mission

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Missionsa guide to learn English

IRENA MAUREEN

MODUL MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRISPROGRAM STUDI TEKNOLOGI PENDIDIKAN

FAKULTAS ILMU PENDIDIKANUNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

2013

| 3KOMPETENSI DASARMATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRISStructureMenerapkan konsep-konsep dasar gramatikal bahasa InggrisListeningMenjelaskan makna dalam percakapan interpersonal dan karya sastra populerSpeakingMengungkapkan pendapat,pernyataan, narasiReadingMenjelaskan makna karya sastra, artikel, tulisan, dan bacaan pendekWritingMenulis karya sastra sederhana

Dalam Modul ini, meskipun dibedakan berdasarkan Aspek Bahasanya, namunkelima kompetensi dasar ini bersifat integratif di tiap unitnya.Modul ini selain materi juga dilengkapi Mission, tugas/proyek yangdikerjakan dan harus diselesaikan sebagai tahapan untuk menuju bahasanselanjutnya.Selamat Belajar!

| 4TABLE OF CONTENTSKompetensi Dasar Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris ..................................................................................31 | Hello...........................................................................................................................................................61.1. Greetings..........................................................................................................................................6

~ Mission 1 ..............................................................................................................................................61.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................7~ Mission 2 ..............................................................................................................................................7~ Mission 3 ..............................................................................................................................................7

2 |Structure...................................................................................................................................................82.1. Verb Tenses ..........................................................................................................................................8Simple Tenses..........................................................................................................................................8Continuous Tenses .............................................................................................................................10Perfect Tenses ......................................................................................................................................12Perfect Continuous Tenses .............................................................................................................14~ Mission 4 ...........................................................................................................................................162.2 Conditional Sentences....................................................................................................................16Conditional Sentence Type 1 .........................................................................................................16Conditional Sentence Type 2 .........................................................................................................17Conditional Sentence Type 3 .........................................................................................................18~ Mission 5 ...........................................................................................................................................19

3 | Have Fun...............................................................................................................................................203.1. Listening to Songs ...........................................................................................................................20~ Mission 6 ...........................................................................................................................................213.2. Watching a movie............................................................................................................................22~ Mission 7 ...........................................................................................................................................22

4 | Books Bugs ..........................................................................................................................................234.1. News Article ......................................................................................................................................23~ Mission 8 ...........................................................................................................................................274.2. Text Book............................................................................................................................................27~ Mission 9 ...........................................................................................................................................275 | Dear Diary..............................................................................................................................................285.1. Sentence Writing .............................................................................................................................28SIMPLE SENTENCE ............................................................................................................................28

| 5COMPOUND SENTENCE...................................................................................................................28COMPLEX SENTENCE........................................................................................................................29COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES .....................................................................305.2. Types of Paragraph ........................................................................................................................30Narration Paragraph ........................................................................................................................30Exposition Paragraph ......................................................................................................................31Description Paragraph ....................................................................................................................31Persuasion Paragraph ....................................................................................................................315.3. Paragraph Writing ..........................................................................................................................31SOME USEFUL TRANSITIONS .....................................................................................................33~ Mission 10 ........................................................................................................................................34

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1 | HELLOSPEAKINGKompetensi Dasar:Mengungkapkan pendapat, pernyataan, narasiIndikator:1. Membuka sebuah percakapan2. Memperkenalkan diri3. Menyampaikan pendapat4. Bercerita tentang diri sendiri1.1. GREETINGS

~ MISSION 1To learn a language should include learning the culture. Watching a movie couldhelp in observing how people interact. Watch a Hollywood movie and list howthe people greet each other.Differentiate between formal & informal greetings.

Hello!

How do you do?

Howdy?

Whats up?

Goodmorning/day/afternoon/evening!

Howre you doing?

Hi! How are you?

| 71.2. INTRODUCTIONWhen you meet someone for the first time, you will have to introduce yourself.Instead of just saying your name, you could include some facts, opinion, or personaldata.

