multingual education in pesantren context
TRANSCRIPT
MULTINGUAL EDUCATION IN PESANTREN CONTEXT
UU No 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak CiptaFungsi dan Sifat hak Cipta Pasal 2
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Hak Terkait Pasal 491. Pelaku memiliki hak eksklusif untuk memberikan izin atau melarang pihak lain
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Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 721. Barangsiapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana
dimaksud dalam pasal 2 ayat (1) atau pasal 49 ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah).
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/
ii
MULTINGUAL EDUCATION IN PESANTREN CONTEXT
Saidna Zulfiqar Bin Tahir
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ZULFIQAR, SaidnaMultilingual Education in Pesantren Context/oleh Saidna Zulfiqar Bin Tahir.--Ed.1, Cet. 1--Yogyakarta: Deepublish, Oktober-2015.
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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank, first and foremost, Prof. Dr.
Haryanto, M.Pd, and Dr. Syarifuddin Dollah, M.Pd of the State
University of Makassar for pushing for its being undertaken and
completed in a relatively short time frame. I also like to grateful
the director of pesantren IMMIM, Dr. Taufan, M.A., Head of
Pondok Madinah, Ust. Herman, Lc.,MA., the head of Pesantren
Gombara, Ust. Ridwan, Lc.,M.Ag, and all teachers and students
in those pesantrens who gave contribution to finish this writing. I
thankful to all my friends at the State University of Makassar for
stepping in mid-stream to shepherd the book to completion and
for all the support they have given to this writing since taking it
on. I would also like to thank Dr. Muhammad Amri for answering
specific questions that arose during the writing of the book and
for Fikri Sulaiman, P.hD and Yulini Rinantanti, M.Ed for
facilitating the reading of the manuscript, as well as my wife
Syarifah Lulu Assagaf, S.Psi, my daughters; Gadysa Saidna Bin
tahir and Gelbina Saidna Bin tahir for their strengthening and
supporting and all my families.
Any errors or omission are, of course, those of the author
alone. The material in this book represents the opinion of some
experts theoretically, the author and the pesantren teachers and
employees practically.
v
vi
Table of Content
Acknowledgement ......................................................................v
Table of Content .....................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................1
PART I MULTILINGUAL ......................................................9
A. What is Multilingual? ................................................9
B. Factors Affecting Multilingual ................................13
C. Multilingual Competence (Degree of
Proficiency) .............................................................20
D. The Advantages of Multilingualism ........................26
E. Multilingual Attitude and Behavior .........................33
F. Multilingual Spoken in Society ...............................36
G. Multilingual in Educational Context .......................40
H. Languages Teaching and Learning in
Multilingual Class ...................................................42
I. Approaches in Teaching Multilingual .....................48
J. Strategies of Multilingual Teaching and
Learning ...................................................................56
PART II PESANTREN .........................................................61
A. What is Pesantren? ..................................................61
B. Types of Pesantren ..................................................63
C. Curriculum of Modern Pesantren ............................68
vii
D. Multilingual Behavior in Pesantren ........................ 70
E. The Attitude of Santri and Ustadz toward
Multilingual Education ........................................... 85
F. Multilingual Teaching and Learning in
Pesantren ................................................................. 92
G. Multilingual Teaching Approach in
Pesantren ................................................................. 98
H. Multilingual Instructional Model in
Pesantren ............................................................... 108
PART III DEVELOPING MULTILINGUALCOMPETENCE IN PESANTREN ................... 119
A. Developing Multilingual Education in
Pesantren ............................................................... 119
B. Developing Multilingual Listening and
Speaking Competence .......................................... 121
C. Developing Multilingual Writing
competence in Pesantren ....................................... 123
D. Developing Multilingual Reading
Competence in Pesantren ...................................... 125
CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 127
Bibliography .......................................................................... 133
Appendixes ............................................................................ 157
Notes on Author .................................................................... 171
viii
INTRODUCTION
Multilingual has played an important role in globalization
era as a tool to drive competitiveness among people or countries
over the world, such in economic, trade, policy, culture, and also
education. It was defined ordinarily as the ability to speak or to
communicate using three or more languages (McArthur, 1992:
673; Edwards, 1994: 33; Vildomec, 1963: 28; Kemp, 2009: 11).
