ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGYMuhaimin Rifa’i, PhD.MED.Sc

rifa123@ub.ac.id

Pengenalan organ dan fungsinya, kimiawi penyusun tubuh, kontrol genetic.

Komposisi kimia penyusun tubuh, sel, signal transduksi,dan kontrol genetic.Jaringan, organ, dan sistem organ.

Sistem pertahanan tubuh Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh, fungsi sel B dan sel T, imunitas aktif dan pasif , mekanisme autoimun

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure

• Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Topics of Anatomy• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a

microscope– Regional: studied area by area; abdomen, head/neck– Systemic: studied system by system; nervous, skeletal– Surface: study of internal structures as they relate to deeper

structures

• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope– Cytology: cellular anatomy– Histology: study of tissues

• Developmental Anatomy– Traces structural changes throughout life– Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body

before birth

Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology

• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease

• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Structural & Functional Organizations

• Chemical Level: interaction of atoms

• Cell Level: functional unit of life• Tissue Level: group of similar cells

and the materials surrounding them• Organ Level: one or more tissues

functioning together• Organ System Level: group of

organs functioning together• Organism Level: any living thing.

2H2 + O2------ 2H2O …air 3H2 + N2------2NH3.......Amonia2H2 + C-------- CH4…….Metana

GulaGliserolAsam LemakAsam AminoPirimidinPurin

PolisakaridaLemakProteinNukleutida

Asam Nukleat

4.6 3.6 2.6 1.6 0.6

10

20

Oxygen LevelIn Atmosphere (%)

Time(Billions of years)

rapid O2accumulation

FirstLivingcells

First water splittingphotosynthesisrelease O2

First photosynthetic cell

Aerobic respiration becomes widespread

Origin of eucaryotic photosynthetic cell

First multicellular plants and animals

First vertebrates

Present day

Evolutions of Living Organisms on Earth

DNA

early anaerobicprocaryotic cell

formation of nucleus

aerobicprocaryote

Anaerobic eucaryotic cell lacking mitochondria

eucaryotic cell engulfs aerobic procaryotic cell by endocytosis

nucleusmitochondria

present day anaerobiceucaryotic cell

present day eucaryotic cell

eucaryotic cell carrying aerobic procaryotic endosymbion

GENE TRANSFER

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

• Function always reflects structure• What a structure can do depends on its specific

form• Examples:

– Friction ridges of the fingers– Folding of the intestinal lining– Hardness of bone– Ultra-thin lining of cells through which diffusion

occurs

Characteristics of Life• Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships

and functions; order

• Cellular composition: all living things are composed of cells

• Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body– Catabolism - the breakdown of substances into simple components

– Anabolism - synthesis of complex structures form simpler substances

• Responsiveness: ability to sense and react to stimuli

• Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells

• Development: changes in form or function of an organism over time

• Reproduction: production of new cells or new organisms

Survival Needs of Living Things

• Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building

• Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions• Water – provides the necessary environment for

chemical reactions• Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary

for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates

• Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Homeostasis• Describes a relatively stable

internal environment• A dynamic state of equilibrium• Values of variables fluctuate

around the set point to establish a normal range of values.

• Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.

• What is the set point for body temperature?

• What other variables are maintained homeostatically?

Planes of Section Through an Organ

• Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ

• Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ

• Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

CD8?

SIGNALING BY SECRETED MOLECULES

SIGNALING BY PLASMA MEMBRANE-BOUND MOLECULES

Signaling molecules

receptor

signaling molecules

receptor

SIGNALING CELL

SIGNALING CELL

TARGETED CELL

TARGETED CELL

Quiescence

survive

Growth & division

proliferation

signaling signaling

signaling signaling

dieapoptosis stop proliferating/specialise

differentiation

DNA RNA transcript mRNA mRNA

Protein

Inactive protein

Inactice mRNA

1 23

4

5

6

1. Transcriptional control2. RNA processing control3. RNA transport and localitation control4. Translocation control5. mRNA degradation control6. Protein activity control

NucleusCytosol

TGF-BETA??

(Eckert, Fig. 4-2)

Cell-cell communication: signal molecules

Humoral communication between cells: endocrine and paracrine contact

Membrane penetrating (small, hydrophobic)molecules,

cytoplasmic receptors,

direct effect on gene activity

Hydrophilic molecules,cell-surface receptors,

intracellular signaling second messengers

sophisticated signaling and signal-amplification mechanisms

Ligands: Hormones, cytokines, growth factors, chemoattractants, neurotransmitters

Receptor: The molecules that detect ligand and interact with them with high specificity and high affinity.

Located in the cytoplasm or on the plasmamembrane.