~ MISSION 2Select 5 pictures which can describe you very well, add some text, and arrange itin a power point presentation or short movie.~ MISSION 3Classroom Activity1. Listen to some of your friends introduction (without visual).2. Guess who is the speaker.

Hello! My name isErika PaolaMendoza. I comefrom Peru.

Hi! I am Vladimir.

I really enjoy the weatherhere.

Hi, my name is Xiao Xing QinIm studying Educational Technology.

| 82 |STRUCTUREGRAMMARKompetensi DasarMenerapkan konsep-konsep dasar gramatikal bahasa InggrisIndikator1. Mengidentifikasi 12 macam verb tenses2. Menulis kalimat kondisional2.1. VERBTENSESThe Charts below are adapted from Betty S. Azar, Understanding & Using English Grammar, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981, pages 74-77.

SIMPLE TENSESSimple present

Function: Habitual Action past to present to futureForm : S + V1Example: I study every dayWrite your sentences in the box :

XXXXXXXXXXX

| 9Simple Past

Function: Action completed in the pastForm: S + V2Example : I studied last nightWrite your sentences in the box :

Simple Future

Function: action will occur in the futureForm: S + Will/shall + V1Example: I will study tomorrow

X

X

| 10Write your sentences in the box :

CONTINUOUS TENSESPresent continuous

Function : action began in past, may continue into futureForm : S + be (am, is, are) + V-ingExample : I am studying right nowWrite your sentences in the box :

X X

| 11Past continuous

Function : Action begun in past, implies possible continuation after second pasteventForm: S + be (was/were) + V-ingExample : I was studying when you calledWrite your sentences in the box :

Future continuous

Function : continuous future action will continue to happen when another futureaction occursForm: S + will/shall + be + V-ingExample: I will be studying when you arrive

X X

X X

| 12Write your sentences in the box :

PERFECT TENSESPresent perfect

Function : past action with indefinite time spanForm : S + have/has + V3Example : I have studiedWrite your sentences in the box :

X X

| 13Past perfect

Function : Past action completed before second past actionForm: S + ha + V3Example : I had studied drawing before I began to study paintingWrite your sentences in the box :

Future perfect

XX

X X

| 14Function : future action will be completed by time you arriveForm: S + will/shall + have + V3Example: He will have finished reading by the time you arriveWrite your sentences in the box :

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSESPresent perfect continuous

Function : action began in past and continues until nowForm : S + have/has + been + V-ingExample : I have been studying for two hoursWrite your sentences in the box :

X X

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Past perfect continuous

Function : Past continuous action occurring when second past action occuredForm: S + had + been + V-ingExample : I had been studying for two hours when my friends came overWrite your sentences in the box :

Future perfect continuous

X X

X X

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Function : Future continuous action will happening when another future actionoccursForm: S + will/shall + have + been = V-ingExample: I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arriveWrite your sentences in the box :

~ MISSION 4Find the example of the use of each tense in a newspaper.2.2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCESCONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 1It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Present, will-FutureExample:If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't usea comma.Example:I will send her an invitation if I find her address.Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on how to form negative sentences.Example:

| 17If I dont see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.Use:Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will onlyhappen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for surewhether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seemsrather realistic so we think it is likely to happen.Example:If I find her address, Ill send her an invitation.I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quitesure, however, that I will find it.Example:If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he lovesFerraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buya Ferrari.CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 2It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I

(= would + Infinitive)Example:If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't usea comma.Example:I would send her an invitation if I found her address.Example:If I had a lot of money, I wouldnt stay here.

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Were instead ofWasIn IF Clauses Type II, we usually use were even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it .Example: If I were you, I would not do this.UseConditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action couldhappen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation tochange, however. I just imagine what would happen if Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for heraddress, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventuallyfind her address.Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he lovesFerraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikelythat he will have the money to buy one in the near future.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 3It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.Formif + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional IIExample:If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't usea comma.Example:I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.Example:

| 19If I hadnt studied, I wouldnt have passed my exams.UseConditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could havehappened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were differentthen, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation hadbeen fulfilled.Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find heraddress, however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he lovedFerraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buyone.