The benefits of being multilingual exhibit over monolinguals and
not restricted to linguistic knowledge only but extend outside the
area of language. The substantial long-lived cognitive, social,
personal, academic, and professional benefits of enrichment
multilingual context have been well
documented (Cummins, 1981: 3; Cook, 2001; Diaz R, Klingler,
1991: 167; Lam, Wan Shun Eva and Rosario-Ramos, Enid, 2009:
171).
The advantages of multilingual inspired the United Nation
(UN) to take into conscious account of the multilingual existence
by carrying out the contest of essay writing on multilingual in six
official languages of the United Nations: Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian and Spanish. The essay contest
organized by ELS Educational Services, Inc. and the United
Nations Academic Impact (UNAI), and in conjunction with
Adelphi University, was created to bring global-minded
young
1
people from all over the world together to engage in dialogue
about UNAI principles that could be carried back to their
universities and institutions (UN, 2013).
In 2015, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) will become ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), so
that, each country of ASEAN must prepare their individual
competence to compete in this era. Although the ASEAN
Community is based on the three pillars (Political-Security
Community, Economic Community and Socio-Cultural
Community), languages appear to be a cross cutting element that
support a successfully and stability formation of the ASEAN
Community. According to the ASEAN Charter, launched in 2007,
a closer cooperation in education and human resource
development will empower the people and strengthen the ASEAN
Community (Umezaki, 2012: 303).
Indonesia is a multilingualism society which consisted of
726 languages in this country (Crystal, 2000: 4; and Marti at.al,
2005: 48). It means that Indonesian has 23 million native speakers
and 140 million second language speakers who speak it alongside
their local language or mother tongue. It is used extensively as a
first language by Indonesian citizen in urban areas and as a
second language by those residing in more rural parts of
Indonesia. Beside those languages, the Indonesian educational
policy permitted some foreign languages to be taught as second or
third language at secondary school up to university level,
2
they are; English, Arabic, German, Mandarin, etc. which aimed to
prepare the students‘ skill in foreign languages.
Indonesia is one country amongst the ASEAN members
who has provided their students‘ foreign languages competence in
the early of students‘ age or in the primary school through the
program called bilingual school or RSBI (Rintisan Sekolah
Bertaraf Internasional) class. Unfortunately, the program was
unsuccessful because of the lack of the readiness of the school
and also the lack of students-teachers competence in mastering
English (Mariati, 2007: 566; Haryana, 2007: 152; Widowati et al,
2013). While there were many schools managed by the social
foundation in Indonesia including Pesantrens. These schools do
possess the students-teachers‘ multilingual competence which is
required by the Indonesian Government to implement the
program successfully.
Pesantren or Islamic boarding school is an educational
institution that has its roots on the Hinduism-Islamic educational
system which was founded by Ki Hajar Dewantara as the
indigenous education system of Indonesia since 1062 (Yasmadi,
2002: 99; Daulay, H.P, 2009: 61; Madjid, 2013: 3; Nizar, et al,
2013: 85; Engku, et al, 2014: 107). After the colonalization era,
this educational institution‘s learning system was modernized and
developed by applying two foreign languages, besides,
Indonesian and local languages, those are, Arabic and English in
teaching and learning process and also use in daily
communication inside of pesantren. The obligation to
3
use the foreign languages in this school was intended to improve
the students‘ knowledge of Islamic study and science through
their languages skill.
