PERSEPSI & MOTIVASI PERSEPSI & MOTIVASI DLM PERILAKU DLM PERILAKU

KESEHATANKESEHATAN

Persepsi

Proses yang kita gunakan untuk menginterpretasikan data-data sensoris (Lahlry, 1991). Data sensoris sampai kepada kita melalui 5 indra kita.

Persepsi : 2 jenis

PENGARUH STRUKTURAL Aspek-aspek fisik rangsangan yang sampai ke

kitaPENGARUH FUNGSIONAL

Faktor-faktor psikologis yang mempengaruhi persepsi subjektivitas ke dalam proses

PERSEPSIPERSEPSIFaktor2 yang mempengaruhi persepsi :Faktor2 yang mempengaruhi persepsi :1.1. Faktor eksternalFaktor eksternal

• KontrasKontras• Perubahan intensitasPerubahan intensitas• RepetitionRepetition• Sesuatu yg baru (novelty)Sesuatu yg baru (novelty)• Sesuatu yg mjd perhatian orng banyakSesuatu yg mjd perhatian orng banyak

2.2. Faktor internalFaktor internal• Pengalaman/pengetahuanPengalaman/pengetahuan• Harapan/expectationHarapan/expectation• KebutuhanKebutuhan• MotivasiMotivasi• EmosiEmosi• BudayaBudaya

Dalam mempersepsi objek Dalam mempersepsi objek pengamatan, stimulus akan pengamatan, stimulus akan diorganisasikan berdasarkan hukum-diorganisasikan berdasarkan hukum-hukum pengelompokan hukum pengelompokan • Hukum kedekatan (proximity)Hukum kedekatan (proximity)• Hukum kesamaan (similarity)Hukum kesamaan (similarity)• Hukum kesederhanaan (simplicity)Hukum kesederhanaan (simplicity)• Hukum keteraturan bentuk (good figure)Hukum keteraturan bentuk (good figure)• Hukum kesinambungan (continuation)Hukum kesinambungan (continuation)• Hukum kesempurnaan (law of closure)Hukum kesempurnaan (law of closure)• Hukum kesenasiban (law of common fate)Hukum kesenasiban (law of common fate)

““THEOPPORTUNITYISNOTHEOPPORTUNITYISNOWHERE”WHERE”

Kalau dikelompokkan, Kalau dikelompokkan, kemampuan orang dalam kemampuan orang dalam membaca keadaan dapat membaca keadaan dapat digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu: digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu:

• Kemampuan membaca Kemampuan membaca Tangible Tangible materials (materi yang bisa dilihat materials (materi yang bisa dilihat dan disentuh)dan disentuh)

• Kemampuan membaca Kemampuan membaca Intangible Intangible materials (materi yang tidak kasat materials (materi yang tidak kasat mata dan tidak dapat tersentuh)mata dan tidak dapat tersentuh)

MOTIVASIMOTIVASI

DEFINISI MOTIVASIDEFINISI MOTIVASI• Dari Bahasa Latin : “to move”Dari Bahasa Latin : “to move”• Kekuatan yg menggerakkan kita utk Kekuatan yg menggerakkan kita utk

berperilaku ttt.berperilaku ttt.• Sekelompok fenomena yg Sekelompok fenomena yg

mempengaruhi sifat, kekuatan, & mempengaruhi sifat, kekuatan, & ketetapan tingkah laku manusia ketetapan tingkah laku manusia (Quinn, 1995)(Quinn, 1995)

• Interaksi antara pelaku dng Interaksi antara pelaku dng lingkungannya shg akan lingkungannya shg akan meningkatkan, menurunkan atau meningkatkan, menurunkan atau mempertahankan perilaku (John mempertahankan perilaku (John Elder, et al, 1998)Elder, et al, 1998)

Beberapa pendekatan dlm Beberapa pendekatan dlm mempelajari MOTIVASImempelajari MOTIVASI