~ MISSION 5In pairs, write 3-5 sentences for each type that is applicable for your friendshipwith your classmates

| 203 | HAVE FUNLISTENING COMPREHENSIONKompetensi DasarMenjelaskan makna dalam percakapan interpersonal dan karya sastra popularIndikator1. Mengidentifikasi makna dalam sebuah lagu2. Mengidentifikasi makna kalimat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari melalui film3.1. LISTENING TO SONGS

Song Title: Heal the worldSinger: Michael Jackson

(I think about the generationsand they say they want to make ita better place for our children and our children's childrenso that they they they know it's a better world for themand I think they can make it a better place)

There's A Place In Your HeartAnd I Know That It Is LoveAnd This Place Could Be Much Brighter Than TomorrowAnd If You Really Try You'll Find There's No Need To CryIn This Place You'll Feel There's No Hurt Or Sorrow

Cuz There Are Ways To Get ThereIf You Care Enough For The LivingMake A Little Space Make A Better Place

ReffHeal The World Make It A Better PlaceFor You And For Me And The Entire Human RaceThere Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The LivingMake A Better Place For You And For Me

If You Want To Know Why There's A Love That Cannot LieLove Is Strong It Only Cares For Joyful GivingIf We Try We Shall See In This BlissWe Cannot Feel Fear Or DreadWe Stop Existing And Start Living

Then It Feels That Always Love's Enough For Us Growing

| 21So Make A Better WorldMake A Better World...

Reff

And The Dream We Were Conceived InWill Reveal A Joyful FaceAnd The World We Once Believed InWill Shine Again In GraceThen Why Do We Keep Strangling LifeWound This Earth Crucify Its SoulThough It's Plain To See This World Is HeavenlyBe God's Glow

We Could Fly So High Let Our Spirits Never DieIn My Heart I Feel You Are All My BrothersCreate A World With No FearTogether We'll Cry Happy TearsSee The Nations Turn Their Swords Into Plowshares

We Could Really Get There If You Cared Enough For The LivingMake A Little Space, To Make A Better Place...

Reff

Example: Song Review (at least 100 words)

The title of the song "Heal the World" shows the intrinsic idea thatthe world is now suffering a bit "illness" like the wars and terrorswhich are caused by hatred. That is the reason why this song asks usto heal the world. The song writer suggests that by feeling andgrowing love in our hearts could lead us to care more to others.When we care more to others, we would decrease the hatred in thisworld and then could create a better place in this world.

I like the song both in the universal lyrics and the tunes, especially inthe part that involved the children to sing with MJ. This is such apeaceful and wonderful song.

(121 words)

~ MISSION 6Listen to a song with a specific theme, memorize the lyric, and write themeaning of the songPresent in front of the class.

| 223.2.WATCHING A MOVIE

Movie Review (at least 200 words)

Title of the Movie: Imagine That (2009)

This is a drama and imaginative movie. It is really a good moviefor a family time. It is not such a surprise since it is one ofNickelodeon Production. It tells a life of Evan D. (EddieMurphy), a financial manager, who split up with Trish (hisspouse). He has a beautiful daughter, Olivia, who happened tohave imaginary friends and sadly, has to live with each one ofher parents week by week.

This movie focus when it was Evan's turn to take care of Oliviaand was a busy and important week to Evan's career. Evan puthis career on the top priority, over Olivia. However, Olivia'simaginary friends (the queen, the princesses, and the dragon)were just so happened to be financial experts and managed togive her father very important inFormion (whats going tohappen on the stock market in the future) that plays such a bigrole to his position in the company. Then, Evan, as theworkaholic dad, needed Olivia, but only because of her ability tocommunicate with her imaginary friends. It was getting worseand worse until Evan realized that he is just being so selfishand it is time to care more to Olivia.

