Metode Akumulasi Harga Pokok Penuh Bersifat

Kontiniu (Process Costing)

Pertemuan 4

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Pengertian

Process Costing adalah suatu metode perhitungan harga pokok produksi suatu jenis barang secara terus menerus atau kontinu.

Power Point berikutnya dapat dilihat dan dipelajari.

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Job-orderCosting

ProcessCosting

Many units of a single, homogeneous product flow evenly through a continuous production process.

One unit of product is indistinguishable from any other unit of product.

Each unit of product is assigned the same average cost.

Many units of a single, homogeneous product flow evenly through a continuous production process.

One unit of product is indistinguishable from any other unit of product.

Each unit of product is assigned the same average cost.

Types of Costing Systems Used to Determine Product Costs

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Types of Costing Systems Used to Determine Product Costs

Job-orderCosting

ProcessCosting

Typical process cost applications: Petrochemical refinery Paint manufacturer Paper mill

Typical process cost applications: Petrochemical refinery Paint manufacturer Paper mill

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Job order costing Many jobs are worked

during the period.

Costs are accumulated by individual jobs.

Job cost sheet is the key document.

Unit cost computed by job.

Job order costing Many jobs are worked

during the period.

Costs are accumulated by individual jobs.

Job cost sheet is the key document.

Unit cost computed by job.

Process costing A single product is

produced for a long period of time.

Costs are accumulated by departments.

Department production report is key document.

Unit costs are computed by department.

Process costing A single product is

produced for a long period of time.

Costs are accumulated by departments.

Department production report is key document.

Unit costs are computed by department.

Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing

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Process Costing

Direct labor costsmay be small

in comparison toother product

costs in processcost systems.

Direct labor costsmay be small

in comparison toother product

costs in processcost systems.

DirectMaterials

Type of Product Cost

Do

llar

Am

ou

nt

DirectLabor

Conversion

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Process Costing

Type of Product Cost

Do

llar

Am

ou

nt Conversion

So, direct labor and manufacturing overhead are oftencombined into one product cost called conversion.

So, direct labor and manufacturing overhead are oftencombined into one product cost called conversion.

Direct labor costsmay be small

in comparison toother product

costs in processcost systems.

Direct labor costsmay be small

in comparison toother product

costs in processcost systems.

DirectMaterials

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Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing

FinishedGoods

FinishedGoods

Cost of GoodsSold

Cost of GoodsSold

Work inProcess

Direct Materials

Direct Materials

Direct LaborDirect Labor

ManufacturingOverhead

ManufacturingOverhead

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Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing

FinishedGoods

FinishedGoods

Cost of GoodsSold

Cost of GoodsSold

Direct LaborDirect Labor

ManufacturingOverhead

ManufacturingOverhead

JobsJobs

Costs are traced andapplied to individualjobs in a job-order

cost system.

Costs are traced andapplied to individualjobs in a job-order

cost system.Direct

Materials

Direct Materials

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Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing

FinishedGoods

FinishedGoods

Cost of GoodsSold

Cost of GoodsSold

Direct LaborDirect Labor

ManufacturingOverhead

ManufacturingOverhead

ProcessingDepartmentProcessingDepartment

Costs are traced and applied to departments

in a process cost system.

Costs are traced and applied to departments

in a process cost system.

Direct Materials

Direct Materials

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Raw Materials•Purchases •Direct

Materials

Process Cost Flows: Let’s look at cost flows in a process cost system with Dept.A and B. We will

use T-Account’s and start with materials

•Indirect Materials

•Direct Materials

Work in Process Department B

Work in Process Department A

•OtherOverhead

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual Applied

•IndirectMaterials

•Direct Materials

•Direct Labor

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Process Cost Flows

Work in Process Department B

•Direct Labor

Work in Process Department A

•OtherOverhead

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual Applied

•IndirectMaterials•Indirect

Labor

Wages Payable

•Direct Labor

•IndirectLabor

•Direct Materials

•Direct Labor

•Direct Materials

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Process Cost Flows: Next transfer work from Dept A to Dept.B