1.1. Pendekatan IntrinsikPendekatan Intrinsik2.2. Pendekatan Pemuasan KebutuhanPendekatan Pemuasan Kebutuhan3.3. Pendekatan InsentifPendekatan Insentif4.4. Pendekatan ArousalPendekatan Arousal5.5. Pendekatan KognitifPendekatan Kognitif

TEORI MOTIVASITEORI MOTIVASI• CONTENT THEORYCONTENT THEORY

Cara untuk menganalisis kebutuhanCara untuk menganalisis kebutuhan• PROCESS THEORYPROCESS THEORY

Memahami proses berpikirMemahami proses berpikir

1. Teori Kepuasan (Content theory)1. Teori Kepuasan (Content theory)• Pengertian dan Model MotivasiPengertian dan Model Motivasi• Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow• Teori dua faktor Frederick HerzbergTeori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg• Teori kebutuhan McClellandTeori kebutuhan McClelland• Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory2. Teori Motivasi Proses (Process theory)2. Teori Motivasi Proses (Process theory)• Teori Harapan (Expectancy Theory)Teori Harapan (Expectancy Theory)• Teori Keadilan (Equity Theory)Teori Keadilan (Equity Theory)• Teori Pengukuhan (Reinforcement Theory)Teori Pengukuhan (Reinforcement Theory)

TEORI MOTIVASITEORI MOTIVASI

Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow

““That people’s needs depend on what they That people’s needs depend on what they already have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs already have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs isn’t a motivator. Human needs, organized in a isn’t a motivator. Human needs, organized in a hierarchy of importance, are hierarchy of importance, are physiological, physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self safety, belongingness, esteem, and self actualizationactualization””

Source : Gibson

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Self actualization

Esteem

Social / Belongingness

Safety

Physiological

Source : Stephen P. Robbins

TEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERGTEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERG

View that job satisfaction results from the presence View that job satisfaction results from the presence of intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction of intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction stems from not having extrinsic factorsstems from not having extrinsic factors

Source : Gibson

Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-DissatifactionDissatifaction

I. TraditionalI. TraditionalHigh job High job dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn

High job High job satisfactionsatisfaction

II. Herzberg’s two-factor viewII. Herzberg’s two-factor viewLow job Low job satisfactionsatisfaction

High job High job satisfaction satisfaction (motivator)(motivator)

Low job Low job dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn

High job High job satisfaction satisfaction (hygiene)(hygiene)

Source : Gibson

Teori Kebutuhan McClellandTeori Kebutuhan McClelland

Learned Needs Theory Learned Needs Theory

Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need will be motivated to use appropriate behaviors to will be motivated to use appropriate behaviors to satisfy the need. A person’s needs are learned from satisfy the need. A person’s needs are learned from the culture of a societythe culture of a society

Thematis Apperception Test (TAT) Thematis Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective test that uses a person’s analysis of picture Projective test that uses a person’s analysis of picture to evaluate such individual differences as to evaluate such individual differences as need for need for achivement, need for power, and need for affiliationachivement, need for power, and need for affiliation

Source : Gibson

The theory focus on three needsThe theory focus on three needs

1. 1. Need for achievementNeed for achievement

3. 3. Need for affiliationNeed for affiliation

The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeedstandards, to strive to succeed

2. 2. Need for powerNeed for power

The need to make others behave in a way that they The need to make others behave in a way that they wouldn’t have behaved otherwisewouldn’t have behaved otherwise

