manajemen unsur hara pupuk bagi tanah-tanaman

MANAJEMEN UNSUR HARA PUPUK

BAGI TANAH-TANAMAN

Manajemen Kesuburan TanahSmno fpub Oktober 2013

Nutrient Management Planning Criteria

Sumber: Jim Sharkoff. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Denver, CO

Jim SharkoffState Conservation Agronomist

USDA, Natural Resources Conservation ServiceDenver Federal Center, Building 56, Room 2604

PO Box 25426. Denver, CO 80225-0426. [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Apa Kriterias Perencanaannya?

Planning criteria establishes the minimum

level of treatment required to achieve an

intended purpose for the planning and application

of a conservation practice.

• Sumber: Jim Sharkoff. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Denver, CO

ELEMENTS OF CONSERVATION PRACTICE STANDARDS

• Definisi• Tujuan• Kondisi-kondisi untuk aplikasinya• Kriteria umum untuk semua tujuan• Kriteria tambahan untuk tujuan khusus• Pertimbangan-pertimbangan• Rencana & Spesifikasinya• Operational & Pemeliharaan.


KRITERIA PERENCANAANMANAJEMEN UNSUR HARA PUPUK

Definisimanaging the amount (rate), source,

placement (method of application), and timing of plant nutrients and soil amendments



Tujuan• to budget, supply, and conserve nutrients for plant production• to minimize agricultural nonpoint source pollution of surface and

groundwater• to properly utilize manure or organic by-products as a plant nutrient

source• to protect air quality by reducing odors, nitrogen emissions, and the

formation of atmospheric particulates• to maintain or improve the physical, chemical and biological condition of

soil



Kondisi-kondisi untuk aplikasi• applies to all lands where plant nutrients and soil amendments are

applied• does not apply to one time nutrient applications to establish perennial

crops

Kriteria Umum untuk semua tujuan:• must develop a budget for N, P and K that includes all nutrient sources

including green manure, legumes, crop residues, compost, manure, other organics, biosolids, waste water, organic matter, fertilizer and irrigation water



Kriteria Umum untuk semua tujuan:

• enhanced efficiency fertilizers must be defined by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO), and accepted for use by the state fertilizer control official (CDA, Inspection and Consumer Services Division, Fertilizer Program)

• application rate and placement of starter fertilizers must be consistent with CSU recommendations to avoid salt damage




• a risk assessment for nitrogen leaching must be completed for all sites, unless specific conditions are defined where N leaching is not a water quality risk (Colorado nitrogen leaching index screening tool defines site and management factors where N leaching is not a resource concern)




• a risk assessment for phosphorus runoff must be completed when• planned P application rate exceeds CSU recommendation• the field is located in a P impaired watershed (303D list)• specific conditions where P runoff is not a risk, have not been

defined(Colorado phosphorus index screening tool defines site and management factors where P runoff is not a resource concern)




• nutrient planning must be based on current soil and manure analysis, and tissue sampling analysis (when used as supplemental information)

• current soil tests analyses for inorganic systems must be no older than 3 years




• soil test labs must meet the requirements and performance standards of the North American Proficiency Testing Program – Performance Assessment Program (NAPT-PAP)

• nutrient values for manure, organic by-products and biosolids must be determined annually, prior to land application




• manure test labs must meet the requirements and performance standards of the Manure Testing Laboratory Certification Program of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture

• planned nutrient application rates for N, P and K must not exceed CSU recommendations

• realistic yield goals must be based on historic yield data (5 yr average + 5 %)




• Unsur hara (pupuk) tidak boleh di sebar di permukaan tanah, kalau ada ancaman kehilangan unsur hara melalui penguapan

• this precludes spreading on frozen and or snow covered soils, and when the top 2 inches of soil are saturated from rainfall or snowmelt

• exceptions can be made for surface applied manure when specified conditions are met and adequate conservation measures are installed to prevent offsite delivery of nutrients




…….. Aplikasi Rabuk kandang di permukaan tanah…

• adequate treatment level and specified conditions for winter applications of manure must be defined by NRCS in concurrence with the water quality control authority in the state

• as a minimum, the following site and management factors must be considered

slope, cover, application rates, and setbacks



Kriteria tambahan untuk meminimumkan sumber-sumber non-point (pertanian) bagi pencemaan air permukaan dan groundwater

• must use current NRCS approved nutrient loss and soil erosion risk assessment tools to evaluate potential nutrient and soil losses

• identified resource concerns must be addressed to meet current planning criteria (eFOTG, Sec III, Quality Criteria)• nutrients – low or moderate leaching and runoff risk assessment

index scores• soil erosion – “T”



Kriteria tambahan untuk meminimumkan sumber-sumber non-point (pertanian) bagi pencemaan air permukaan dan groundwater• nutrients must be applied in the right place, right amount, at the right

time and from the right source, to minimize nutrient losses. (4R-PATS)• the following nutrient use efficiency strategies / technologies must be

considered.• Pupuk yang lambat tersedia, pelepasan haranya terkontrol• Penghambat nitrification dan/atau inhibitor urease• Meningkatkan efisiensi pupuk• Pembenaman atau injeksi.



