoeod

fabcdxdl ~albcpcjdl dhdodk xpdhaegg dlxdpd `cdsd halbdl fama~dxdl pa}~el hdpc

}qdxq jeha xpdl}~epxd}c, @cdsd ~albcpcjdl dfdl xclbbc fdodq ~apq}dkddl }dlbdx

jajalxclbfdl fama~dxdl pa}~el +^qidrdl/ 0>>1#,

A, JEHAO

Jehao dhdodk }qdxq pa~pa}alxd}c dxdq gepjdoc}d}c hdodj `dkd}d xapxalxq

sdlb hc}a~dfdxc hdpc }qdxq }c}xaj lsdxd, Dhd~ql }c}xaj lsdxd dhdodk }c}xaj sdlb

àpodlb}qlb hdodj fakchq~dl, Halbdl hajcfcdl/ ~ajehaodl dhdodk ~pe}a}

jaj`dlbql dxdq jajàlxqf }a`qdk jehao hdpc }qdxq }c}xaj lsdxd hdodj `dkd}d

gepjdo xapxalxq +]cjdxq~dlb/ 4337#,

]dodk }dxq hd}dp qxdjd qlxqf jalbaj`dlbfdl jehao dhdodk bqld

jalajqfdl ~aq`dk*~aq`dk d~d sdlb ~alxclb hdl xa~dx, âlajqdl ~aq`dk

xap}a`qx }dlbdx apdx kq`qlbdllsd halbdl ~albfdicdl kq`qlbdl*kq`qlbdl sdlb

xaphd~dx hcdlxdpd ~aq`dk*~aq`dk +Apcsdxle/ 433;#,Jalqpqx ]cjdxq~dlb +4337#/ dhd ààpd~d fpcxapcd sdlb kdpq} hc~alqkc

hdodj jajehaofdl }qdxq }c}xaj/ dlxdpd odcl 9 +d# jehao kdpq} jardfcoc

+japa~pa}alxd}cfdl# }c}xaj lsdxdlsd hdl +`# jehao japq~dfdl ~alsahapkdlddl

hdpc fej~oaf}lsd }c}xaj/ }akclbbd hc~apèoakfdl dhdlsd ~alscj~dlbdl ~dhd

`dxd}*`dxd} xapxalxq,


29/146

03

CCC, JAXEHEOEBC ÂLAOCXCDL

D, FAPDLBFD ÂJCFCPDL

âp}dclbdl q}dkd sdlb faxdx hc apd boe`doc}d}c clc xaodk jaj`qdx

~apq}dkddl jaodfqfdl ~ap`dcfdl hc }abdod `chdlb/ }akclbbd jdj~q jajcocfc

hdsd }dclb halbdl ~apq}dkddl odcl, âp`dcfdl hcodfqfdl fdpald xaphd~dx ààpd~d

~apq`dkdl sdlb hcxdlhdc halbdl ~ap}dclbdl sdlb }albcx dlxdp ~apq}dkddl/

xqlxqxdl fel}qjal sdlb }ajdfcl `dlsdf hdl wdpcdxcg/ hdqp kchq~ ~pehqf sdlb

~alhaf hdl fajdiqdl xafleoebc clgepjd}c, âp`dcfdl sdlb hcjdf}qh cdodk

jdj~q jajalqkc fa~qd}dl ~aodlbbdl/ jalbaj`dlbfdl ~pehqf xa~dx rdfxq hdl

jalbaoqdpfdl `cdsd sdlb palhdk hdodj `chdlb ~albcpcjdl, âp`dcfdl xap}a`qx

hcdrdoc halbdl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb e~xcjdo/ }akclbbd hd~dx

jalbagc}cal}cfdl ~alsaoa}dcdl dfkcp ~pehqf}c/ sdcxq ~ap}ahcddl hdl ~albcpcjdl,

Dhdlsd faxchdf}a}qdcdl dlxdp `dbcdl hdodj }dxq ~apq}dkddl hd~dx jalbkdj`dx

~pe}a} agc}cal}c ~alsaoa}dcdl dfkcp ~pehqf}c,

âlsaoa}dcdl dfkcp ~pehqf}c sdlb hcodfqfdl dfdl xapodf}dld halbdl `dcf

d~d`cod xaphd~dx feephcld}c dlxdp `dbcdl hdodj ~apq}dkddl hdl dlxdp ~apq}dkddl

sdlb jaldlbdlc ~ap}ahcddl hdl ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf, @aàpd~d ~apjd}dodkdl sdlb

xaphd~dx hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld dhdodk dhdlsd faxchdf}a}qdcdl dlxdpd

rdfxq ~albcpcjdl halbdl `dxd} rdfxq ~a}dldl sdlb xaodk hcxalxqfdl/ }akclbbd

jalbdfc`dxfdl ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf fa fel}qjal jalidhc xchdf xa~dx rdfxq,

]aodcl cxq/ dhdlsd iqjodk ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf sdlb àpoa`ckdl hdl àpkq`qlbdl

odlb}qlb ~dhd ~alalxqdl `cdsd ~albcpcjdl,

^dhd ~alaocxcdl fdoc clc dfdl hcodfqfdl ~apalmdlddl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c}amdpd fa}aoqpqkdl hdpc hqd oclc ~pehqf}c sdlb àpàhd +mefodx hdl ~erhap#,

Jaxeha sdlb hcbqldfdl hdodj ~alidhrdodl halbdl jalbbqldfdl dxqpdl

~albqpqxdl +}atqalmclb#, âlbqpqxdl ~afapiddl clc jalidhc `dbcdl sdlb }dlbdx

~alxclb/ hc}a`d`fdl `dlsdflsd ~a}dldl sdlb àpwdpcd}c halbdl fd~d}cxd} ja}cl

sdlb xap`dxd}, Dhdlsd jaxeha ~albqpqxdl clc hd~dx jalbqpdlbc faxapodj`dxdl

~alsaoa}dcdl dfkcp hdl jalbagafxcgfdl iqjodk ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf fa fel}qjal

jdq~ql paxdco,


30/146

=>

^apalmdlddl hcodfqfdl xapkdhd~ ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c

mefodx hdl ~erhap halbdl jalbbqldfdl }dodk }dxq dxqpdl ~albqpqxdl sdcxq AHH

+Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa#, Dxqpdl AHH jalidhc wdpcd`ao halbdl jaoc~qxc fpcxapcd sdlb

hcclbclfdl/ sdcxq `dlsdflsd iqjodk ~afapiddl dxdq ~a}dldl sdlb jalbdodjc

faxapodj`dxdl/ pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl +jadl odxala}}# hdl faodj`dxdl

jdf}cjqj, Dhd~ql bdj`dp fapdlbfd ~ajcfcpdl ~alaocxcdl hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd

