i

KEEFEKTIFAN TEKNIK QUANTUM WRITING DAN CONCEPT

MAPPING DALAM PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI MENULIS

KARANGAN EKSPOSISI PESERTA DIDIK SMA

ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO

10706251007

Tesis ditulis untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan

untuk mendapatkan gelar Magister Pendidikan

Program Studi Linguistik Terapan

LINGUISTIK TERAPAN

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA

2012

iii

ABSTRAK

ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO: Keefektifan Teknik Quantum Writing dan

Concept Mapping dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi

Peserta Didik SMA. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana, Universitas

Negeri Yogyakarta, 2012.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) keefektifan penggunaan

teknik quantum writing, (2) keefektifan penggunaan teknik concept mapping, (3)

manakah yang lebih efektif antara teknik concept mapping dan quantum writing,

serta (4) manakah yang paling efektif antara teknik quantum writing, concept

mapping¸ dan tradisional dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan

eksposisi siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksperimental dengan

Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Variabel bebas dalam

penelitian ini adalah teknik pembelajaran yang terdiri atas tiga kategori, yaitu

teknik quantum writing, concept mapping, dan tradisional. Variabel terikat

penelitian ini adalah kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi peserta didik. Teknik

pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah simple cluster random sampling.

Pengumpulan data penelitian melalui metode nontes berupa penugasan menulis

eksposisi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa lembar penilaian karangan

yang disertai rubrik. Validitas instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini

adalah validitas isi (content validity) dengan dikonsultasikan kepada ahli (expert

judgement). Teknik antarrater digunakan untuk menguji reliabilitas instrumen.

Teknik analisis data menggunakan Anava satu jalan yang dilanjutkan dengan Uji

Scheffe.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) teknik quantum writing efektif

dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai t =

14,307 dan sig (p) < 0,05; (2) teknik concept mapping efektif dalam peningkatan

kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai t = 17,984 dan sig (p) < 0,05;

(3) teknik concept mapping lebih efektif daripada teknik quantum writing dengan

nilai t = 2,389 dan sig (p) < 0,05; dan (4) terdapat perbedaan penerapan teknik

quantum writing, concept mapping, dan tradisional dalam peningkatan

kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai F = 45,257 dan sig (p) <

0,05. Teknik concept mapping paling efektif dalam peningkatan kompetensi

menulis eksposisi daripada teknik quantum writing dan tradisional.

Kata Kunci: Keefektifan, Quantum Writing, Concept Mapping, Eksposisi

iv

ABSTRACT

ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO: The Effectiveness of the Quantum Writing and

Concept Mapping Techniques in Improving Senior High School Students

Exposition Writing Competence. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Graduate School,

Yogyakarta State University, 2012.

This research aims to investigate (1) the effectiveness of the quantum

writing technique in improving the exposition writing competence of Grade X

students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, (2) the effectiveness of the concept

mapping technique in improving exposition writing competence of Grade X

students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, (3) which one is more effective between

the concept mapping and quantum writing techniques in improving exposition

writing competence of Grade X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, and (4)

which one is the most effective among the quantum writing, concept mapping,

and traditional techniques in improving exposition writing competence of Grade

X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul.

This study was an experimental study. The experimental design applied

the randomized pretest-posttest control group design. There were three variables,

namely the independent variables, which were the quantum writing and concept

mapping techniques, and the dependent variable, which was students’ exposition

writing competence. The simple cluster random technique was utilized to select

the sample. The data collecting technique was a non-test conducted by giving an

assignment to the students to write the exposition composition. The instrument of

the research was the writing rubric. The research instruments had the content

validity obtained through expert judgment. An interrater technique was used to

test the reliability of the instrument. The data were analyzed using one-way

ANOVA followed by the Scheffe test.

