laporan praktikum kimia industri unpad - biodiesel
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8/16/2019 Laporan Praktikum Kimia Industri Unpad - Biodiesel
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]ZNI_E_]EZAKACN_A7 \EDJUN]NI JABMAE_EF
FN\BZNI
Mangucni uituc dedeiu`a snfn` sntu tuhns dntn cufa n` \rnctacud Cadan
Aimustra
MA_U_UI BFE@
CEFBD\BC 5
_aitn Dnrkania >=<:><>:<<<> Niiasn ^biatn Karmn >=<:><>:<<=0
Knm`fni K. >=<:><>:<<<; Ntacn I. >=<:><>:<<50
Ufky M.I. @ndmnia >=<:><>:<<>0 Dnufnin Du`nddnm >=<:><>:<<;0
Acjnr Nr-Zudnas`n >=<:><>:<<:0 Deahn Curianwnta >=<:><>:<<;1
Edaffe >=<:><>:<<?< Nrief Ndnfan \. >=<:><>:<<8;
Knrrns Kndefn M`ayn >=<:><>:<<=5 Katra Karmnusa Ns`nma >=<:><>:<<0;
UIA[EZ_A]N_ \NMGNMGNZNI
KNCUF]N_ DN]EDN]ACN MNI AFDU \EIHE]N@UNI NFND
ME\NZ]EDEI CADAN
FNJBZN]BZAUD CADAN DN]EZANF
:<>5
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]ZNI_E_]EZAKACN_A7 \EDJUN]NI JABMAE_EF
A.
]UGUNI \EZOBJNNI
>.> Deiherta prbses trnisesterakacnsa mnfnd pedjuntni nfcaf ester
(jabmaesef)
>.: Dndpu dedjunt nfcaf ester mnra nsnd fednc defnfua prbses
trnisesterakacnsa.
AA. \ZAI_A\ \EZOBJNNI
\erobjnni aia mamnsnrcni pnmn praisap sejnhna jeracut 7
:.>
Zencsa ]rnisesterakacnsa
Zencsa nitnrn suntu nfcb`bf meihni cntnfas nsnd ntnu jnsn dedjeituc
suntu seiynwn ester.
:.:
Mastafnsa
Detbme pedasn`ni suntu seiynwn mnfnd suntu ondpurni jermnsnrcni
perjemnni tatac mama`.
:.:.>
@ucud Znbuft
]ecnini unp suntu fnrutni sejnimaih meihni tecnini unp pefnrut
duriaiyn macnfacni krncsa dbf fnrutni.
\N4\¼N . PN
Ceternihni 7
\N 7 ]ecnini unp fnrutni
\·N7 ]ecnini unp pefnrut duria
PN 7 Krncsa dbf
:.:.: @ucud Mnftbi
]ecnini unp tbtnf fnrutni ncni sndn meihni gudfn` tecnini unp
pnrsanf cbdpbiei peiyusuiiyn.
\tbt 4 \N \J … \i
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A[.
]EBZA MN_NZ
Jabmaesef tefn` deinrac per`ntani ma jerjnhna iehnrn terdnsuc ma
Aimbiesan. Jabmaesef derupncni sudjer eierha terjnrucni mni rndn` faihcuihni
ynih mnpnt maprbmucsa mnra daiync injnta mni fednc. _efnai atu, jabmaesef
dedjeracni dniknnt jnha faihcuihni terutndn uituc deihurniha pbfusa
cnrjbi mabcsamn (Crnwozyc, >11;).
Jn`ni jncnr maesef tersusui ntns rntusni rnitna `amrbcnrjbi ynih
jerjemn, ynatu pnmn reitnih >: sndpna >0 rnitna cnrjbi, mamnpnt pnmn krncsa
mastafnsa :5<-?8<<bO. @amrbcnrjbi ynih termnpnt mnfnd daiync maesef defaputa
pnrnkai, inktnfein, bfekai, mni nrbdntac (deihnimuih :=% nrbdntac jerupn
jeizein, tbfuein, xafein, mni fnai-fnai), madnin tedperntur peiynfnniiyn ncni
deignma feja` taihha meihni nmniyn `amrbcnrjbi vbfntaf ynih feja` jniync
(\urwbib, :<<?).