Bdj`dp 0,


31/146

=4

Bdj`dp 0, Fapdlbfd âjcfcpdl âodf}dlddl âlaocxcdl

âlalxqdl Gdfxep sdlb Jaj~albdpqkc

âlidhrdodl pehqf}c

Dldoc}c} alidhrdodl

^pehqf}c apq}dkddl

Chalxcgcfd}c Fabcdxdl pehqf}c hdl

âlbcpcjdl Hc X, BJF

Kd}co alidhrdodl Halbdl

JaxehaAdpoca} Hqa Hdxa +AHH#

Hdxd apjclxddl^pehqf

Hdxd Oadh Xcja^pehqf}c

Hdxd Fd~d}cxd}^pehqf}c

Hdxd @cdsd

âlbcpcjdl

Hdxd Ialc}^pehqf

âpalmdlddl alidhrdodl

^pehqf}c halbdl ~apcehaJclbbqdl

âpkcxqlbdl Iqjodk afapiddlXapodj`dx/Pdxd*pdxd Faxapodj`dxdl hdlFaodj`dxdl Jdf}cjqj hdpc Jaxeha

Iqjodk afapiddl Xapodj`dx/Pdxd*pdxd Faxapodj`dxdl hdl

Faodj`dxdl Jdf}cjqj

Jqodc

]aoa}dc


32/146

=0

@, ÂLHAFDXDL ALAOCXCDL

âlaocxcdl clc hcodfqfdl halbdl jalbbqldfdl ~alhafdxdl àpalmdld,

Xdkd~dl àpalmdld dhdodk }qdxq ~alhafdxdl sdlb hcdrdoc halbdl jaodfqfdl

chalxcgcfd}c ~apjd}dodkdl hdl hdodj ~alsaoa}dcdllsd hcdfkcpc halbdl ~alsq}qldl

}qdxq jehao, Jalqpqx Xkcapdqg hdl Foafdj~ +4321#/ odlbfdk*odlbfdk hdodj

~alhafdxdl àpalmdld dhd ocjd odlbfdk,

Xdkd~dl ~alhafdxdl àpalmdld xaphcpc hdpc 1 +ocjd# odlbfdk/ sdcxq 9

4, E`}apwd}c od~dlb sdlb hcodfqfdl qlxqf jalbaxdkqc ~apjd}dodkdl sdlb

xapidhc }amdpd lsdxd/ }apxd e`}apwd}c xapkdhd~ gdfxd/ e~clc sdlb jalbdpdk

xapkdhd~ ~apjd}dodkdl,

0, Hagclc}c ~apjd}dodkdl sdlb }aàldplsd cdodk dhdlsd faxchdfxapdxqpdl

hdodj ~alidhrdodl qlxqf ~albqpqxdl ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c ~dhd jd}clb*

jd}clb oclc ~pehqf}c/ }akclbbd fqpdlb agafxcg hdodj ~albapiddllsd,

âlidhrdodl xap}a`qx dfdl àpcj`d} fa~dhd faxapodj`dxdl ~alsaoa}dcdl

dfkcp ~pehqf}c/ sdcxq ~ap}ahcddl hdl ~albcpcjdl,

=, âlbaj`dlbdl doxapldxcg jaodoqc dldoc}c} hdxd hdl wdpcdào fa~qxq}dl }apxd

falhdod sdlb dhd hc ~apq}dkddl,

8, âjcockdl ~alsaoa}dcdl e~xcjdo jaodoqc xdkd~ dldoc}d doxapldxcg*doxapldxcg

halbdl `dlxqdl fej~qxap,

1, Wapcgcfd}c }eoq}c e~xcjdo jaodoqc xdkd~ cj~oajalxd}c


33/146

==

Fa`qxqkdl hdxd Xdkd~ ~ajamdkdl jd}dodk Fa`qxqkdl xaflcf

Bdj`dp =, ]fajd Xdkd~dl âlhafdxdl @apalmdld +Xkcapdqg hdl Foafdj~ 4321#

Gdfxd/ cha hdl

~alhd~dx

Clgepjd}c hdpc }aoqpqk

}qjàp sdlb hc~apoqfdl

Hdxd aj~cpc}

melxek

Hdxd aj~cpc}

}aoqpqklsd

E`}apwd}c xapkdhd~ baidod

~apjd}dodkdl hdl jd}dodk sdlblsdxd

Hagclc}c ~apjd}dodkdl sdlb

}aàldplsd

âlbaj`dlbdl doxapldxcg~alsaoa}dcdl àphd}dpfdl gdfxep*

gdfxep sdlb jaj~albdpqkc

âjcockdl }eoq}c e~xcjdo

àphd}dpfdl doxapldxcg*doxapldxcg

Wapcgcfd}c }eoq}c e~xcjdo jaodoqc

xdkd~dl cj~oajalxd}c

âj`qdxdl ~albalhdoc sdlb xa~dxqlxqf jalhaxaf}c ~apq`dkdl sdlb

jaj~albdpqkc ~alsaoa}dcdl

Hagclc}c jd}dodk

sdlb }aàldplsd

âlbaj`dlbdl

jehao

Dodx `dlxq

fej~qxap


34/146

=8

M, XDXD ODF]DLD

4, Fdicdl ~q}xdfd hdl E`}apwd}c Od~dlb

Fdicdl ~q}xdfd hcodfqfdl qlxqf jaj~aodidpc }c}xaj ~alidhrdodl

~pehqf}c sdlb dhd hc ~apq}dkddl hdodj oclbfq~ ]q~~os Mkdcl

Jdldbajalx, E`}apwd}c Od~dlb hcodfqfdl halbdl jalbdjdxc }amdpd

odlb}qlb fabcdxdl ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld,

0, Chalxcgcfd}c Jd}dodk

^dhd xdkd~ clc hcxalxqfdl gdfxep*gdfxep sdlb jaj~albdpqkc

~albdj`codl fa~qxq}dl/ fa`cidfdl*fa`cidfdl ~aja}dldl ~pehqf/ d}qj}c*

d}qj}c qlxqf jalsaoa}dcfdl jd}dodk hdl iqbd jalbaxdkqc jdldiajal

}q~~os mkdcl sdlb hcxapd~fdl, Hdodj kdo clc ~apjd}dodkdl sdlb dhd cdodk

hdpc ~apalmdlddl idhrdo ~pehqf}c àphd}dpfdl hdpc fa`cidfdl*fa`cidfdl

~aja}dldl/ sdlb àpdfc`dx ~dhd jqlhqplsd idhrdo ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf

xapkdhd~ fel}qjal,

=, âlbqj~qodl hdxd

âlbdj`codl hdxd hcodfqfdl hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld ~dhd

ha~dpxajal ]MJ +]q~~os Mkdcl Jdldbajalx#, âlbdj`codl hdxd

hcodfqfdl halbdl e`}apwd}c od~dlb halbdl ~albdjdxdl odlb}qlb hdl

rdrdlmdpd halbdl ~ckdf xapfdcx hdodj ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c, Hdxd }afqlhap

japq~dfdl hdxd sdlb hc~apeoak hdpc ha~dpxajal ]MJ, Hdxd sdlb

hcfqj~qofdl àpq~d hdxd ~apjclxddl%~a}dldl ~dhd `qodl Idlqdpc*Efxeàp

0>>7/ hdxd fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c/ hdxd ialc} ~pehqf hdl hdxd `cdsd~albcpcjdl,