Kriteria tambahan untuk meminimumkan sumber-sumber non-point (pertanian) bagi pencemaan air permukaan dan groundwater• nutrient use efficiency strategies / technologies continued

• timing and number of nutrient applications• soil nitrate and organic N testing• optimize nutrient applications with crop uptake• corn stalk nitrate test (CSNT), pre-sidedress nitrate test (PSNT) or pre-plant soil

nitrate test (PPSNT)• tissue testing, chlorophyll meters and spectral analysis technologies• other land grant university recommendations to improve nutrient use efficiency

and minimize surface and groundwater concerns



Kriteria tambahan untuk memanfaatkan secara tepat rabuk kandang dan limbah organik sebagai pupuk. • Annual soil, manure and organic by-product sampling and analysis is

required to determine application rates• N and P application rates must be planned based on N and P risk

assessment results• Indeks runoff P

• Rendah– N based• Moderat – P based• Tinggi – P based (if P drawdown strategy has been implemented)• very high (or soil test phosphorus threshold) – no application



Kriteria tambahan untuk memanfaatkan secara tepat rabuk kandang dan limbah organik sebagai pupuk.

• liquid manure and effluent application rates must not exceed soil infiltration or water holding capacity based on crop rooting depth

• manure or other organics may be applied to legumes at N removal rates, not to exceed CSU recommendations



Kriteria tambahan untuk memanfaatkan secara tepat rabuk kandang dan limbah organik sebagai pupuk. • manure or other organics may be applied at P rates for

multiple crop years provided • the P runoff risk is low or moderate • the P application rate does not exceed the N requirement for the

year of application• no additional P is applied in the current year and in additional years

for which the single application of P is supplying nutrients



Kriteria tambahan untuk melindungi kualitas udara dengan jalan meminimumkan “bau”, emisi nitrogen, dan pembentukan partikulat atmosferik

• adjust nutrient placement, amount, application timing and source to minimize negative impacts to identified air quality resource concerns



Kriteria tambahan untuk melindungi kualitas udara dengan jalan meminimumkan “bau”, emisi nitrogen, dan pembentukan partikulat atmosferik

• Satu atau lebih teknologi berikut dapat dipakai:• slow or controlled release fertilizers, stabilized N fertilizers• nitrification and or urease inhibitors• nutrient enhancement technologies• Pembenaman atau injeksi• residue and tillage management, no-till or strip-till• other appropriate technologies to minimize emission impacts



Kriteria tambahan untuk memelihara dan memperbaiki kondisi fidsika, kimia dan biologi tanah

• time the application of nutrients to avoid periods when fields activities will result in soil compaction

• In areas where salinity is a concern, select nutrient sources that minimize the buildup of soil salts



Rencana & Spesifikasinya1. aerial site photos/imagery or site maps, and a soil survey

map of the site2. soil information including soil type surface texture, pH,

drainage class, permeability, available water capacity, depth to water table, restrictive features, and flooding and or ponding frequency

3. location of designated sensitive areas and associated nutrient application restrictions and setbacks



Rencana & Spesifikasinya4. for manure applications: location of nearby residences or other

locations where humans may be present on a regular basis, and any identified meteorological or topographical influences that may affect the transport of odors to those locations

5. Results of approved risk assessment tools for N, P, and erosion losses6. Documentation establishing that the application site presents low

risk for P transport to local water when P is applied in excess of crop requirement



Rencana & Spesifikasinya7. current and or planned plant production sequence or crop

rotation8. Soil, water, compost, manure organic by-product and plant

tissue analysis applicable to the plan9. When soil P levels are increasing, include a discussion of

the risk associated with P accumulation and a proposed P draw down strategy

10.Realistic yield goals for the crops



Rencana & Spesifikasinya

11. complete nutrient budget for N, P and K for the plant production sequence or crop rotation

12. listing and quantification of all nutrient sources and form13. all enhanced efficiency products that are planned for use14. In accordance with the N and P risk assessment tools, specify the

recommended nutrient application source, timing, amount and placement of plant nutrients for each field or management unit




15. guidance for implementation, operation and maintenance, and recordkeeping

In addition, the following components must be included in a precision/variable rate nutrient management plan