Nowadays, there are 27.218 pesantrens in Indonesia
including 240 pesantrens in South Sulawesi/Makassar. The
number of pesantrens will increase from day to day based on its
graduate who intends to build the branch or the new one (Depag:
Direktori Pondok Pesantren, 2014: 173). The discussion of the
book will focus on Modern Pesantrens in Makassar which
implement two foreign languages such as English and Arabic in
teaching and learning process and also used them in daily
communication; Pesantren of IMMIM, Pondok Madinah, and
Pesantren of Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah Gombara.
Those pesantrens have been chosen as object of study by
the consideration that these schools have very interesting
linguistic tradition. There are two intensive foreign languages that
have been taught at the schools, namely Arabic and English.
Besides, the students generally come from various tribes in the
eastern of Indonesia with different ethnics and languages, namely
Bugis, Makassar, Mandar, Palu, Kendari, Gorontalo, Kalimantan,
Maluku, Papua and Java. Those diversities made pesantren
became a multilingualism community.
Based on preliminary observation at these pesantrens, there
is an interesting problem of diglossia phenomenon that is how the
pattern of language selection is accordance to the function at the
school. In daily language use, students are
4
generally exposed to use variety of patterns in language activities:
(1) Indonesian, (2) Arabic, (3) English, and (4) the local
languages. The choice of language is of course depended on
several factors such as the participants, interlocutors, the
atmosphere, topics, and teachers who have the ability to speak
English and Arabic.
Most pesantrens have complicated curriculum, where they
adopted two or three kind of curriculums; DIKNAS (Minister of
National Education) curriculum, DEPAG (Ministry of Religion
Affairs) curriculum, and pesantren curriculum. The three
curriculums were implemented separately in certain day, different
schedule, and with different teachers. Likewise in language
curriculum of pesantren, the students were compelled to learn
hard in fulfillment the need of the curriculums. It means that the
students were dazed to learn languages such as Indonesia, Arabic,
English, and local languages based on the three curriculums in
different schedule with different teacher and different book. The
schools also faced some obstacles in arranging the schedule and
they needed more teachers to teach those languages, whereas
most of their teachers have multilingual competence to be
empowered in languages teaching to fulfill the need of pesantrens.
Some previous studies involved to pesantren still focused
on method of languages teaching and learning (Melor, et al, 2012:
87; Bin Tahir, S, 2011: 81), some researchers studied about
linguistics and sociolinguistic related to the speech style,
bilingual, code-mixing and code-
5
switching at pesantren (Hanidah, 2009; Rhohmatillah, 2013;
Tantri, 2013: 37), and some others who discussed on teaching
morality, teaching Kitab Kuning, and religious learning (Lukens-
Bull, 2000: 27; Van Bruinessen, 1994: 121; Zakaria, 2010: 45).
But those studies didn‘t consider in-depth yet on multilingual
education that occurred at pesantren. These reasons awaken the
writer‘s heart to conduct a research and write on multilingual
education at pesantrens. This study is crucial to problematisize
and to solve the problems faced by pesantren in maintaining its
quality through mastery of foreign languages, arranging
multilanguages teaching and learning, minimizing the recruitment
of languages teachers, improving their students‘ competence in
spoken multilingual, and economizing the cost that will be spent
by students.
Further, in the last of three years, Nugrahenny T. Zacharias
(2012) did a research entitled ―EFL Students‟ Understanding of
Their Multilingual English Identities‖ to explore how 30 students
in a pre-service teacher education frame their multilingual
English identities as written in response journals, part of a course
requirement in a Cross-cultural Understanding (CCU) course. The
findings illustrate that many of the participants negotiated their
identities based on a core identity derived from their assumed first
language (L1) culture. With regard to the English use, encounters
with native speakers appeared to magnify their linguistic
insecurity, viewing their nonnative status as a drawback. All of
the participants appeared to be
6
fully aware that the use of English in public spaces would project
negative identities as Indonesian national. Nevertheless, this study
also considers as the preliminary study in multilingualism field
which not focusing on multilingual education in Indonesia.