8, âlbeodkdl hdl Dldoc}c} Hdxd

âlbeodkdl hdxd hcodfqfdl halbdl jalbbqldfdl xaflcf hdl jehao

~albqpqxdl ~a}dldl +}atqalmclb# halbdl }dxq dxqpdl/ sdcxq AHH +Adpoca}x

Hqa Hdxa#, Hdxd sdlb hcidhcfdl jd}qfdl hdodj jehao ~alidhrdodl

~pehqf}c dhdodk hdxd ~apjclxddl%~a}dldl/ hdxd fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c/ hdxd


35/146

=1

ialc} ~pehqf hdl hdxd xdlbbdo `dxd} rdfxq +hqa hdxa#, Dldoc}c} hdxd sdlb

àpdrdo hdpc ~apkcxqlbdl rdfxq ~alsaoa}dcdl +hqa hdxa#/ rdfxq ~pehqf}c

hdl jclcjqj ephap tqdlxcxs +JET# }apxd ~apalmdlddl ~alidhrdodl

~pehqf}c jalbbqldfdl Jcmpe}egx A{mao 0>>=,

1, âpdlmdlbdl Jehao

Jehao sdlb hcbqldfdl xaphcpc hdpc cl~qx hdl eqx~qx, Cl~qx jehao

~alidhrdodl àpq~d hdxd ~apjclxddl%~a}dldl sdlb jaoc~qxc xdlbbdo ~a}dl

hdl iqjodk ~a}dldl/ hdxd fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c hdl hdxd ialc} ~pehqf,

Eqx~qxlsd xaphcpc hdpc ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb jalbbqldfdl dxqpdl

~albqpqxdl AHH, Dxqpdl xap}a`qx jaoc~qxc fpcxapcd halbdl `dlsdflsd

iqjodk ~afapiddl sdlb jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl/ pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl

hdl faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj,

7, Cj~oajalxd}c hdl Wapcgcfd}c

^dhd xdkd~ cj~oajalxd}c/ kd}co pdlmdlbdl }c}xaj

hccj~oajalxd}cfdl hdodj àlxqf ~pebpdj fej~qxap jalbbqldfdl Wc}qdo

@d}cm, Lax 0>>1 }a`dbdc ~apdlbfdx oqldf qlxqf q}ap clxapgdma hdl iqbd

hcbqldfdl }a`dbdc ~apdlbfdx oqldf `d}c} hdxd,


36/146

=7

Bdj`dp 8, Hcdbpdj Docp Xdkd~dl âlaocxcdl

JQODC

âlbdjdxdl hdl chalxcgcfd}c~apjd}dodkdl

âlbdj`codl hdxd

âlbeodkdl hdxd

âpalmdlddl alidhrdodl~pehqf}c

Kd}co ~apkcxqlbdl ~alidhrdodl

âjcockdl ~alidhrdodl sdlbxap`dcf

]AOA]DC


37/146

=2

CW, ÂJEHAODL ]C]XAJ

D, D]QJ]C APKCXQLBDL JEHAO

âpalmdlddl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c clc jalbbqldfdl ààpd~d d}qj}c

qlxqf jalhqfqlb ~apkcxqlbdl jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c, D}qj}c*d}qj}c

xap}a`qx japq~dfdl kdo*kdo sdlb àpfdcxdl halbdl ~apalmdlddl ~pehqf}c }amdpd

fa}aoqpqkdl, Hdodj ~apkcxqlbdl ~apalmdlddl ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c clc hcbqldfdl

ààpd~d d}qj}c/ sdcxq 9

4, Pqdlb oclbfq~ ~alidhrdodl jaoc~qxc oclc ~pehqf}c mefodx hdl oclc ~pehqf}c

~erhap hdodj 4> `qodl halbdl palxdlb rdfxq `qodl Idlqdpc kclbbdEfxeàp 0>>7,

0, âpkcxqlbdl jalbdfejehcp rdfxq ~a}dl/ hqa hdxa ~a}dldl/ oadh xcja

fa}aoqpqkdl/ iqjodk ~a}dldl +fqdlxcxd}#/ rdfxq ~pe}a}/ faxapodj`dxdl hdl

`cdsd fcpcj,

=, @dkdl `dfq hdl `dkdl ~alqlidlb qlxqf ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c }aodoq xap}ahcd/

}akclbbd xchdf hckcxqlb oadh xcja qlxqf ~ajàocdl `dkdl `dfq,

8, ]aodjd ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c àpodlb}qlb/ ja}cl*ja}cl hdl ~apdodxdl hdodj

fadhddl sdlb `dcf/ }akclbbd fapq}dfdl ~dhd ja}cl hdl gd}cocxd} odcllsd

hd~dx hcd`dcfdl,

1, ^pe}a} ~pehqf}c hcodfqfdl }axcd~ kdpc/ }akclbbd xchdf xaphd~dx ~pehqf sdlb

Jdfa Xe ]xemf+JX]# jdq~qlJdfa Xe Ephap+JXE#,

7, âpalmdldl ~pehqf}c hcodfqfdl hdodj ~apceha jclbbqdl,

2, Fqdlxcxd} qlxqf }dxq fdoc ~albcpcjdl }a}qdc halbdl iqjodk jclcjqj

ephap hdpc }axcd~ ~pehqf,


38/146

=;

@, PDLMDLBDL APKCXQLBDL ^ALIDHRDODL

4, Fapdlbfd Jehao

Hdodj jaxeha ~albqpqxdl fel}a~lsd }a}qdc halbdl dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} qlxqf

jalbcpcjfdl ~afapiddl fa ~q}dx ~afapiddl, Dxqpdl ~pcepcxd} jalme`d qlxqf

jalbqpdlbc rdfxq ~alsaoa}dcdl/ iqjodk ~afapiddl hdodj }c}xaj hdl

faxapodj`dxdl fapid }ajalxdpd ~albbqlddl gd}cocxd} `c}d jdf}cjqj +Palhap hdl

Kacyap/ 0>>1#,

Hdodj xaflcf qpqxdl clc hcbqldfdl }dxq jdmdj dxqpdl/ sdcxq dxqpdl AHH

+Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa# ~afapiddl sdlb rdfxq idxqk xaj~elsd ~doclb ~alhaf/ sdcxq

~afapiddl sdlb idxqk xaj~elsd ~doclb ~alhaf kdpq} hchdkqoqfdl,Dxqpdl AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa# jalsdxdfdl `dkrd hdkqoqfdl ~pe}a}