]njef >, Krncsa ynih mamnpnt mnra Mastafnsa Orume Baf (\nvan et nf ., :<>?)
\eiefatani pedjuntni jabmaesef mnra daiync injnta defnfua prbses
nfcb`bfasas ntnu trnisesterakacnsa tefn` jniync mafncucni. Jejernpn peiefatani
nfcb`bfasas daiync gnrnc ynih perin` mafncucni nitnrn fnai nfcb`bfasas
daiync gnrnc meihni cntnfasntbr meihni cntnfasntbr InB@, InB@ seonrn
saindjuih deihhuincni renctbr papn, nfcb`bfasas daiync gnrnc trnisesterakacnsa
daiync gnrnc meihni cntnfas @:_B=, InB@ mni CB@ mnfnd mun tn`np mni
trnisesterakacnsa daiync gnrnc meihni cntnfasntbr @:_B= mni InB@ mnfnd
mun tn`np. \eiefatani-peiefatani ma ntns ududiyn dnsa` deihhuincni cntnfasntbr
onar ynih dedafaca cefedn`ni mnfnd `nf pedasn`ni mni peduriani prbmuc
(Zustndnga mcc., :<><).
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Daiync ntnu fednc derupncni trahfaseramn meihni vascbsatns taihha
uituc mnpnt mahuincni sejnhna jn`ni jncnr `nrus maturuicni vascbsatnsiyn
meihni rencsa trnisesterakacnsa. Jn`ni ynih mnpnt mahuincni sejnhna jabmaesef
dasnfiyn daiync snwat, daiync gnrnc, fadjn` daiync snwat (daiync pnrat),
daiync cemefna, jecntuf, jaga iyndpfuih, daiync jaga cnpuc, mni daiync hbreih
jecns. Aimbiesan segnc tn`ui :<<0 sejnhna Iehnrn peih`nsaf terjesnr daiync
snwat muian meihni prbmucsa feja` mnra >8 gutn tbi/t`, madnin ?< perseiiyn
mahuincni uituc cejutu`ni mnfnd iehera, ynih sejnhani jesnr derupncni jn`ni
jncu uituc daiync hbreih (Medarjns, :<<8).
Jabmaesef derupncni snfn` sntu jn`ni jncnr nfterintak ynih rndn`
faihcuihni. \nmn pedjuntni jabmaesef mnra daiync injnta meihni nfcb`bf
maperbfe` `nsaf sndpaih jerupn hfaserbf. Deiaihcntiyn prbses pedjuntni
jabmasef maacuta meihni deiaihcntiyn gudfn` prbmuc sndpaih jerupn
hfaserbf. Usn`n peihbfn`ni hfaserbf deignma prbmuc fnai `nrus mafncucni
nhnr iafna tndjn` hfaserbf deihnfnda peiaihcntni. Hfaserbf jafn maesterakacnsa
meihni nsnd nsetnt ncni dedjeituc tranoetai (hfaserbf transetnt). Uituc
dedperoepnt rencsa nitnrn hfaserbf mni nsnd nsetnt dncn peihhuinni
cntnfasntbr snihnt maperfucni (Iurybtb mcc., :<>>).
Jabmaesef termara mnra detaf ester daiync injnta, ma dnin rnitna
`amrbcnrjbi trahfaseramn mnra daiync injnta deitn` maujn` seonrn cadan deignma
ester nsnd fednc. Aia ma`nsafcni mnra rencsa trnisesterakacnsa, ynatu rencsa nitnrn
nfcb`bf meihni daiync uituc defepnscni tahn rnitna ester mni hfaserai mnra tanp
trafaseramn. Ondpurni tersejut deiaihhnfcni hfaserai ma fnpasni jnwn` mni
jabmaesef ma fnpasni ntns ([bi Xemef, >111).