Work in Process Department B

Work in Process Department A

•OverheadApplied to

Work inProcess

•AppliedOverhead

•AppliedOverhead

•OtherOverhead

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual Applied

•IndirectMaterials•Indirect

Labor

•Direct Labor

•Direct Materials

•Direct Labor

•Direct Materials

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Process Cost Flows: New let’s complete the goods in Dept B and sell

themWork in Process

Department BWork in Process

Department A•Direct

Materials•Direct Labor

•AppliedOverhead

•Direct Materials

•Direct Labor

•AppliedOverhead

Transferred to Dept. B

•Transferred from Dept. A

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Finished Goods

Cost of Goods Sold

Process Cost Flows

Work in Process Department B

•Cost of Goods

Manufactured

•Direct Materials

•Direct Labor

•AppliedOverhead

•Transferred from Dept. A

•Cost of GoodsSold

•Cost of GoodsSold

•Cost of Goods

Manufactured

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Equivalent Units of Production

Equivalent units are partially complete and are part of work in process inventory. Partially completed

products are expressed in terms of a smaller number of fully completed

units.

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Equivalent Units of Production

Two half completed products are equivalent to one completed product.

So, 10,000 units 70 percent completeare equivalent to 7,000 complete units.

So, 10,000 units 70 percent completeare equivalent to 7,000 complete units.

+ = 1

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Calculating and Using Equivalent Units of Production

To calculate the cost perequivalent unit for the period:

Cost perequivalent

unit

=Costs for the period

Equivalent units of productionfor the period

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Equivalent Units of Production –Weighted Average Method

The weighted average method . . .Makes no distinction between work done in prior

and current period.Blends together units and costs from prior

period and current period.

Let’s see how this works!

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Weighted Average Example

Smith Company reported the following activity in Department A for the month of June:

Percent Completed

Units Materials Conversion

Work in process, June 1 300 40% 20%

Units started into production in June 6,000

Units completed and transferred out 5,400 of Department A during June

Work in process, June 30 900 60% 30%

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Equivalent units are calculated as follows:

Weighted Average Example

Materials Conversion

Units completed and transferred out of Department A in June 5,400 5,400

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Equivalent units are calculated as follows:

Weighted Average Example

Materials Conversion

Units completed and transferred out of Department A in June 5,400 5,400

Work in process, June 30:

900 units × 60% 540

Equivalent units of Production in Department A during June 5,940

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Equivalent units are calculated as follows:

Weighted Average Example

Materials Conversion

Units completed and transferred out of Department A in June 5,400 5,400

Work in process, June 30:

900 units × 60% 540

900 units × 30% 270

Equivalent units of Production in Department A during June 5,940 5,670

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Materials Conversion

Units completed and transferred out of Department A in June 5,400 5,400

Work in process, June 30:

900 units × 60% 540

900 units × 30% 270

Equivalent units of Production in Department A during June 5,940 5,670

Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process

Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process

Weighted Average Example

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BeginningWork in Process

300 Units40% Complete

EndingWork in Process

900 Units60% Complete

6,000 Units Started

5,400 Units Completed

5,100 Units Startedand Completed

Weighted Average Example

MaterialsMaterials

5,400 Units Completed 540 Equivalent Units 900 × 60%

5,940 Equivalent units of production

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6,000 Units Started

5,400 Units Completed

5,100 Units Startedand Completed

270 Equivalent Units 900 × 30%

5,670 Equivalent units of production

BeginningWork in Process

300 Units20% Complete

EndingWork in Process

900 Units30% Complete

Weighted Average Example

ConversionConversion

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Production Report

ProductionReport

Helps managerscontrol theirdepartments

Provides costinformation for

financial statements

Shows the flowof units and coststhrough work in

process

Becomes thejob cost sheet

in processcosting

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Production Report

A computation ofcost per equivalent unit.

A computation ofcost per equivalent unit.

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Production Report A quantity schedule showing the flow of units and the computation of

equivalent units.

A quantity schedule showing the flow of units and the computation of

equivalent units.

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Production Report

A reconciliation of cost flows for the period, including:

Total cost for units completed and transferred from the processing department.

Total cost for partially completed units remaining in work in process.

A reconciliation of cost flows for the period, including:

Total cost for units completed and transferred from the processing department.

Total cost for partially completed units remaining in work in process.

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Production Report

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Double Diamond Skis uses process costing to determine unit costs in its Shaping and Milling Department.

Double Diamond uses the weighted average cost procedure.

Using the following information for the month of May, let’s prepare a production report for Shaping and Milling.

Double Diamond Skis uses process costing to determine unit costs in its Shaping and Milling Department.

Double Diamond uses the weighted average cost procedure.