~pehqf}c ~pehqf halbdl hqa hdxa xapfamco, Xqiqdl dxqpdl AHH dhdodk qlxqf

jajclcjqjfdl iqjodk ~pehqf sdlb }aoa}dclsd jaoardxc `dxd} rdfxq hdl

jajclcjd}c faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj dxdq jajclcjd}c qfqpdl faodj`dxdl

jdf}cjqj }qdxq ~afapiddl,

Dxqpdl xap}a`qx dfdl hckcxqlb lcodc faxapodj`dxdl pdxd*pdxd +Jadl

Odxala}}/O}#/ hcpqjq}fdl halbdl 9

: }Ocl

O} /4

Pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl iqbd hd~dx hckcxqlb halbdl jalbaxdkqc iqjodk ~afapiddl

sdlb xapodj`dx fdpald jaoa`ckc hdpc rdfxq hqa hdxa sdlb hcxalxqfdl hdodj

jaxeha AHH/ sdlb `apkq`qlbdl halbdl `dxd} rdfxq ~alsaoa}dcdl ~pehqf hdl

`dxd} rdfxq ~albcpcjdl ~pehqf,

Hcdbpdj docp ha}fpc~xcg jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd

Bdj`dp 1,


39/146

=3

Bdj`dp 1, Hcdbpdj Docp Ha}fpc~xcg Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c

e @d}c} Hdxd Ialc} ~pehqfe @d}c} Hdxd â}dldl%Ephape @d}c} Hdxd Fd~d}cxd} ^pehqf}ce @d}c} Hdxd @cdsd Fcpcj

Faoej~effdl ~a}dldl

àphd}dpfdl oclc ~pehqf}c

Jd}qffdl feha ephap/ xdlbbdo

ephap/ xdlbbdo hqa hdxa/ ialc}

~pehqf hdl iqjodk ~a}dldl

âlidhrdodl ~pehqf}c halbdl

dxqpdl AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa#

Kcxqlb pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl/

iqjodk ~afapiddl sdlb xapodj`dx

hdl faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj

]aoa}dc

Jqodc


40/146

8>

0, ]xpqfxqp @d}c} Hdxd

Jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c jalbbqldfdl jd}qffdl hdxd }a`dbdc

àpcfqx9

d, @d}c} Hdxd Ialc} ^pehqf

@d}c} hdxd ialc} ~pehqf clc àpc}c jalbaldc ialc} ~pehqf sdlb hc~pehqf}c

eoak ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld, ]c}xaj `d}c} hdxd ialc} ~pehqf clc hcpdlmdlb

qlxqf jajqlbfclfdl ~albbqld jaodfqfdl fabcdxdl cl~qx +~aldj`dkdl hdxd#

jdq~ql ~albqpdlbdl hdxd/ }akclbbd hd~dx hc}a}qdcfdl halbdl fa`qxqkdl

~apq}dkddl,

`, @d}c} Hdxd Fd~d}cxd} ^pehqf}c

@d}c} hdxd fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c clc àpc}c jalbaldc faxalxqdl `dxd}

jdf}cjqj ~pehqf sdlb `c}d hckd}cofdl hdpc }qdxq ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c/ halbdl

kcxqlbdl ~ap kdpc, ]c}xaj `d}c} hdxd fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c clc hcpdlmdlb qlxqf

jajqlbfclfdl ~albbqld jaodfqfdl ~aldj`dkdl dxdq ~albqpdlbdl hdxd sdlb

hd~dx hc}a}qdcfdl halbdl fadhddl hdl fa`qxqkdl ~apq}dkddl,

m, @d}c} Hdxd @cdsd Fcpcj

@d}c} hdxd `cdsd fcpcj clc àpc}c jalbaldc `cdsd fcpcj qlxqf jd}clb*

jd}clb ~pehqf sdlb dhd hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld, ]c}xaj `d}c} hdxd clc

hcpdlmdlb qlxqf jajqlbfclfdl ~albbqld jaodfqfdl ~aldj`dkdl dxdq~ql

~albqpdlbdl hdxd xapkdhd~ ialc} ~pehqf hdl cdsd fcpcjlsd,

h, @d}c} Hdxd â}dldl

@d}c} hdxd ~a}dldl clc xaphcpc hdpc lejep ephap/ xdlbbdo ephap/ xdlbbdo hqa

hdxa/ ialc} ~pehqf hdl iqjodk ~a}dldl ~pehqf, ]c}xaj `d}c} hdxd clc hcpdlmdlb

qlxqf jajqlbfclfdl ~albbqld jaodfqfdl fabcdxdl ~aldj`dkdl jdq~ql

~albqpdlbdl hdxd/ }akclbbd hd~dx jalsa}qdcfdl halbdl fa`qxqkdl ~apq}dkddl,

h, @d}c} Hdxd âlbbqld

@d}c} hdxd ~albbqld clc xaphcpc hdpc ldjd hdl ~d}}reph ~albbqld, ]c}xaj

`d}c} hdxd clc hcpdlmdlb jalbbqldfdl Jcmpe}egx Dmma}} 0>>= sdlb

jajqlbfclfdl ~albbqld qlxqf jaodfqfdl ~aldj`dkdl hdl ~albqpdlbdl c}c,

Hcjdld ~albbqld hd~dx japq`dk hdl japawc}c idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb dhd dxdq

kdlsd jaockdx idhrdo ~pehqf}c xdl~d jalbq`dk c}clsd,


41/146

84

M, PDLMDLB @DLBQL JEHAO

Jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb hc`qdx clc jajcocfc pdlmdlb `dlbql

}amdpd dbpabdx }a~apxc sdlb hcxqliqffdl ~dhd Bdj`dp 7, Jehao clc jajcocfc cl~qx

sdlb jaoc~qxc hdxd*hdxd ~a}dldl hdl eqx~qx sdlb àpq~d ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c

hdodj ~apceha jclbbqdl, Cl~qx hdxd àpdrdo hdpc hdxd*hdxd ~a}dldl sdlb jaoc~qxc

ialc} ~pehqf/ iqjodk ~pehqf/ xdlbbdo ephap hdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxa, Hdxd*hdxd

xap}a`qx dfdl jaoardxc ~pe}a} ~albqpqxdl sdcxq jalbqpqxfdl ~a}dldl*~a}dldl

}a}qdc halbdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxalsd, ]axaodk hcqpqxfdl ~a}dldl*~a}dldl dfdl

hceodk àphd}dpfdl faxapodj`dxdl sdlb xapidhc/ fajqhcdl hc`qdx fa~qxq}dl d~dfdk

~a}dldl xap}a`qx xapodj`dx dxdq xchdf, Icfd ~a}dldl xchdf xapodj`dx jdfd dfdl

hc~pe}a} idhrdo ~pehqf}clsd àphd}dpfdl ~pcepcxd}*~pcepcxd} xapxalxq/ }ahdlbfdl

qlxqf ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx iqbd dfdl jalbdodjc ~pe}a} ~alidhrdodl halbdl

~pcepcxd}*~pcepcxd} sdlb àpàhd, âlidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb xaodk xapàlxqf ~dhd

~pe}a} ~a}dldl sdlb xchdf xapodj`dx hdl ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx dfdl hc}dxqfdl

hdl hcqpqxfdl hdodj xdkd~dl }aodliqxlsd/ halbdl ~pe}a} ~albqpqxdl idhrdo

~pehqf}c hdpc idhrdo sdlb xapodj`dx hdl xchdf xapodj`dx, Xdkd~dl dfkcplsd cdodk

idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb qxqk halbdl àp`dbdc hdxd sdlb hc`qxqkfdl hdodj