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationshipsrelationships

Tiga Kebutuhan (motif) SosialTiga Kebutuhan (motif) SosialDavid Mc. ClelandDavid Mc. Cleland• Kebutuan berprestasi (need for Kebutuan berprestasi (need for

achevement)achevement)• Kebutuhan berkuasa (need for Kebutuhan berkuasa (need for

power)power)• Kebutuhan afiliasi (need for Kebutuhan afiliasi (need for

affiliation)affiliation)

need for powerneed for power• Mempengaruhi dan mengatur orang lainMempengaruhi dan mengatur orang lain• Senang memberi nasehatSenang memberi nasehat• Memperhatikan reputasi dan posisiMemperhatikan reputasi dan posisi• Mengumpulkan objek prestiseMengumpulkan objek prestise• Aktif berorganisasiAktif berorganisasi• Mencari dan mempergunakan informasi Mencari dan mempergunakan informasi

untuk mempengaruhi orang lainuntuk mempengaruhi orang lain

need for affiliationneed for affiliation• Menciptakan persahabatanMenciptakan persahabatan• Menyenangi suasana yang kooperatifMenyenangi suasana yang kooperatif• Tidak senang sendirianTidak senang sendirian• Perhatian terhadap orang lebih dari Perhatian terhadap orang lebih dari

terhadap pekerjaanterhadap pekerjaan• Menekankan hal-hal yang bisa Menekankan hal-hal yang bisa

diterima orang lainditerima orang lain

Need for achievementNeed for achievement• Mengungguli orang lainMengungguli orang lain• InovatifInovatif• Menetapkan sasaran yang moderatMenetapkan sasaran yang moderat• Bertanggung jawabBertanggung jawab• Mencari umpan balikMencari umpan balik• Memilih berteman dengan para ahliMemilih berteman dengan para ahli

Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory

Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that categorized needs as categorized needs as existence, related-ness and existence, related-ness and growthgrowth

Source : Gibson

ExistenceExistence; ; needs satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditionsneeds satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditions

GrowthGrowth; ; needs satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributionsneeds satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributions

Related-nessRelated-ness; ; needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationshipneeds satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationship

ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration, ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration, Importance and Satisfaction of NeedsImportance and Satisfaction of Needs

Frustration of growth needs

Importanceof growth needs

Satisfactionof growth needs

Frustration of relatedness needs

Importanceof relatedness needs

Satisfactionof relatedness needs

Frustration of existence needs

Importanceof existence needs

Satisfactionof existence needs

Source : Gibson

A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of MotivationMotivation

MaslowMaslow(need (need hierarchy)hierarchy)

Self-actualizationSelf-actualization

EsteemEsteem

Belongingness, Belongingness, social and lovesocial and love

PhysiologicalPhysiological

HerzbergHerzberg(two factor (two factor theory)theory)The work itselfThe work itself- Responsibility- Responsibility- AdvancementAdvancement- GrowthGrowth

Achievement Achievement RecognitionRecognition

Quality of Quality of interpersonal interpersonal relations among relations among peers, with peers, with supervisor, with supervisor, with subordinatessubordinates

Job securityJob security

Working conditions Working conditions SalarySalary

AlderferAlderfer

GrowthGrowth

RelatedneRelatednessss

ExistenceExistence

Mc Mc ClellandClelland

Need for Need for achievemenachievement t

Need for Need for powerpower

Need for Need for affiliationaffiliation

Higher order needs

Basic needs

Motivators

Hygiens conditions

MOTIVASI UTK BERPERILAKU MOTIVASI UTK BERPERILAKU SEHATSEHAT• Skill deficit Skill deficit pelatihan pelatihan• Performance deficit Performance deficit reinforcement reinforcement

utk meningkatkan perilaku, sanksi utk meningkatkan perilaku, sanksi utk menurunkan perilakuutk menurunkan perilaku

PERILAKU SEHAT SULIT ?PERILAKU SEHAT SULIT ?• Dampak tidak cepatDampak tidak cepat• Mungkin tidak berdampak thd Mungkin tidak berdampak thd

penyakit, tp hanya mencegahpenyakit, tp hanya mencegah• Memotivasi orang sehat lbh sulit Memotivasi orang sehat lbh sulit

drpd memotivasi orang sakit.drpd memotivasi orang sakit.• Lingkungan sangat berpengaruhLingkungan sangat berpengaruh