TM- 1111 PENGENALAN BIDANG STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKANPrepared by:David Maurich, MTSistem EvaluasiKriteria Penilaian: Absensi Kehadiran = 10 % Tugas (PR) = 20 % Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) = 30 % Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) = 40 %Sumber Bahan Ujian:1. Text Book2. Catatan Kuliah di Kelas3. PR4. SlideSistem PenilaianNilai PointA 80B 60-79C 40-59D 20-39E < 19Etika Perkuliahan Apabila terlambat > 15 menit tidakdiperbolehkan mengikuti perkuliahan. Menggunakan pakaian yang rapi/sopansaat perkuliahan. Dilarang ribut/berbicara saatperkuliahan. Pada saat ujian tidak boleh mencontek(tas dan HP ditaruh di depan/bawah white board). Mahasiswa yang ketahuan mencontekotomatis dinyatakan tidak lulus (nilai E).Format Laporan PR Tugas-tugas Pekerjaan Rumah (PR) memiliki bobot20% dari total nilai akhir mata kuliah. PR harus dikerjakan sendiri, menyontek/kecurangan akan merugikan anda. Untuk menyeragamkan Laporan, maka dibuatformat laporan seperti di Lampiran. Laporan PR boleh dikerjakan dengan komputer atautulisan tangan yang rapi. Untuk plot, grafik, gambar atau perhitungan yang rumit sebaiknya dikerjakan dengan bantuankomputer. Informasi lain yang belumjelas dapat ditanyakanlewat email saya: davidmaurich@yahoo.com.Teknik dan Teknologi PerminyakanAdalah cara-cara, metoda, teknik, dan peralatan (perangkat keras & perangkat lunak) yang digunakan didalam kegiatan industri minyak & gas bumi, yang meliputi kegiatan pemboran, produksi, dan mengelola reservoir.Tujuan Pendidikan Teknik PerminyakanMenghasilkan sarjana yang dapatberfungsi sebagai: Drilling engineer Production engineer Reservoir engineerdidalammengelola sumberdaya minyak& gas bumi se-efisien mungkin danberwawasan lingkungan.Kompetensi Teknik PerminyakanProgram pendidikan diarahkan agar lulusan mampu: Merancang lubang sumur, pemboran, dan penyelesaiannya. Merancang dan mengambil data contoh batuan dan minyak bumi. Melakukan analisa sifat fisik contoh batuan dan minyak bumi. Memperkirakan/menghitung besarnya cadangan minyak & gas bumi. Merancang dan melakukan optimasi peralatan produksi. Menentukan dan merancang teknik peningkatan produksi. Melakukan prediksi kinerja reservoir minyak bumi danmengelolanya. Merancang teknik peningkatan perolehan minyak bumi dari dalam reservoir.DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum, means literally rock oil and refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the sedimentary rocks in the form of gases, liquids, semisolids, or solids. From a chemical standpoint, petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, usually with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur-containing compounds as well as trace amounts of metal-containing compounds ASTM, (2005b)Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid state, which may also include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and other elements. OTHER DEFINITIONS ITAA, (1936)Petroleum has also been defined as:1. Any naturally occurring hydrocarbon, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state2. Any naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state3. Any naturally occurring mixture of one or more hydrocarbons, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state and one or more of the following, that is to say, hydrogen sulfide, helium, and carbon dioxide.FACTS No two Petroleums exactly alike in composition The elemental chemical analysis indicates 10-15% hydrogen and 82-87% carbon by weight.Composition By WeightELEMENT PERCENT RANGECarbon 83 to 87%Hydrogen 10 to 14%Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%Sulfur 0.5 to 6%Metals less than 1000 ppmPetroleum Origin Where does petroleum come from? Why is it normally found in huge pools underground? Was it formed in a big pool where we find it, or did it gather there due to outside natural forces? ABIOGENIC (INORGANIC) THEORY Hydrocarbon formation took place in the Earths mantle, 60 180 miles below surface. Conversion does not involve living matter