Znitna `amrbcnrjbi jabmaesef pnmn ududiyn termara mnra >;-:< ntbdcnrjbi. Jejernpn saknt cadan jabmaesef dedjuntiyn mnpnt terjncnr meihni
sedpurin, mni deiaihcntcni pedjncnrni pnmn ondpurniiyn meihni jn`ni
jncnr maesef mnra daiync juda. _efnai atu, jabmaesef guhn reiewnjfe, ibitbcsac,
mni jabmehrnmnjfe (Zajerab et nf , >10=).
Zencsa nitnrn daiync (trahfaseramn) mni nfcb`bf masejut trnisesterakacnsa.
Nfcb`bf marencsacni meihni ester uituc deih`nsafcni ester jnru, se`aihhn tergnma
pedeon`ni seiynwn trahfaseramn uituc deihnmncni dahrnsa huhus nfcaf nitnr
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ester. Ester jnru ynih ma`nsafcni masejut meihni jabmaesef. Jeracut nmnfn`
decniasde rencsa udud trahfaseramn meihni detnibf ynih macntnfasas bfe` zebfat7
@ O B O Z >
B
O@ B O Z :
O
@
@ B O
B
Z ?
@
B InB@
@:B
@ O B
O@ B
O
@
@ B
@
@
@
@
+
O
B
O
B
In
In
In
B
B
Z:
Z>
Z? O B
B
trahfaseramn hfaserbf detaf ester
Ceternihni 7 Z>, Z:, Z? nmnfn` nsnd fednc geiu` mni tnc geiu` mnra rnitna
cnrjbi.
(Nftabccn & Oatnc, :<<?).
Zencsa trnisesterakacnsa mnra fednc/daiync mnpnt mafncucni uituc
deiuruicni vascbsatns daiync injnta se`aihhn ma`nsafcni detaf ester nsnd
fednc. Meihni trnisestrakacnsa mnpnt deiuruicni vascbsatns daiync injnta
sndpna 05% Zencsa trnisesterakacnsa daiync injnta mnpnt mafncucni meihni
derencsacni daiync ynih derupncni trahfaseramn meihni nfcb`bf
(detnibf/etnibf) meihni cntnfas nsnd ntnu jnsn, mni ma`nsafcni nfcaf ester nsnd
fednc meihni `nsaf sndpaih hfaserbf. \erjemnni jn`ni jncu daiync ntnu fednc
ynih mahuincni mnfnd pedjuntni jabmaesef jerpeihnru` jesnr pnmn gnfniiyn
rencsa ynih matedpu` mni cunfatns sertn reimedei detaf ester ntnu jabmaesef ynih
ma`nsafcni (Dursnita, :<<8).
Cetacn jabmaesef majncnr sejnhna suntu jn`ni jncnr, rencsa jeracut
tergnma,
\edjncnrni jabmaesef ncni deih`nsafcni segudfn` eierha ynih spesakac, ynih
mnpnt maucur meihni cnfbradeter jbd. Meihni dedjncnr jernt terteitu mnra
jabmaesef mni deihucur su`uiyn pnmn cnfbradeter, dncn mnpnt ma`atuih pnins
pedjncnrni jabmaesef (\nvan et nf ., :<>?).
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[.
NFN] MNI JN@NI
5.> Nfnt
>. Jntnih \eihnmuc
:.
Hefns Cadan
:. Obrbih \asn`
?. Cbimeisbr rekfucs
=.
Fnju Fe`er ]ahn
5. Iernon ninfatas
;.
\ednins Fastrac/ @bt \fnte
8. _tntak mni raih obrbih
0.
]erdbdeter
5.: Jn`ni
>. Nqunmes (@:B)
:.
Detnibf (O@?B@)
?. Daiync _nwat/ Orume \nfd Baf
=. Intraud @amrbcsamn (InB@)
[A.