Using the following information for the month of May, let’s prepare a production report for Shaping and Milling.

Production Report Example

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Work in process, May 1: 200 units Materials: 55% complete. $ 9,600Conversion: 30% complete. 5,575

Production started during May: 5,000 unitsProduction completed during May: 4,800 units

Costs added to production in MayMaterials cost $ 368,600Conversion cost 350,900

Work in process, May 31: 400 unitsMaterials 40% complete.Conversion 25% complete.

Work in process, May 1: 200 units Materials: 55% complete. $ 9,600Conversion: 30% complete. 5,575

Production started during May: 5,000 unitsProduction completed during May: 4,800 units

Costs added to production in MayMaterials cost $ 368,600Conversion cost 350,900

Work in process, May 31: 400 unitsMaterials 40% complete.Conversion 25% complete.

Production Report Example

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Section 1: Quantity Schedule with Equivalent Units

Production Report Example

Units to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 200 Started into production 5,000 Total units 5,200

Equivalent unitsMaterials Conversion

Units accounted for as follows: Completed and transferred 4,800 4,800 4,800 Work in process, May 31 400

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Production Report Example

Units to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 200 Started into production 5,000 Total units 5,200

Equivalent unitsMaterials Conversion

Units accounted for as follows: Completed and transferred 4,800 4,800 4,800 Work in process, May 31 400 Materials 40% complete 160

5,200 4,960

Section 1: Quantity Schedule with Equivalent Units

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Production Report Example

Units to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 200 Started into production 5,000 Total units 5,200

Equivalent unitsMaterials Conversion

Units accounted for as follows: Completed and transferred 4,800 4,800 4,800 Work in process, May 31 400 Materials 40% complete 160 Conversion 25% complete 100

5,200 4,960 4,900

Section 1: Quantity Schedule with Equivalent Units

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Section 2: Compute cost per equivalent unit

Production Report Example

TotalCost Materials Conversion

Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 15,175$ 9,600$ 5,575$ Costs added in the Shipping and Milling Department 719,500 368,600 350,900

Total cost 734,675$ 378,200$ 356,475$

Equivalent units 4,960 4,900

Cost per equivalent unit

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TotalCost Materials Conversion

Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 15,175$ 9,600$ 5,575$ Costs added in the Shipping and Milling Department 719,500 368,600 350,900

Total cost 734,675$ 378,200$ 356,475$

Equivalent units 4,960 4,900

Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$

Production Report Example

Section 2: Compute cost per equivalent unit

$378,200 ÷ 4,960 units = $76.25

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TotalCost Materials Conversion

Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 15,175$ 9,600$ 5,575$ Costs added in the Shipping and Milling Department 719,500 368,600 350,900

Total cost 734,675$ 378,200$ 356,475$

Equivalent units 4,960 4,900

Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Total cost per equivalent unit = $76.25 + $72.75 = $149.00

Production Report Example

$356,475 ÷ 4,900 units = $72.75

Section 2: Compute cost per equivalent unit

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Section 3: Cost Reconciliation

Production Report Example

Total Equivalent UnitsCost Materials Conversion

Cost accounted for as follows: Transferred out during May 4,800 4,800 Work in process, May 31: Materials 160 Conversion 100

Total work in process, May 31

Total cost accounted for

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Total Equivalent UnitsCost Materials Conversion

Cost accounted for as follows: Transferred out during May 715,200$ 4,800 4,800 Work in process, May 31: Materials 160 Conversion 100

Total work in process, May 31

Total cost accounted for

4,800 units @ $149.00

Production Report Example

Section 3: Cost Reconciliation

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Total Equivalent UnitsCost Materials Conversion

Cost accounted for as follows: Transferred out during May 715,200$ 4,800 4,800 Work in process, May 31: Materials 12,200 160 Conversion 7,275 100

Total work in process, May 31 19,475

Total cost accounted for 734,675$

160 units @ $76.25

Production Report Example

Section 3: Cost Reconciliation

All costs accounted for

100 units @ $72.75

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Operation Costing

Operation costing employs some aspectsof both job-order and process costing.

Conversion costsassigned to batches

as in process costing.

Conversion costsassigned to batches

as in process costing.

Material Costs Chargedto batches as in

job-order costing.

Material Costs Chargedto batches as in

job-order costing.

Job-orderCosting

ProcessCosting

Operation Costing(Products produced in batches)

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