but of other molecules that have carbon in them. Facts: Methane exists in Earths atmosphere as well as around Saturn and Jupiter. Meteorites and congealed magma that contain traces of hydrocarbons. Laboratory experiments easily demonstrated the formation of hydrocarbon from inorganic sources.THEORY OF ABIOGENIC ORIGIN(GOLD AND SOTER, 1986; OSBORNE, 1986; SZATMARI, 1989)MendelejeffBerthelot, 1866 BIOGENIC ORIGIN (ORGANIC SOURCE) Marine plankton (phytoplankton, zooplankton) Vegetation in shallow freshwaterPETROLEUM Petroleum occurs underground, at various pressures depending on the depth. Because of the pressure, it contains considerable natural gas in solution. Petroleum is derived from aquatic plants and animals that lived and died hundreds of millions of years ago. Their remains mixed with mud and sand in layered deposits that, over the millennia, were geologically transformed into sedimentary rock. Gradually the organic matter decomposed and eventually formed petroleum (or a related precursor), which migrated from the original source beds to more porous and permeable rocks, such as sandstone and siltstone, where it finally became entrapped. Such entrapped accumulations of petroleum are called reservoirs. PETROLEUM ORIGIN Petroleum occurs underground, at various pressures depending on the depth. Because of the pressure, it contains considerable natural gas in solution. Petroleum is derived from aquatic plants and animals that lived and died hundreds of millions of years ago. Their remains mixed with mud and sand in layered deposits that, over the millennia, were geologically transformed into sedimentary rock. Gradually the organic matter decomposed and eventually formed petroleum, which migrated from the original source beds to more porous and permeable rocks, such as sandstone and siltstone, where it finally became entrapped. Such entrapped accumulations of petroleum are called reservoirs. IDEAL CONDITION FOR OIL AND GAS FORMATION Hydrocarbon Oil: Temperature between 180oF and 295 oF (7,000 15,000 ft) Hydrocarbon gas: Temperature between 295 oF and 450 oF (15,000 25,000 ft).SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMOil PoolThe oil pool is an end product to a 5-stage sequence of events: raw materials, accumulation, transformation, migration and geologic time.ELEMENT OF PETROLEUM PROSPECT A source rock - When organic-rich rock such as oil shale or coal is subjected to high pressure and temperature over an extended period of time, hydrocarbons form. Migration - The Hydrocarbons are expelled from source rock by three density-related mechanisms: the newly-matured hydrocarbons are less dense than their precursors, which causes overpressure; the hydrocarbons are lighter medium, and so migrate upwards due to buoyancy, and the fluids expand as further burial causes increased heating. Most hydrocarbons migrate to the surface as oil seeps, but some will get trapped. ELEMENT OF PETROLEUM PROSPECT Trap - The hydrocarbons are buoyant and have to be trapped within a structural (e.g. Anticline, fault block) or stratigraphic trap. Seal or cap Rock - The hydrocarbon trap has to be covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal or cap-rock in order to prevent hydrocarbons escaping to the surface. Reservoir - The hydrocarbons are contained in a reservoir rock. This is a porous sandstone or limestone. The oil collects in the pores within the rock. The reservoir must also be permeable so that the hydrocarbons will flow to surface during production. What Makes Oil Stay In There: TrapsGambaran Beberapa Lapisan Batuan Reservoir Minyak& Gas Bumi. History of PetroleumThe US petroleum industry began with Edwin Drake's drilling ofa 69-foot (21 m) oil well in 1859, on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania, for the Seneca Oil Company.Originally yielding 25 bpd, by the end ofthe year the rate was 15 bpd. Oil Wells at SpindletopTonggak Sejarah Dalam Industri Migas Indonesia (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011)Proses Eksplorasi & Eksploitasi MigasReservoir Model