\ZB_EMUZ
;.> \edasn`ni Hfaserbf
Ondpurni daiync-detnibf-intraud `amrbcsamn ynih marekfucs sefndn
curnih feja` > gnd, su`u fnrutni snnt pedninsni magnhn cbistni secatnr ;<bO,
sndjaf terus manmuc deihhuincni peihnmuc dnhietac. _etefn` > gnd,
ondpurni mamaihaicni, _efnigutiyn fnrutni maecstrncsa mnfnd obrbih pasn`
meihni nar pnins, se`aihhn terpasn` deignma mun fnpasni. Fnpasni ntnsderupncni jabmaesef (detaf ester, nar, intraud `amrbcsamn, daiync ynih tamnc
tercbiversa, det`nibf) mni fnpasni jnwn` derupncni hfaserbf mni nar. Fnfu,
hfaserbf ma jnhani jnwn` macefunrcni mni matndpuih.
;.: \eiheraihni mni \eieituni Zeimedei Jabmaesef
Jabmaesef mapninscni pnmn su`u ><<->><¼O meihni pednins fastrac
sndpna maonpna jernt jabmaesef cbistni. Fnfu tadjnih jernt jabmaesef ynih
ma`nsafcni._etefn` atu, mateitucni reimedei jabmaesef ynih ma`nsafcni.
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[AA.
MN]N \EIHNDN]NI MNI \EZ@A]UIHNI
8.>
]njef \eihndntni
Wnt \erfncuni @nsaf
Intraud
`amrbcsamn
matadjnih
mafnrutcni mnfnd detnibf
sndjaf ma`nihntcni
d 4 >,:8< hrnd
fnrut
Daiync
matadjnih
matndjn` fnrutni intraud
`amrbcsamn-detnibf
d 4 >00,8 hrnd
fnrut
Detnibf mapasn`cni meihni mastafnsa Detnibf terpasn`cni
Ondpurni
daiync mni
hfaserbf
marekfucs sefndn > gnd pnmn
;<bO
madnsuccni mnfnd obrbih
pasn`
matndjn`cni nar pnins
maecstrncsa
Knse hfaserbf (jnwn`)
macefunrcni
]erjeituc : knse
Hfaserbf ma jbtbf c`usus
Jabmaesef
Knse nar (jabmaesef)
matndpuih ma hefns cadan
Mapninscni ma `bt pfnte
Matadjnih
d Hefns 4 1=,;:8: h
d Hefns + Jabmaesef 4
:>;,:<<< h
d Jabmaesef 4 >:>,58:0 h
8.: \er`atuihni
8.:.> \eieituni Dnssn Daiync
Dnssn hefns cadan cbsbih 4 ?>:,> hrnd
Dnssn hefns + >5< dF daiync 4 5<<,0 hrnd
Dnssn daiync 4 >00,8 hrnd
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8.:.: \eieituni Gudfn` \eihhuinni InB@ tebratas
Macetn`ua cnmnr InB@ ynih mahuincni nmnfn` <.5 %
[bfude daiync 7 >5< dF
Hrnd daiync 7 >00,8 hrnd
Dr daiync 7 0=5 hrnd /dbf
Dbf daiync 7 <,::?? dbf
<,5 % 4
+ + Ø ><<%
<,5 x + <.5 h daiync + <,5 h detnibf 4 ><< x
11,5 x 4 <,5 h daiync + <,5 h detnibf
4<,5 ( >00,8 ) <,5 ( ;=,?>= )
11.5
4,
, P 4 >,:8 hrnd InB@
8.:.?