Despite Indonesia is a multilingualism country,
multilingual education is still a new issue that must be examined
in-depth to explore many sites contribute to multilingual
education. Thus, there are many aspects and approaches that must
be considered before programming multilingual teaching and
learning at pesantren that could be put forth as a model of
multilingual education by the Indonesian government to
perpetuate the foreign languages teaching and learning in
Indonesian through the multilingual approach and strategy to
preserve the Indonesian local languages from extinction.
The phenomenon of language diversity currently in
Indonesia and the whole world is an important issue that is
growing to the surface because of the presence of multilingual
will determine the survival in a multicultural society. With the
multilingual resource roles in a variety of fields it is easier to be
taken in various areas of life. Wisely, the Indonesian government
should be serious to foster a multilingual school because the
interest of the nation is closely related to various activities of the
international language. There are four language suggested,
namely Arabic as the language of religion, English as a language
of science and technology and global communication, China
7
language to take part in the field of economy and trade, the local
language as the first language of Indonesian, and of course they
need to understand the local language to be appreciate their local
culture.
8
CONCLUSION
Pesantren or Islamic boarding school is an educational
institution which was founded by Ki Hajar Dewantara as the
indigenous education system of Indonesia since 1062 is a
direction toward multilingual education in Indonesia. There are
two intensive foreign languages that have been taught at the
schools, namely Arabic and English. Besides, Indonesian and the
local languages that made pesantrens became a multilingualism
community.
The phenomenon of the current diversity of language use is
an important issue that is growing to the surface because of the
presence of multilingual will determine the survival in a
multicultural society. With multi language resources, the role in
various fields easier to be taken in various areas of life. Indonesia
should be serious to foster a multilingual school because the
interest of the nation is closely related to various activities of the
international languages. There are four languages suggested,
namely Arabic as the language of religion, English as a language
of science and technology and global communication, Chinas to
take part in the field of economy and trade, the local language of
Indonesia because they speak the first language of Indonesia, and
of course they need to understand the local language to be
appreciate their local culture, and also
127
to avoid those local languages from extinction or destruction.
Some European countries such as the Netherlands,
Denmark, and Sweden implement a multilingual education since
high school, foreign language of choice is English and German.
Additionally, Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei, and the
Philippines much earlier (1960) have English as a second
language in their country. Therefore, it is not surprising that they
are more advanced in accessing global information on the
progress of their country than Indonesia. English-speaking
countries have surrounded the State of Indonesia and Indonesia
should educate multilingual discussed with Indonesian and
English. Now in Indonesia started a multilingual school opened,
there is a kindergarten, elementary, junior, and senior multilingual
better known as the stub international school (RSBI) but it all
looks like trials only.
Wisely, Indonesia should be serious to foster a multilingual
school because the interest of the nation is closely related to
various activities of the international language. For Muslims they
are in desperate need to understand the Arabic language as they
read the holy Quran in Arabic and regular worship (prayers) in
Arabic. Furthermore, in acquiring knowledge and science,
learners cannot be separated from the English because some
references offered many lecturers or teachers in English. In our
trade is actually in desperate need China because the Chinese
language more actively in the fields of economic
128
and trade. Instead, Indonesian students who live in the city no
longer know the local language because they speak the first
language of Indonesia, and of course they need to understand the
local language to be able to live up to their regional culture.
Multilingual importance is also related to the results of
studies showing the significance effects on children. Various
studies as stated Hoff (2005) shows that if students are taught
properly for multilingual learning at an early age as a whole can
spur the development of the competence. Other studies have
shown that children who learn multilingual in the early age are
usually more successful in life because it was used to dealing with
a variety of languages and the languages into communication
media when children become adults and enter the workforce.
Cenoz study reported that the benefits of learning a second or
third language at the early age include everything from increasing
the ability of creativity and children have a greater understanding
of the culture.
