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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGYMuhaimin Rifa’i, PhD.MED.Sc
Pengenalan organ dan fungsinya, kimiawi penyusun tubuh, kontrol genetic.
Komposisi kimia penyusun tubuh, sel, signal transduksi,dan kontrol genetic.Jaringan, organ, dan sistem organ.
Sistem pertahanan tubuh Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh, fungsi sel B dan sel T, imunitas aktif dan pasif , mekanisme autoimun
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
• Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Topics of Anatomy• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a
microscope– Regional: studied area by area; abdomen, head/neck– Systemic: studied system by system; nervous, skeletal– Surface: study of internal structures as they relate to deeper
structures
• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope– Cytology: cellular anatomy– Histology: study of tissues
• Developmental Anatomy– Traces structural changes throughout life– Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body
before birth
Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology
• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise
Structural & Functional Organizations
• Chemical Level: interaction of atoms
• Cell Level: functional unit of life• Tissue Level: group of similar cells
and the materials surrounding them• Organ Level: one or more tissues
functioning together• Organ System Level: group of
organs functioning together• Organism Level: any living thing.
2H2 + O2------ 2H2O …air 3H2 + N2------2NH3.......Amonia2H2 + C-------- CH4…….Metana
GulaGliserolAsam LemakAsam AminoPirimidinPurin
PolisakaridaLemakProteinNukleutida
Asam Nukleat
4.6 3.6 2.6 1.6 0.6
10
20
Oxygen LevelIn Atmosphere (%)
Time(Billions of years)
rapid O2accumulation
FirstLivingcells
First water splittingphotosynthesisrelease O2
First photosynthetic cell
Aerobic respiration becomes widespread
Origin of eucaryotic photosynthetic cell
First multicellular plants and animals
First vertebrates
Present day
Evolutions of Living Organisms on Earth
DNA
early anaerobicprocaryotic cell
formation of nucleus
aerobicprocaryote
Anaerobic eucaryotic cell lacking mitochondria
eucaryotic cell engulfs aerobic procaryotic cell by endocytosis
nucleusmitochondria
present day anaerobiceucaryotic cell
present day eucaryotic cell
eucaryotic cell carrying aerobic procaryotic endosymbion
GENE TRANSFER
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
• Function always reflects structure• What a structure can do depends on its specific
form• Examples:
– Friction ridges of the fingers– Folding of the intestinal lining– Hardness of bone– Ultra-thin lining of cells through which diffusion
occurs
Characteristics of Life• Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships
and functions; order
• Cellular composition: all living things are composed of cells
• Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body– Catabolism - the breakdown of substances into simple components
– Anabolism - synthesis of complex structures form simpler substances
• Responsiveness: ability to sense and react to stimuli
• Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
• Development: changes in form or function of an organism over time
• Reproduction: production of new cells or new organisms
Survival Needs of Living Things
• Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building
• Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions• Water – provides the necessary environment for
chemical reactions• Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary
for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
• Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis• Describes a relatively stable
internal environment• A dynamic state of equilibrium• Values of variables fluctuate
around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
• Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
• What is the set point for body temperature?
• What other variables are maintained homeostatically?
Planes of Section Through an Organ
• Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ
• Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ
• Oblique: cut at any but a right angle
CD8?
SIGNALING BY SECRETED MOLECULES
SIGNALING BY PLASMA MEMBRANE-BOUND MOLECULES
Signaling molecules
receptor
signaling molecules
receptor
SIGNALING CELL
SIGNALING CELL
TARGETED CELL
TARGETED CELL
Quiescence
survive
Growth & division
proliferation
signaling signaling
signaling signaling
dieapoptosis stop proliferating/specialise
differentiation
DNA RNA transcript mRNA mRNA
Protein
Inactive protein
Inactice mRNA
1 23
4
5
6
1. Transcriptional control2. RNA processing control3. RNA transport and localitation control4. Translocation control5. mRNA degradation control6. Protein activity control
NucleusCytosol
TGF-BETA??
Cell-cell communication: signal molecules
Humoral communication between cells: endocrine and paracrine contact
Membrane penetrating (small, hydrophobic)molecules,
cytoplasmic receptors,
direct effect on gene activity
Hydrophilic molecules,cell-surface receptors,
intracellular signaling second messengers
sophisticated signaling and signal-amplification mechanisms