\eieituni Gudfn` \eihhuinni Detnibf ]ebratas
Daiync 7 det`nibf4 >7 1
>
14
(/)
(/) 3 ,
4 1 Ø
?:4 1 Ø
>00,8
0=5
Dnssn det`nibf 4 ;=,?>= hrnd
[bfude detnibf 4 4
se`aihhn 4
4
,
,4 0>,:<=
8.:.= \eieituni Dnssn Jabmaesef ]ebratas
[bfude jabmaesef 4 :?5 dF
Dnssn jabmaesef 4 :?5 dF x <,0;:= h/dF4 :<:,;;= h
Gnma, dnssn jabmaesef 4 :<:,;;= h ‟ h InB@
4 :<:,;;= h ‟ >,:8< h 4 :<>,?1= h
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8.:.5 \eieituni Zeimedei mni Qaefm
n) 4
><< % 4
,
, ><< %
reimedei 4 ;<,?8 %
j) 4 √
><< % 4
,√,
, ><< %
yaefm 4 ?1,;? %
[AAA. \EDJN@N_NI
\nmn perobjnni aia jertuguni uituc dedjunt jabmaesef mnra daiync
injnta, ynatu daiync cefnpn snwat ntnu Orume \nfd Baf . Jabmaesef derupncni
snfn` sntu geias jabkuef (jn`ni jncnr onar mnra peihbfn`ni tudju`ni) ma sndpaih
Jabetnibf.
Jabmaesef nmnfn` seiynwn nfcaf ester ynih maprbmucsa defnfua prbses
nfcb`bfasas (trnisesterakacnsa) nitnrn trahfaseramn meihni detnibf ntnu etnibf
meihni jnituni cntnfas jnsn deignma nfcaf ester mni hfaserbf ntnu esterakacnsa
nsnd-nsnd fednc (jejns) meihni detnibf ntnu etnibf meihni jnituni cntnfas
jnsn deignma seiynwn nfcaf ester mni nar. Jabmaesef mnpnt majunt mnra jn`ni jncu
jerjnhna geias daiync mni fednc. _nfn` sntuiyn ynatu daiync gefnitn` ynih
derupncni sasn mnra daiync hbreih ntnu daiync sasn mnra prbses peihhbreihni
dncnini.
Jabmaesef dedafaca jerjnhna cefeja`ni majnimaihcni meihni jn`ni jncnr
fnai se`aihhn deignma jn`ni jncnr nfterintak pafa`ni, manitnrniyn7
Derupncni jn`ni jncnr ynih rndn` faihcuihni cnrein deih`nsafcni
edasa ynih gnu` feja` jnac ( kree sufp`ur , sdbce iudjer reimn`), sesuna
meihni asu-asu hfbjnf
Jafnihni bctni feja` taihha (9 ;<) se`aihhn ekasaeisa pedjncnrni feja`
jnac
Dedafaca saknt pefudnsni ter`nmnp pastbi desai
Jabmehrnmnjfe (mnpnt terurna) mni tamnc jernoui
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Derupncni reiewnjfe eierhy cnrein terjunt mnra jn`ni nfnd ynih mnpnt
maperjnrua
Deiaihcntcni aimepeimeisa supfna jn`ni jncnr
\nmn pedjuntni jabmaesef aia, `nf pertndn ynih mafncucni nmnfn`
peiyanpni fnrutni intraud detbcsamn. Fnrutni intraud detbcsamn aia majunt
meihni deiondpurcni intraud `amrbcsamn (InB@) mni detnibf (O@?B@).
\eiondpurni aia mafncucni `aihhn sedun intraud `amrbcsamn fnrut mnfnd
detnibf. Intraud `amrbcsamn fnrut mnfnd detnibf cnrein dedafaca cepbfnrni
ynih sndn. _ndjaf defnrutcni, ondpurni manmuc nhnr intraud `amrbcsamn feja`
oepnt fnrut. \eihnmucni masaia mnpnt deindjn` cefnrutni cnrein meihni
peihnmucni dncn aiterncsa ntnu tudjucni nitnr pnrtacef fnrutni deiaihcnt.
Meihni nmniyn peihnmucni, eierha caietac dnsaih-dnsaih pnrtacef ncni
jertndjn` se`aihhn pnrtacef-pnrtacef dumn` jerhernc mni aiterncsa sertn
tudjucniiyn sedncai cunt. \eihnmucni aia derupncni detbme cbiveisabinf
ynih mnpnt deiaihcntcni cefnrutni.