(204 words)

II. Recommendations

This movie is a good movie for family time because.....................

~ MISSION 7Watch a movie and write down the sentences and the phrases that are used inthe movie. Write a review as well.

| 234 | BOOKS BUGSREADING COMPREHENSIONKompetensi DasarMenjelaskan makna karya sastra, artikel, tulisan, dan bacaan pendekIndikator1. Mengidentifikasi ide pokok paragraph pada berita di media massa2. Merangkum bacaan dalam buku teks4.1. NEWSARTICLE

A new province is bornThe Jakarta Post | Reportage | Mon, January 28 2013, 11:31 AM

Indonesias newest province is North Kalimantan, carved out of one of the

nations richest provinces, East Kalimantan. The Jakarta Posts Prodita

Sabarini and Nurni Sulaiman report from Bulungan regency, the home of

its future capital.

To the north of East Kalimantan, bordering the Malaysian states of Sabah

and Sarawak, a new province Indonesias 34th is in the making.

North Kalimantan was born after the gavel was pounded at a plenary

meeting of the House of Representatives in Jakarta in October.

A little over two months later, across the sea around 1,500 kilometers from

the capital, there are few signs of the provinces existence. In Tanjung Selor,

the capital of Bulungan and the proposed provincial capital, a sign in front of

the old regents office reads: Preparations for the North Kalimantan

Gubernatorial Office. The office is a simple low-rise yellow building.

The House bill that authorized the creation of North Kalimantan mandated

the home minister to prepare governmental infrastructure and to appoint an

acting governor within nine months.

Bulungan Regent Budiman Arifin said that the acting governor would have

| 24their office in the yellow building, which sits on about 1.6 hectares in the city.

It will be up to the new governor if they want like to renovate it, he said.

North Kalimantans establishment came as a surprise: A government issued

moratorium on the Formion of new autonomous regions in 2009 was

effectively flouted by the House. The last province to be established before

North Kalimantan was West Sulawesi in 2004, but new regencies continued

to be created. The government wanted to halt the creation of new provinces

and regencies as the process had been prone to conflict. In 2009, for

example, angry protesters barged into the North Sumatra Legislative

Councils chambers, demanding that the body approve the Formion of the

province of Tapanuli. The council speakers Abdul Aziz Angkat, died of a

heart attack out of shock.

North Kalimantan comprises four regencies Bulungan, Nunukan, Malinau

and Tana Tidung and Tarakan city.

In early January, the regents and the

mayor visited Samarinda for events marking the 56th anniversary of East

Kalimantan. Budiman, who was at the event, said he was wistful and

relieved at the same time. This will be our last time going to Samarinda for

the anniversary. Next year, we will be celebrating our own.

Tarakan mayor Udin Hianggio says the history of North Kalimantan began

12 years ago, when a group of university students hailing from the northern

part of East Kalimantan, who were studying in Malang, East Java, launched













































| 25an initiative to separate from East Kalimantan.

Back then, oil-rich Berau regency, which also includes the popular tourist

destination of Derawan, was to have been the cornerstone of the new

province. Berau was eventually kept within East Kalimantan.

Regional leaders and civil society groups met regularly to prepare their

request to establish a new autonomous region. They established an

association of regional leaders and a lobbying group headed by former

Tarakan mayor Jusuf SK.

This has been a long struggle, mayor Udin said, Praise God, [the new

province] is now passed as law.

The House mandated that a budget for North Kalimantans operations and

elections be allocated by the East Kalimantan provincial administration and

the four affected regency administrations. East Kalimantan has been pegged

to provide Rp 300 billion for the new province; Bulungan regency, Rp 50

billion.

The rationale behind the creation of a new province, Budiman said, was

administrative ease. East Kalimantan was previously the nations second-

largest province in terms of area after Papua. Officials in the northern part of

East Kalimantan had to take boats, planes and a bumpy days car ride to

Samarinda, East Kalimnatans provincial seat.