~alidhrdodl,

Eqx~qx ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb xaodk dhd }axaodk jaoardxc ààpd~d

xdkd~dl hd~dx àpq`dk icfd dhd ~a}dldl sdlb `dpq jd}qf fa `dbcdl ~alidhrdodl

~pehqf}c, Jdfd hdxd ~a}dldl sdlb `dpq dfdl jaoardxc xdkd~dl*xdkd~dl sdlb

}djd halbdl }aàoqjlsd/ fajqhcdl ~dhd xdkd~dl xapdfkcp dfdl }amdpd exejdxc}

jd}qf hdl xapidhrdo }a}qdc halbdl qpqxdl sdlb `dpq halbdl ~aldj`dkdl ~a}dldl

xapdfkcp, Idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb odjd dfdl odlb}qlb hcpawc}c }axaodk dhdlsd~aldj`dkdl, Kdo clc dfdl àpodlb}qlb }djd halbdl jaoardxc xdkd~dl*xdkd~dl

icfd dhd ~aldj`dkdl ~a}dldl hdodj idlbfd rdfxq sdlb hcxalxqfdl,


42/146

80

Xaodx

Xchdf Xaodx

Bdj`dp 7, Hcdbpdj Docp Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c

Cl~qx Hdxd

Hqa Hdxa

â}dldl xaodx

dxdq xchdf xaodx

^pe}a} idhrdo

~pehqf}c xchdf

xaodx

âlbqpqxdl

idhrdo

pehqf}c

^pe}a} idhrdo

~pehqf}c xaodx

Idhrdo~pehqf}c


43/146

8=

Xaodx

Xchdf xaodx

Bdj`dp 2, Hcdbpdj Docp Dobepcxjd Jehao âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c

Cl~qx Hdxd

]epxclb :Hqa hdxa

Cg idhrdo ~pehqf}c drdo

: Xaodx xkalAo}a cg idhrdo

~pehqf}c: xchdf xaodx

[:xdlbbdo ephap hdl s:xdlbbdo hqa hdxaCg {:gdo}a dlh s:xpqa xkal

4, qpqxfdl ~a}dldl kclbbdjalajqc ~a}dldl sdlb xdphs

0, Icfd dhd ~a}dldl sdlb xdphs >dxdq 4, ]XE^

=, Icfd xaphd~dx ~a}dldl sdlbxapodj`dx/ ~a}dldl sdlb

xapodj`dx xapà}dp ~c}dkfdl8, Icfd xchdf xaphd~dx odbc ~a}dldlsdlb xapodj`dx/ qpqxfdl

~a}dldl xapodj`dx xapà}dp ~dhd

qpqxdl xapdfkcp

Ao}a cg {:xpqa dlh s:xpqa xkal

4, ^pehqmxcel xcja gcp}x clAo}a cg {:xpqa dlh s:gdo}a xkal

idhrdo ~pehqf}c drdo

alh

Cg ephap hdxa: xchdf }djd xkal

Idhrdo ~pehqf}c drdoAo}a cg ephap hdxa:}djd xkal

^pehqmxcel xcja gcp}x cl

alh

Idhrdo

~pehqf}c

]epxclb : Idhrdo~pehqf}c xaodx hdl

xchdf xaodx


44/146

88

Hcdbpdj docp jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c clc hcjqodc hdpc cl~qx hdxd*hdxd

~a}dldl sdlb jaoc~qxc xdlbbdo ephap/ xdlbbdo hqa hdxa/ ialc} ~pehqf hdl iqjodk

~a}dldl ~pehqf sdlb àp}cgdx xchdf xaxd~ % hd~dx hcq`dk/ }ahdlbfdl xaphd~dx hdxd

sdlb àp}cgdx xaxd~ dlxdpd odcl fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c hdl `cdsd fcpcj ~pehqf, Dhdlsd

ààpd~d ~a}dldl sdlb jd}qf dfdl jaodoqc xdkd~dl }aodliqxlsd sdcxq ~pe}a}

~albqpqxdl àphd}dpfdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxa ~dhd }axcd~ ~pehqf/ }axaodk hcqpqxfdl

~a}dldl*~a}dldl xap}a`qx dfdl jaodoqc ~pe}a} ~albdj`codl fa~qxq}dl d~dfdk

~a}dldl xap}a`qx xapodj`dx dxdq xchdf, ^dhd ~pe}a} ~albqpqxdl àphd}dpfdl

xdlbbdo hqa hdxa dfdl àpodfq icfd xdlbbdo ephaplsd }djd/ xaxd~c icfd xdlbbdo

ephaplsd àpàhd }a}qdc halbdl ~apceha sdlb hcxalxqfdl jdfd rdodq~ql xdlbbdo

hqa hdxalsd }djd xchdf dfdl japq`dk idhrdo ~pehqf}clsd,

âlidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb xchdf xapodj`dx dfdl jaoardxc xdkd~dl

àpcfqxlsd sdlb xaphd~dx hqd ~cockdl ~pe}a} halbdl jaockdx d~dfdk hdodj idhrdo

~pehqf}c xaphd~dx xdlbbdo ephap hdxa sdlb àpàhd, Icfd ~a}dldl sdlb jd}qf dhd

xdlbbdo ephap hdxa sdlb àpàhd jdfd idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb dfdl hcfaoqdpfdl

}djd halbdl idhrdo ~pehqf}c drdo hdodj xdkd~dl ~albqpqxdl àphd}dpfdl hqa

hdxa/ }ahdlbfdl `cod idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb jd}qf xaphd~dx xdlbbdo ephap hdxa

sdlb }djd jdfd dfdl hc~pcepcxd}fdl ~a}dldl halbdl rdfxq ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c

xapfamco dxdq xap~alhaf, ^pcepcxd} rdfxq ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c xap~alhaf hdpc }axcd~

~a}dldl hcodfqfdl fdpald qlxqf jalclbfdxfdl agafxcwcxd} ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c sdlb

àpodlb}qlb,

Idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb xapodj`dx dfdl jaoardxc xdkd~dl sdlb }djd halbdl

idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb xchdf xapodj`dx xaxd~c halbdl doqp sdlb àpàhd, Qlxqf

idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb xapodj`dx iqbd dfdl hc~apkdxcfdl ~dhd xdlbbdo ephap hdxa

hdl hqa hdxa ~a}dldllsd/ d~dfdk }djd halbdl ~a}dldl ~pehqf sdlb odcllsd, Icfd}qdxq ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx hdl qpqxdl }aodliqxlsd iqbd jalbdodjc

faxapodj`dxdl hdl jajcocfc xdlbbdo hqa hdxa sdlb }djd jdfd dfdl jaodoqc

~pe}a} dobepcxjd xapxalxq/ sdcxq 4# icfd hdodj qpqxdl xap}a`qx dhd ~a}dldl sdlb

jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl +xdphs# àpiqjodk leo dxdq }dxq jdfd dobepcxjd qlxqf

~a}dldl xap}a`qx àpkalxc/ kclbbd hchd~dxfdl idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb }djd/ 0# icfd

~a}dldl sdlb jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl oa`ck hdpc }dxq jdfd ~a}dldl halbdl

faxapodj`dxdl xapà}dp dfdl hc~c}dkfdl hdpc qpqxdl idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb xaodk