16. document the geo-referenced field boundary and data collected that was processed and analyzed as a GIS layer or layers, to generate nutrient or soil amendment recommendations




17. document the nutrient recommendation guidance and recommendation equations used to convert the GIS base data layer or layers to a nutrient source material recommendation GIS layer, or layers

18. Document if a variable rate nutrient or soil amendment application was made

19. Provide application records per management zone or as applied map within individual field boundaries, documenting source, timing, method and rates of applications resulting from the precision ag process




20. Maintain the electronic records of the GIS data layers and nutrient applications for at least 5 years

In addition, if increases in soil P levels are expected the nutrient management plan must document

21. The soil P levels at which it is desirable to convert to P based planning22. The potential plan for P drawdown from the production and

harvesting of crops



Rencana & Spesifikasinya23. Management activities or techniques used to reduce

the potential for P transport and loss for AFOs, a quantification of manure produced in excess of crop nutrient requirements

24. A long term strategy and proposed implementation timeline for reducing soil P to levels that protect water quality



Operational dan Pemeliharaan

1. Conduct periodic plan reviews to determine if adjustments or modifications are needed. As a minimum, plans must be reviewed and revised as needed with each soil test cycle, and changes in manure volume or analysis, crops, or crop management.

2. Fields receiving animal manures and or biosolids must be monitored for the accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in accordance with land grant university recommendations and or state regulations.




3. Significant changes in animal numbers, management and feed management will necessitate additional manure analysis to establish a revised average nutrient content.

4. Calibrate application equipment to ensure accurate distribution of material at planned rates.

5. Document the nutrient application rate. When the applied rate differs from the planned rate, provide appropriate documentation for the change.




6. Records must be maintained for at least five years to document plan implementation and maintenance. As applicable, records include:• soil, plant tissue, water, manure and organic by-product analysis resulting in

recommendations for nutrient analysis• quantities, analyses and sources of nutrients applied• dates and method(s) of nutrient applications, sources of nutrients, and rates of

application• weather conditions and soil moisture at the time of application; lapsed time to

manure incorporation; rainfall or irrigation event




6. Records, as applicable (continued)• crops planted, planting and harvest dates, yields, nutrient

analysis of harvested biomass, and crop residues removed• dates of plan review, name of reviewer, and recommended

changes resulting from the review• all enhanced efficiency fertilizer products used



Operational dan PemeliharaanAdditional records to maintain for precision/variable rate sites must include:• Peta-peta untuk identifikasi sumber pupuk, waktu

aplikasi, dosis pupuk, dan penempatan pupuk.• Peta hasil-tanaman berbasis GPS, informasi hasil

tanaman dapat dikumpulkan secara digital.


IKHTISAR REVISI KRITERIA

Kondisi-kondisi untuk menerapkan• does not apply to one time nutrient applications to establish perennial

crops

General criteria• enhanced efficiency fertilizers must be defined by the Association of

American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO), and accepted for use by the state fertilizer control official (CDA, Inspection and Consumer Services Division, Fertilizer Program)



Kriteria Umum• a risk assessment for nitrogen leaching must be completed for all sites• a risk assessment for phosphorus runoff must be completed when

planned P application rate exceeds CSU recommendation• current soil tests analyses for inorganic systems must be no older than

3 years



Kriteria Umum• soil test labs must subscribe the North American Proficiency

Testing Program – Performance Assessment Program (NAPT-PAP)

• manure test labs must meet the requirements and performance standards of the Manure Testing Laboratory Certification Program of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture


IKHTISAR REVISI KRITERIAGeneral criteria• nutrients must not be surface applied on frozen, snow covered, or

saturated soils (possible exceptions based on slope, cover, rate, setbacks)

Additional criteria to minimize agricultural nonpoint source pollution of surface and groundwater• risk assessments for N and P, low or medium• soil erosion planned to “T”• must consider nutrient use efficiency strategies



Additional criteria to properly utilize manure or organic by-products as a plant nutrient source• P runoff index adjustments

• moderate – P based• high – P based (if P drawdown strategy has been implemented)• very high (or soil test phosphorus threshold) – no application

• manure or other organics may be applied at P rates for multiple crop years provided• no additional P is applied in the current year and in additional years for which

the single application of P is supplying nutrients


REVISION SUMMARYAdditional criteria to protect air quality by reducing odors, nitrogen emissions and formation of atmospheric particulates

Satu atau lebih teknologi berikut dapat digunakan:• slow or controlled release fertilizers, stabilized N fertilizers• nitrification and or urease inhibitors• nutrient enhancement technologies• incorporation or injection• residue and tillage management, no-till or strip-till• other appropriate technologies to minimize emission impacts


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