Budiman said that having the provincial capital in the north would speed

administration, speed progress and speed the elimination of poverty. The

regions in the north were the poorest in resource-rich East Kalimantan,

lacking infrastructure while featuring double-digit poverty rates. Malinau was

the worst off, recording a poverty rate of 15.31 percent in 2010, according to

the East Kalimantan Statistics Agency.

Another reason to form a new province was to better secure Indonesian

territory that borders Malaysia. In 2002, Indonesia lost a legal battle with its

neighbor to keep Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in the Makassar Strait.

Lawmaker Agun Gunandjar Sudarsa of House Commission II on regional

autonomy said that the establishment of North Kalimantan would secure the

loyalties of Indonesians living on the Malaysian border.

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We saw the history of how our country lost Sipadan-Ligitan [islands, Udin

said. Thats an example [of the effect] of an area which is too vast.

However, critics say that establishment of new autonomous regions has

been costly, claiming that a lack of capacity has meant that new regions

have failed to improve the peoples welfare.

According to the Home Ministry, 57 of 205 autonomous regions established

between 1999 and 2004 have failed to increase welfare or public service.

The Home Ministry now regularly evaluates these new provinces, regencies

and municipalities, which it can order to be reintegrated with their original

regions if found wanting.

Budiman, however, is certain that North Kalimantan will be able to serve its

people. Many of the new regions that resulted from decentralization in East

Kalimantan have succeeded, starting from Tarakan, Malinau regency,

Nunukan, West Kutai, East Kutai, Bontang, Penajam, and Tana Tidung

regency, he said.

All the regions in North Kalimantan were once a vastly larger Bulungan

regency. Tarakan, Malinau. Nunukan, Tana Tidung were part of Bulungan

until they became autonomous. He said that the human resources to staff

the new province were available in Bulungan and the other regencies. The

staff and acting governor of North Kalimantan are currently staffed by

appointments from the ministry. The acting governor will not open all the

[provincial] agencies yet, only the vital ones, such as those for public works,

health agency, etc., Budiman said.

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regency, he said.









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regency, he said.









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To anticipate the flow of migrants coming to Bulungan as Tanjung Selor

becomes the provincial capital, access to clean water and other services

would be increased, Budiman said. He added that he would work with the

state electricity company PLN to increase the power supply in the region.

More people will come here as we become a new province. We have to be

ready for that, he said.

~ MISSION 8Search for famous daily newspaper and magazine, look for an article that shows trendsor phenomenon in several aspects in Indonesia4.2. TEXTBOOKRead:Foundations of Human Resource DevelopmentCopyright 2001 by Richard A. Swanson and Elwood F. Holton III

~ MISSION 9Select a chapter in a text-book used in this semester, and then make a summary out ofit.

| 285 | DEAR DIARYWRITINGKompetensi DasarMenulis karya sastra sederhanaIndikator1. Menulis kalimat lengkap bermakna2. Mengenal macam-macam paragraf3. Menulis paragraf bermakna5.1. SENTENCEWRITINGSIMPLE SENTENCEA simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb,and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects arein yellow, and verbs are in green.

A. Some students like to study in the mornings.B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B containsa compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences,therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they canalso contain a compound subjects or verbs.

COMPOUND SENTENCEA compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator.The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The firstletter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences,coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compoundsentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and thecommas that precede them are in red.

| 29A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speakEnglish.B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.

Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by acoordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use ofcoordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C,for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which actionoccurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence,"Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C,"Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else todo, for orbecause "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinatorschange the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the useof "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

COMPLEX SENTENCEA complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependentclauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since,after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In thefollowing complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and thesubordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give theteacher the last page.B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed theerror.C. The students are studying because they have a testtomorrow.D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to themovies.E. Juan and Maria went to themovies after they finishedstudying.

| 30When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, acomma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independentclause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C,and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators insentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.

Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with thedependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with theindependent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependentclause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English willoften hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pausewhen the independent clause begins the sentence.

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSESFinally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are alsocomplex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. Thesubjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previoussentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.

A. The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics.B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.C. The house which Abraham Lincoln was born inis stillstanding.D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important toknow that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

5.2. TYPES OFPARAGRAPHNARRATION PARAGRAPHNarration paragraphs are most frequently used in fiction and personal statements.As such, they will contain all necessary components of action development:protagonist, setting, goal, obstacle, climax and resolution. Writing a narrationparagraph requires, consequently, accounting for sequential order of events andchronology. There are many descriptive elements included in the body of anarration paragraph but, if composed correctly, the paragraph will prioritize actionover description.

| 31EXPOSITION PARAGRAPHOften times, this kind of a paragraph is used as a component of other types ofwriting. Its written in order to clarify or explain problems and phenomena. Writingexposition paragraphs requires strict focus on evidence and objective language. Itcan contain elements of comparison and contrast, or cause and effect writing asboth facilitate accurate exposition of the subject-matter.

DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPHPreferably, description paragraphs should concentrate on action (verbs), ratherthan sensations or impressions (adverbs and adjectives), which ensures that thetone remains objective and authoritative. Description paragraphs should bedetailed, clear, and render the represented reality chronologically.

PERSUASION PARAGRAPHPersuasion paragraphs require exhortatory and dynamic language. They are aimedat persuading the reader into taking a particular action or adopting a certain pointof view. They should be devoid of descriptive content and rely on the imperativemode instead.

5.3. PARAGRAPHWRITINGA paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are allrelated to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than afew sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphsshow a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help thereader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points.

Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of inFormion. A paragraph couldcontain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. Itmight describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare orcontrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes andeffects. Regardless of the kind of inFormion they contain, all paragraphs sharecertain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence.

| 32A good paragraph consists of:

1. 1 topic sentence2. few supporting sentences3. 1 conclusion/closing sentence

TOPIC SENTENCESTo write a good paragraph, you need to write a topic sentence to begin yourparagraph with.for example:

[STUDY] There are three reasons why I choose Educational Technology as my majorin State University of Surabaya.

[Friend] Among my classmates, Abidin is the best because of his kindness, hisintelligence, and his caring.

[Family] Whenever i have problems, my mom has lovely ways to comfort me.

[Event] TA 2011 was unforgettable especially during special sessions.

-SUPPORTING SENTENCES-

Supporting Sentences support the topic sentence with reasons or examples.

for example:

[Topic Sentence] There are three reasons why I choose Educational Technology asmy major in State University of Surabaya.

[SS1] First of all, since i was a little girl, I always want to work in education.

[SS2] Second, I started to get interested with computer programs during theCommunication & InFormion Technology course in High School.

| 33[SS3] Third, after reading a lot of education books, I have a dream of becoming acomputer-assisted instruction designer.

-CLOSING SENTENCE-

There are three reasons why I choose Educational Technology as my major in StateUniversity of Surabaya.First of all, since i was a little girl, I always want to work ineducation.

Second, I started to get interested with computer programs during theCommunication & InFormion Technology course in High School.

Third, after reading a lot of education books, I have a dream of becoming acomputer-assisted instruction designer.

Therefore, to get what I want in life, I will study hard in Educational TechnologyDepartment. [>>>>closing/conclusion]

SOME USEFUL TRANSITIONS(modified from Diana Hacker, A Writers Reference)To show addition:

again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further,furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too

To give examples:for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate

To compare:also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly

To contrast:although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, incontrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still,though, yet

To summarize or conclude:all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole,that is, therefore, to sum up

| 34To show time:

after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier,finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly,subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when, while

To show place or direction:above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite,to the left (north, etc.)

To indicate logical relationship:accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if,otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus

~ MISSION 10Write 3 descriptive paragraphs about yourself, your strengths, and your weaknesses

mission

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