\nmn prbses trnisesterakacnsa, fnrutni nfcnfa (InB@) mni detnibf
(O@?B@) maondpurcni uituc dedjeituc fnrutni Intraud detbcsamn
(In+ņO@?).
Abi detbcsamn derupncni iucfebkaf cunt ynih mnpnt deiyernih tahn huhus
cnrjbiaf pnmn dbfecuf daiync injnta. Cetacn fnrutni Intraud detbcsamn aia
maondpurcni meihni daiync injnta, acntni pbfnr ynih cunt mnra intraud
detbcsamn dedeon` trahfaseramn deignma hfaserai mni rnitna ester (jabmaesef).
\rbses trnisesterakacnsa jniync deihhuincni detnibf, cnrein `nrhniyn
feja` durn`, wnfnupui tamnc deiutup ceduihcaini deihhuincni geias nfob`bf
seperta et`nibf. ]rnisesterakacnsa derupncni suntu rencsa cesetadjnihni. Uituc
deimbrbih rencsa nhnr jerhernc ce cnini nhnr ma`nsafcni detaf ester (jabmaesef)
dncn perfu mahuincni nfcb`bf mnfnd gudfn` jerfeja` ntnu snfn` sntu prbmuc ynih
ma`nsafcni `nrus mapasn`cni. \ersndnni rencsa trnisesterakacnsa trahfaseramn
meihni det`nibf uituc deih`nsafcni detaf ester (jabmaesef) sejnhna jeracut 7
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Decniasde rencsa pedjeitucni prbmuc ester detaf nsnd fednc meihni
deihhuincni abi detafnt nmnfn` sejnhna jeracut7
Hndjnr 0.> Decniasde \edjeitucni Ester Detaf Nsnd Fednc
Jabmaesef mnpnt ma`nsafcni meihni deiondpurcni detnibf mni InB@
ynih jerkuihsa sejnhna cntnfas meihni perjnimaihni terteitu. Qnih terpeitaih
mnfnd prbses aia nmnfn` deignhn nhnr tamnc nmn nar. Gacn termnpnt nar, dncn ncni
tergnma rencsa peiynjuini/rencsa snpbiakacnsa se`aihhn tamnc ncni terjeituc
detafester (jabmaesef) sejnhna prbmuc ynih maaihaicni. Bfe` cnrein atu InB@
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ynih mahuincni `nrus ceraih (mnfnd jeituc peffet) nhnr ter`aimnr mnra rencsa
snpbiakacnsa.
Zencsa nitnrn sedun intraud `amrbcsamn meihni detnibf derupncni
rencsa ecsbterd (deih`nsafcni pnins) dedjeituc dbfecuf pbfnr (In+ ņO@?).
_etefn` fnrutni intraud detbcsamn masanpcni, sefnigutiyn daiync injnta
mapninscni `aihhn 5<-;<bO mni maondpurcni meihni fnrutni intraud detbcsamn.
Ncni tetnpa, setefn` daiync injnta mni intraud detbcsamn terondpur, terjeituc
ondpurni ceitnf seperta snjui. Npnjafn snjui terjeituc pnmn prbses aia, jernrta
mnfnd sasted termnpnt nar meihni jnsn (intraud `amrbcsamn) mni tergnmafn` rencsa
esterakacnsa. Nar ma saia duihcai maperbfe` mnra intraud `amrbcsamn ynih
`ahrbscbpas (deiyernp nar mnra umnrn) mni guhn jernsnf mnra detnibf ynih
jucnifn` detnibf ><<% ynih jernrta dnsa` termnpnt pefnrutiyn ynatu nar.
_etefn` atu ondpurni madnsuccni mnfnd fnju fe`er tahn mni mafncucni
pedninsni ntnu rekfucs sefndn > gnd sndjaf manmuc. \eihnmucni ondpurni
mafncucni deihhuincni dnhietao starrer sefndn 5< deiat `aihhn > gnd. Zencsa
pnmn mnsnriyn mnpnt jerfnihsuih mnfnd ?< deiat, indui jafn mafncucni feja`
fndn feja` jnac.