It is fundamental motivation to learn various languages. In
addition, a foreign language is an investment as well as provisions
for the child's future career. It also makes many parents who
introduce foreign languages from an early age. With hope
children can compete in the global market and can fill future jobs.
Hopefully with the presence of the book will arouse the
Indonesian government intention in formulating new policies
related to multilingual teaching and learning in
129
Indonesia and to make the new regulation to existing schools such
pesantrens as an official institution of the implementation of
multilingual education in Indonesia.
The present study in this book aimed at investigating the
multilingual education in the modern pesantrens in Makassar.
Some implications can be concluded as follows:
First, based on the qualitative result of the study, it can be
found that the in-depth consideration of language function,
language selection, the factors affecting the languages selection,
multilingual teaching approach and strategy, and multilingual
instruction model is essential to strengthen the designing of needs
analysis and situational analysis before developing multilingual
education for pesantrens. It is also beneficial to further
researchers who aim at designing needs analysis to consider in
great depth the sociological, psychological, and linguistic
approaches.
Second, the study contributes to understanding the case of
language selection that occurred at pesantren such as
monolingual, bilingual, multilingual, code-switching, code-
mixing, diglossia, interference, peslanglish,
transferring of the features from the first language to the foreign
languages, and multilingual approaches, strategies and
instructional model in pesantrens as information and reference in
developing multilingual instructional model of pesantren.
However, the result of the present study in this book is not
intended to be generalized to all contexts/schools of multilingual
education since the design of this study was
130
qualitative approach in three of modern pesantrens in Makassar
and the aim of this study was to investigate the language function,
language selection, the factors affecting the languages selection,
multilingual approach and strategy in modern pesantrens in
Makassar and how it can benefit the researcher to design needs
analysis and situational analysis accurately before developing
multilingual education for pesantren in Indonesia in the next step
of this multisite study.
131
132
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NOTES ON AUTHOR
Saidna Zulfiqar Bin Tahir is a lecturer of English Education Department of the University of Iqra Buru Indonesia. He is a doctoral candidate in English Education Program from the State University of Makassar and attended doctoral short course
program at Northern Illinois University, USA. His areas of interest and research include teaching media, TEFL, Arabic and Linguistics, and Multilingual Education. He is the author, reviewer and editor of more than 11 international journals, including of American Journal of Educational Research, International Journal of Language Teaching Research, International Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics, International Journal of Language and Linguistics, English Language Teaching, English Language and Literature Studies, International Journal of Applied Linguistics and Translation, editor member of Communication and Linguistics Studies, and editor of International Journal of Language and Linguistics. His book publications include Cara Praktis Belajar Bahasa Arab-At-Taysiir Fi Ta’liim al-Lughah Al-Arabiyah (Pustaka Qalam, 2008), A Stepping Stone toward Mastering English Grammar (Pustaka Qalam, 2010), Teaching English as World Language (Pustaka Qalam, 2012), Teaching Speaking (English) through Yahoo Messenger (Pustaka Qalam, 2013), and Obat Penawar Galau-Painkillers of Confusion (Pustaka Qalam, 2014). His article publications include English Teaching Method at Pesantren IMMIM in Makassar (Jupiter Journal, 2010), Humor in “Bukan 4 Mata” Talk Show (Jupiter Journal, 2011), Improving Students’ Writing Skill through Facebook at University of Iqra Buru (ICT4LL Journal, 2014), Improving Students’ Speaking Skill through Yahoo Messenger at University of Iqra Buru (International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 2015), Students’ Speaking Skill through Voice Chat at University of Iqra Buru (Journal of Modern Education Review, 2015), Multilingual Behaviour of Pesantren IMMIM Students in Makassar (Asian EFL Journal, 2015), The Attitude of Santri and Ustadz Toward Multilingual Education at Pesantren (International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 2015), and Multilingual Teaching and Learning at Pesantren (Asian EFL Journal).
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