45/146

81

dhd/ fajqhcdl àpodliqx }axapq}lsd }a~apxc cxq kclbbd ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx

kd`c}, Icfd xchdf xaphd~dx ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx jdq~ql ~a}dldl halbdl

faxapodj`dxdl xapfamco/ qpqxfdl faj`doc ~a}dldl*~a}dldl xap}a`qx hdl ~a}dldl

halbdl faxapodj`dxdl xapà}dp hcqpqxfdl ~dhd qpqxdl dxdq ~e}c}c xapdfkcp, Icfd

}qdxq ~a}dldl jalbdodjc ephap hdxa hdl hqa hdxa sdlb }djd halbdl ~a}dldl

sdlb odcllsd jdfd rdfxq ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c sdlb xapfamco hdpc ~a}dldl xap}a`qx dfdl

hchdkqoqfdl qlxqf hc~pe}a}, ]aodliqxlsd icfd xaphd~dx ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx

halbdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxa sdlb xchdf }djd jdfd idhrdo ~pehqf}c }a}qdc halbdl

idhrdo ~pehqf}c drdo ~dhd }ddx ~pe}a} ~albqpqxdl,

Idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb àpd}do hdpc xdkd~dl ~pe}a} xapodj`dx hdl xchdf

xapodj`dx dfdl hcqpqxfdl faj`doc }a}qdc halbdl qpqxdl xdlbbdo hdl qpqxdl

jclbbqlsd, Hdodj ~albqpqxdl clc dfdl hcjqodc àphd}dpfdl kdpc ~a}dldllsd

fajqhcdl dfdl hcqpqxfdl faj`doc }a}qdc halbdl ~apceha jclbbqdllsd, Icfd xaodk

}aoa}dc jdfd dfdl faoqdp idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb àldp,

@cod xaphd~dx ~a}dldl ~pehqf sdlb jalsq}qo xaxd~c jd}ck àpdhd ~dhd

idlbfd rdfxq xapxalxq hd~dx hcxdj`dkfdl hdodj idhrdo ~pehqf}c halbdl jaodoqc

xdkd~dl dobepcxjd sdlb }djd, Hdxd ~a}dldl dfdl jd}qf hdodj xdkd~dl ~pe}a}

~albqpqxdl àphd}dpfdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxa/ fajqhcdl ~a}dldl xap}a`qx d~dfdk

xapodj`dx dxdq xchdf xapodj`dx kclbbd jd}qf fa idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb xaodk dhd,

Idhrdo ~pehqf}c sdlb xaxd~ }aàoqjlsd dfdl àpq`dk }amdpd exejdxc} }a}qdc

halbdl ~aldj`dkdl ~a}dldl/ }akclbbd ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb hcpalmdldfdl

hdl hc`qdx hd~dx àpidodl hcldjc} }a}qdc halbdl fa`qxqkdl ~apq}dkddl,

H, FELGCBQPD]C JEHAO

Jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c xaphd~dx hdodj }qdxq ~dfax ~pebpdj sdlb

hcldjdfdl B^]] 4,> +Bdlhqj ^pehqmxcel ]mkahqooclb ]s}xaj 4,># qlxqf

jaj`dlxq ~pe}a} ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c hc ^X, BJF, B^]] clc àpbqld qlxqf

jaj`dlxq ha~dpxajal }q~~os mkdcl qlxqf jaodfqfdl ~alidhrdodl sdlb oa`ck

haxdco `dcf ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c mefodx jdq~ql ~erhap/ halbdl jalbbqldfdl }dodk

}dxq xaflcf ~albqpqxdl sdcxq AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa#, Eqx~qx dxdq faoqdpdl hdpc


46/146

87

~pebpdj clc hd~dx jaj`apcfdl kd}co sdlb `dcf hdl hd~dx jajqhdkfdl hdodj

~alalxqdl ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c,

D~d`cod ~pebpdj B^]] hcbqldfdl ~apxdjd fdoc/ dfdl jqlmqo odsdp sdlb

jaj`apcfdl clgepjd}c ldjd ~pebpdj hdl ~aliaod}dl d~ocfd}c ~pebpdj xap}a`qx/

fajqhcdl xaphd~dx ~cockdl Jd}qf hdl Faoqdp, Icfd ~albbqld clbcl

jalbbqldfdl ~pebpdj clc xafdl ~cockdl Jd}qf sdlb fajqhcdl dfdl faoqdp

jalq oebcl sdlb jajclxd ~albbqld qlxqf jajd}qffdl fdxd fqlmc +~d}}reph#,

Xdj~codl odsdp drdo hdl oebcl ~albbqld ~dhd ~pebpdj B^]] 4,> hd~dx hcockdx

~dhd Bdj`dp ; hdl Bdj`dp 3,

Bdj`dp ;, Xdj~codl Drdo ^pebpdj B^]] 4,>

Bdj`dp 3, Xdj~codl Oebcl ^pebpdj B^]] 4,>


47/146

82

]axaodk ~albbqld jajd}qffdl ldjd oebcl hdl ~d}}reph/ dfdl

hcxdj~cofdl odsdp qxdjd hdpc ~pebpdj B^]] 4,>, ^dhd odsdp qxdjd clc xaphd~dx

ààpd~d ~cockdl sdcxq q}ap/~peiamx`dpq/ `qfd~peiamx/ }cj~dl~peiamxhdl dèqx,

Xdj~codl odsdp qxdjd hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd Bdj`dp 4>,

Bdj`dp 4>, Xdj~codl Odsdp Qxdjd

4, Cl~qx Jehao

Oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx hdl oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap jajcocfc fdpdfxapc}xcf

~pehqf sdlb àpàhd/ }akclbbd cl~qx hdxdlsd àpàhd, Hdodj oclc ~pehqf}c

mefaodx hdl ~erhap xaphd~dx ~cockdl jalq oc}x ~pehqf/ cl~qx ephap hdl idhrdo

~pehqf}c, Xdj~codl jalq ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx hdl ~erhap hd~dx hcockdx

~dhd Bdj`dp 44 hdl 40,

Bdj`dp 44, Xdj~codl Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx


48/146

8;

Bdj`dp 40, Xdj~codl Oclc ^pehqf}c ^erhap

Cl~qx hdxd ~dhd jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb xaphd~dx hdodj ~pebpdj

B^]] 4,> clc xaphcpc hdpc hdxd ~pehqf hdl hdxd ~a}dldl, Hdxd ~pehqf xaphd~dx

hdodj jalq oc}x~pehqf sdlb xaphcpc hdpc ialc} ~pehqf sdlb `apq~d feha ~pehqf/

fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c }axcd~ ~pehqf +qlcx%kdpc# hdl `cdsd fcpcj qlxqf jd}clb*jd}clb

~pehqf, Hdxd ~a}dldl fel}qjal xaphd~dx hdodj jalq cl~qx ephap sdlb xaphcpc

hdpc feha ~pehqf/ lejepephap/ xdlbbdo ephap/ xdlbbdo idxqk xaj~e +hqa hdxa# hdl

iqjodk ~a}dldl ~pehqf +tqdlxcxs#, Hdodj cl~qx ephap/ ~a}dldl hcfaoej~effdl

hdodj ~apceha jclbbqdl, Xdj~codl qlxqf cl~qx hdxd ~pehqf hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd

Bdj`dp 4= hdl xdj~codl qlxqf cl~qx ephapxaphd~dx ~dhd Bdj`dp 48,

Bdj`dp 4=, Xdj~codlOc}x^pehqf ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx


49/146

83

Bdj`dp 48, Xdj~codlCl~qx EphapOclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx

^cockdl jalq sdlb xaphd~dx hc oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap }djd halbdl oclc

~pehqf}c mefaodx, Jalq sdlb xaphd~dx ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap iqbd xaphcpc hdpc

oc}x ~pehqf/ cl~qx ephaphdl idhrdo ~pehqf}c, Hdxd sdlb xaphd~dx hchdodj jalq

oc}x ~pehqf cdodk feha ~pehqf qlxqf ialc} ~pehqf ~erhap halbdl ~apkcxqlbdl

fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c }axcd~ ~pehqf hdodj qlcx%kdpc hdl `cdsd fcpcj jd}clb*jd}clb

~pehqf, Xdj~codl oc}x ~pehqf ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd

Bdj`dp 41,

Bdj`dp 41, Xdj~codlOc}x^pehqf ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c ^erhap

Jalq oc}x ~pehqf ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap }djd halbdl oclc ~pehqf}c

mefaodx sdlb hd~dx hcq`dk/ hcxdj`dk/ hdl hckd~q} hdxd ~pehqf hdl cl~qx ephap

qlxqf hdxd*hdxd ~a}dldl fel}qjal, ^a}dldl hcidhrdofdl halbdl ~apceha

jclbbqdl }axcd~ `qodl }aodjd }dxq xdkql hdl jajcocfc clgepjd}c feha ~pehqf/


50/146

1>

lejepephap/ xdlbbdo ephap/ xdlbbdo hqa hdxa hdl iqjodk ~a}dldl ~pehqf sdlb

hcclbclfdl fel}qjal, Xdj~codl cl~qx ephap qlxqf oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap hd~dx

hcockdx ~dhd Bdj`dp 47,

Bdj`dp 47, Xdj~codlCl~qxEphapOclc ^pehqf}c êrhap

0, Eqx~qx Jehao

Eqx~qx hdpc jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c hdodj ~pebpdj B^]] 4,> àpq~d

idhrdo ~pehqf}c, Jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c hcbqldfdl qlxqf jalhd~dxfdl

qpqxdl sdlb xap`dcf hdpc ~a}dldl sdlb dfdl jd}qf hdl jalhd~dxfdl rdfxq fcpcj

~pehqf sdlb xap`dcf, Hdodj jehao ~alidhrdodl clc iqbd dfdl xapockdx xdlbbdo

~albcpcjdl ~pehqf hdpc ~pehq}al fa fel}qjal/ d~dfdk }a}qdc halbdl xdlbbdo hqa

hdxa,

Jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c clc jalbbqldfdl xaflcf ~albqpqxdl

+}atqalmclb# halbdl dxqpdl AHH +Adpoca}x Hqa Hdxa#, âpceha ~alidhrdodl

~pehqf}c hcodfqfdl hdodj jclbbqdl halbdl dhdlsd dxqpdl qlxqf

jalbchalxcgcfd}c ~a}dldl sdlb jd}qf hdodj }dxq jclbbq, Eqx~qx sdlb hc~apeoak

hdpc ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c clc dlxdpd odcl feha ~pehqf/ lejep ephap/ xdlbbdo

ephap/ xdlbbdo hqa hdxa/ xdlbbdo jqodc ~pehqf}c/ xdlbbdo }aoa}dc ~pehqf}c/ xdlbbdo

~albcpcjdl/ iqjodk kdpc faxapodj`dxdl/ iqjodk ~a}dldl/ rdfxq ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c

}axcd~ ~pehqf/ `cdsd ~albcpcjdl/ iqjodk xexdo ~albcpcjdl hdl `cdsd xexdo

~albcpcjdl, Xdj~codl eqx~qx ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx

hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd Bdj`dp 42/ }ahdlbfdl qlxqf ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c qlxqf oclc

~pehqf}c ~erhap hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd Bdj`dp 4;,


51/146

14

Bdj`dp 42, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx

Bdj`dp 4;, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx âlidhrdodl ^pehqf}c ^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c êrhap

Jehao ~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c halbdl jalbbqldfdl dxqpdl AHH +Adpoca}x

Hqa Hdxa# dfdl hcjd}qffdl hdxd*hdxd ~a}dldl }amdpd dmdf hdpc ialc} ~pehqf/

xdlbbdo ephaphdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxa }apxd fqdlxcxd} ~pehqf sdlb hc~a}dl, Xaphd~dx

4; ~a}dldl hdodj cl~qx ephap~dhd jclbbq ~apxdjd/ hd~dx hcockdx ~dhd Bdj`dp

43, â}dldl sdlb hdxdlb hd~dx hcjd}qffdl hdodj jalq cl~qx ephap }a}qdc

halbdl fa`qxqkdl ~apq}dkddl hdl hd~dx hcxdj`dkfdl, â}dldl*~a}dldl xap}a`qx

dfdl hcidhrdofdl hdodj idhrdo ~pehqf}c }a}qdc halbdl ~apceha jclbbqdl, ^dhd

jclbbq ~apxdjd dhd 4> ~a}dldl sdlb hd~dx hc~pehqf}c/ fajqhcdl hdodj jclbbq

fahqd dhd 1 ~a}dldl sdlb hc~pehqf}c hdl ~dhd jclbbq faxcbd xaphd~dx 1 ~a}dldl,

â}dldl hdodj jclbbq faxcbd dhd = ~a}dldl sdlb japq~dfdl faodliqxdl hdpc


52/146

10

~a}dldl sdlb jd}qf hdodj cl~qx ephap hdl 0 ~a}dldl cdodk ~a}dldl sdlb `dpq

jd}qf ~dhd jclbbq faxcbd xap}a`qx,

^dhd idhrdo ~pehqf}c qlxqf jclbbq fahqd hd~dx hcockdx dhd }dxq ~a}dldl

sdlb jalbdodjc faxapodj`dxdl halbdl pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl 4 kdpc/ }ahdlbfdl

~dhd jclbbq faxcbd dhd = ~a}dldl sdlb xapodj`dx halbdl pdxd*pdxd faxapodj`dxdl

4,= kdpc hdl à}dplsd lcodc faodj`dxdl jdf}cjqj = kdpc, Hd~dx hcockdx cl~qx

~a}dldl sdlb jd}qf dfdl hcidhrdofdl }a}qdc halbdl xdlbbdo hqa hdxa sdlb

hcclbclfdl/ icfd àoqj hd~dx hc~pehqf}c ~dhd jclbbq ~apxdjd jdfd dfdl xapq}

hcodliqxfdl ~dhd jclbbq*jclbbq àpcfqxlsd,

Bdj`dp 43, Xdj~codlCl~qxEphap^dhd Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx

Bdj`dp 0>, Xdj~codl Eqx~qxIdhrdo ^pehqf}c Jclbbq âpxdjd


53/146

1=

Bdj`dp 04, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Jclbbq Fahqd

Bdj`dp 00, Xdj~codl Eqx~qx Idhrdo ^pehqf}c Jclbbq Faxcbd


54/146

18

W, KD]CO HDL ÂJ@DKD]DL

D, ^PE]A] PEHQF]C

^pe}a} ~pehqf}c jalidhc `dbcdl sdlb ~doclb ~alxclb `dbc }a`qdk clhq}xpc,

^pe}a} ~pehqf}c sdlb dhd hc ^X, Bdlhqj Jd} Falmdld +BJF# xapjd}qf hdodj

~pema}} odseqx/ hcjdld ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c sdlb xapidhc jalbcfqxc dxdq }a}qdc halbdl

qpqxdl ~pe}a} sdlb kdpq} hcxaj~qk qlxqf jalbkd}cofdl }qdxq ~pehqf, @apàhd

halbdl ~pehqmx odseqx/ hcjdld qpqxdl ~pe}a} hc}a}qdcfdl halbdl ~pehqf jdld

sdlb dfdl hc~pehqf}c xapoa`ck hdkqoq, ^dhd clhq}xpc clc xaphd~dx ààpd~d ialc}

~pehqf sdlb jajcocfc fd~d}cxd} ~pehqf}c sdlb }djd/ }akclbbd jajqlbfclfdl

iqbd jalbbqldfdl ja}cl ~pehqf}c sdlb }djd,

^pe}a} ~pehqf}c sdlb dhd hc clhq}xpc clc xap`dbc jalidhc hqd oclc ~pehqf}c/

sdcxq oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx hdl oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap, Oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx

jajcocfc xdkd~dl*xdkd~dl ~pe}a} sdlb oa`ck pqjcx hc`dlhclbfdl halbdl ~pe}a}

~pehqf}c ~erhap/ fdpald xapidhc ~apq`dkdl }xpqfxqp ~pehqf hdpc `dkdl `dfq

àpq~d `q`qf jalidhc ~pehqf àpq~d ~d}xd, Oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx jaj~pehqf}c

~pehqf mefaodx `dxdlbdl halbdl àpdx sdlb àpàhd*àhd/ }ahdlbfdl oclc

~pehqf}c ~erhap jajcocfc xdkd~dl ~pe}a} sdlb oa`ck }ahapkdld/ fdpald xchdf

dhdlsd ~apq`dkdl }xpqfxqp ~pehqf,

Fapdbdjdl ~pehqf sdlb xaphd~dx ~dhd clhq}xpc clc jalsa`d`fdl

~alidhrdodl ~pehqf}c sdlb faxdx qlxqf }axcd~ ~pehqflsd/ fapdbdjdl ~pehqf

xap}a`qx xapidhc ~dhd oclc ~pehqf}c ~erhap hdl mefaodx, Rdfxq sdlb hc`qxqkfdl

qlxqf }axcd~ fdoc ~pehqf}c fqpdlb oa`ck }aodjd 4 idj/ }akclbbd hdodj 4 kdpc hd~dx

jaodfqfdl 0*= fdoc ~pehqf}c ialc} ~pehqf sdlb àpàhd qlxqf ~pehqf}c ~erhap,Qlxqf ~pehqf}c mefaodx jaj`qxqkfdl rdfxq ~pe}a} sdlb oa`ck odjd/ sdcxq }afcxdp

7 =1 idj qlxqf 4 ~pehqf/ }akclbbd xapfdhdlb dhd ja}cl sdlb jaj`qdx hqd

`dxmk hdodj 4 kdpc, ]aodcl cxq/ xaphd~dx ~pehqf idhc sdlb odlb}qlb hchc}xpc`q}cfdl

fa fel}qjal xdl~d jaodoqc ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c xapoa`ck hdkqoq,


55/146

11

Xdkd~dl ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c qlxqf oclc ~pehqf}c mefaodx halbdl ialc} ~pehqf

Hdpf Mej~eqlh sdlb jalbbqldfdl ja}cl/ sdcxq 9

Mkemeodxa Ocla ^pehqmxcel +Oclc ^pehqf}c Mefaodx#

Oedhclb

Pefap +`q`qf#

Pagadlclb +~albkdoq}dl ~pehqf +mdcp##

Pagadlclb +}cpfqod}c#

Xdlbfc ~aldj~qlbdl +jc{clb#

Xdlbfc ~ap}cd~dl +~alqpqldl }qkq/ xaphd~dx ~pe}a} ~albdhqfdl +~d}xd##

Jeohclb +~almaxdfdl mefaodx#

]epxcp ~pehqf idhc

^dmfclb +}adoclb halbdl fajd}dl ~pcjap#

Bdj`dp 0=, ^pe}a} ^pehqf}c ^pehqfHdpf Mej~eqlh^dhd Oclc Mefaodx

^pe}a} ~pehqf}c ~pehqfHdpf Mej~eqlhhd~dx hcodfqfdl halbdl 0 mdpd

fapid/ sdlb ~apxdjd cdodk halbdl jalbbqldfdl ja}cl jqodc hdpc oedhclb kclbbd

}adoclb/ }ahdlbfdl qlxqf mdpd fapid sdlb fahqd +jdlqdo# jajcocfc xdkd~dl sdlb

}djd halbdl mdpd sdlb jalbbqldfdl ja}cl/ ~ap`ahddllsd xaphd~dx ~dhd ~pe}a}

~almaxdfdl hdl ~alhclbcldllsd, @cod jalbbqldfdl ja}cl ~pe}a} ~almaxdfdl

xaphcpc hdpc 7 od~c}dl }aodjd fqpdlb oa`ck 11 jalcx halbdl }qkq =1eM/ hdl `cod


56/146

17

}amdpd jdlqdo ~pe}a} ~almaxdfdl hcodfqfdl eoak ~afapid hdl ~alhclbcldllsd

hcodfqfdl hc hdodj meoh }xepdba }aodjd 0*8 idj halbdl }qkq 1*7eM,

âpàhddl ~apodfqdl `dcf halbdl }qkq jdq~ql rdfxq ~pe}a} hcodfqfdl

fdpald dhdlsd ~apàhddl fdpdfxapc}xcf hdpc mefaodx ~qxck hdl mefaodx, ]aodcl cxq

iqbd halbdl dhdlsd àp`dbdc jdmdj fajd}dl ~pcjap sdlb dfdl hc~d}dpfdl

jdq~ql }a}qdc halbdl ~apjclxddl fel}qjal, ]a`dbdc melxek/ ~alhclbcldl

mefaodx qlxqf fajd}dl = fb oa`ck }clbfdx hc`dlhclbfdl halbdl ~alhclbcldl

qlxqf fajd}dl 1 fb, Kdo xap}a`qx iqbd xapidhc ~dhd ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c mefaodx

jalbbqldfdl ja}cl/ qlxqf ~almaxdfdl mefaodx ~qxck hc`qxqkfdl }qkq =1eM

}ahdlbfdl qlxqf mefaodx }alhcpc }aà}dp =7eM,

Xdkd~dl ~pe}a} ~pehqf}c qlxq

perencanaan jadwal produksi dinamis untuk mendukung penerapan konsep supply chain management di pt....

Documents