Hndjnr 0.: Znihcnani Nfnt \edjuntni Jabmaesef
_etefn` atu, ondpurni mamandcni mni majanrcni pnmn su`u cndnr uituc
deignhn hfaserbf ynih terjeituc dnsa` mnfnd knsn sedaonarni ( sedafaquam ).
Cedumani, fnrutni `nsaf rekfucs fnfu madnsuccni mnfnd obrbih pasn` mni
matndjn`cni :<< dF nar pnins. Ondpurni fnfu maecstrncsa.
Ceternihni7
>. Nar peimaihai dnsuc
:. ]erdbdeter
?. \eimaihai jnfac/
cbimeiser
=. \eiutup fnju
5. Fnju fe`er tahn
;. _tarrer
8. Dnhietao starrer mni
`bt pfnte
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>=
MNK]NZ \U_]NCN
Nftabccn, D. Z. & Oatnc, N. :<<?. Caietaos _tumy bk Esterakaontabi bk Noetam
Noam wat` Asbjutnibf ai ]`e \reseioe bk Ndjerfate Ontnfyst, Nppfaem
Ontnfyst N. Heiernf , :?1, >=>->=0.
Medarjns, N. :<<8. Nfterintave nim Zeiewnjfe Eierhy Aimustraes3 Eierhy &
Kuef, Aiterintabinf Gburinf bk Hreei Eierhy. [bfude =. Assue Gniunry
:<<8. pnhes >5-:;
Crnwozyc, ]., >11;. Jabmaesef-Nfterintave Kuef Dnces Airbnms jut @urmfes
Zednai, AIKBZD , 8, 0<>-0:1.
Dursnita. :<<8. \rbses \rbmucsa mni _ujstatusa Jabmaesef Mnfnd Deisujtatusa
_bfnr Uituc Deihurniha Ceterhnituihni ]e`nmnp _bfnr, \nrnref sessabi
Aiterintabinf _edainr7 Inturnf Zesburoe & Eivarbdeit >? Meoedjer
:<<8. Xasdn Dncnrn Uiaversatns Aimbiesan
Iurybtb, _ufastyb, @., Zn`nyu, _._. & _utagni. :<>>. Caietacn Zencsa Esterakacnsa
Hfaserbf meihni Nsnd Nsetnt Deihhuincni Cntnfasntbr Aimabi ::5 In.
Gurinf Zecnynsn \rbses, [bf. 5 (:) pp. ?5-=<.
\nvan, M.N., Fndpdni, H.D. , Craz, H._. & Eihef, Z.H. :<>?. Daorbsonfe
Npprbno` tb Brhniao Fnjbrntbry ]eo`iaques, kakt` ematabi. Jrbbcs/Obfe
Oeihnhe Fenriaih, Jefdbit.
\urwbib, _., Qufanitb, I. & \nsnraju, Z. :<<?. Jabmaesef mnra Daiync Cefnpn.
_edainr Insabinf ]eciac Cadan Aimbiesan. Qbhyncnrtn.
Zajerab, K. Z., Zbmrahues, N. E., Zbffdnii, F. M., & Inoono`e. >10=. Webfate7
_oaeioe nim ]eo`ibfbhy. Dnrtaius Iag`bkk pujfas`er. ]`e @nhue.
Zustndnga, @., _ufastyb, @. & Jumadni, N. :<><. \edbmefni mni _adufnsaCaietacn Zencsa Nfcb`bfasas Daiync Gnrnc \nhnr ( Gntrbp`n Ourons)
meihni Cntnfasntbr Warcbian ]ersufkntnsa. Gurinf Zecnynsn \rbses, [bf.
= (>) pp. >1-:=.
[bi Xemef, Z. >111. ]eo`iaonf @nimjbbc kbr Dnraie Jabmaesef . Mepnrtdeit Bk
Eierhy. _ni Krnisasob Jny nim Ibrt`ei Onfakbrian.