The results of the study show that : (1) the quantum writing technique is

effective in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by t =

14,307 and (p) < 0.05; (2) the concept mapping technique is effective in

improving students exposition writing competence indicated by t = 17,984 and (p)

< 0.05; (3) the concept mapping technique is more effective than the quantum

writing technique, indicated by t = 2,389 and (p) < 0.05; and (4) there are

significant differences between quantum writing, concept mapping, and traditional

techniques in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by F =

45,257 and (p) < 0,05. The concept mapping technique is the most effective in

improving students exposition writing competence indicated by (p) < 0.05.

Keywords : Effectiveness, Quantum Writing, Concept Mapping, Exposition

.

vii

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah swt, yang senantiasa

melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga tesis ini terselesaikan dengan

baik. Tesis ini mengungkapkan perbedaan keefektifan penerapan teknik quantum

writing dan concept mapping dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis eksposisi

peserta didik SMA.

Penulisan tesis ini dapat saya selesaikan karena adanya bantuan berupa

arahan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, perkenankanlah saya

mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada yang terhormat:

1. Prof. Soenarto, Ph.D., Direktur Program Pascasarjana.

2. Rektor Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Kaprodi Linguistik Terapan, dan

seluruh staf Program Pascasarjana, atas segala kebijaksanaan, perhatian, dan

dorongan sehingga penulis selesai studi.

3. Prof. Dr. Pujiati Suyata, selaku pembimbing yang telah banyak membantu,

mengarahkan, membimbing, dan memberikan motivasi hingga tesis ini

terwujud.

4. Kepala Sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul yang telah mengizinkan

penulis untuk melakukan penelitian.

5. Guru Bahasa Indonesia kelas X di SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul atas segala

bantuan, perhatian, dan kerjasamanya dalam proses penelitian.

6. Teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya Prodi Linguistik Terapan angkatan 2010

Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan berbagai pihak yang

viii

tidak bisa saya sebutkan satu per satu, yang telah memberikan dukungan

moral sehingga penulis selesai studi.

7. Bapak, Ibu, dan adikku yang senantiasa memberikan doa, motivasi, dan

dukungan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan studi dengan lancar.

Semoga segala bantuan dan amal baik yang telah diberikan akan mendapat

imbalan dan balasan dari Allah swt. Semoga penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat

sebagaimana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, Mei 2012

Penulis,

Anggit Aruwiyantoko

ix

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.............................................................................................. ii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................ iii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iv

PERNYATAAN ................................................................................................................. v

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................. vi

KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................ xii

DAFATAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1

A. Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................................... 1

B. Identifikasi Masalah ............................................................................................ 8

C. Pembatasan Masalah ........................................................................................... 9

D. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................... 9

E. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................... 10

F. Manfaat penelitian .............................................................................................. 11

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI ........................................................................................... 12

A. Kajian Teoretis ................................................................................................... 12

1. Kompetensi Menulis .................................................................................... 12

a. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................... 12

b. Tujuan dan Manfaat Menulis ................................................................ 15

c. Kompetensi Menulis Peserta Didik SMA ............................................ 16

2. Tinjauan tentang Karangan Eksposisi .......................................................... 20

a. Pengertian Eksposisi ............................................................................. 20

b. Teknik Penulisan Eksposisi .................................................................. 21

c. Struktur dan Syarat Menulis Eksposisi ................................................. 22

3. Teknik Quantum Writing ............................................................................. 23

a. Pengertian Teknik Quantum Writing ................................................... 23

b. Tujuan Pembelajaran Quantum Writing ............................................... 24

c. Langkah-langkah teknik Quantum Writing .......................................... 24

d. Tahapan Teknik Quantum Writing ....................................................... 26

4. Teknik Concept Mapping ............................................................................. 28

a. Pengertian Concept Mapping ............................................................... 28

b. Cara Membuat Concept Mapping ......................................................... 30

c. Macam-macam Concept Mapping ........................................................ 31

d. Teknik Concept Mapping Dalam Menulis ........................................... 35

5. Penilaian Pembelajaran Menulis .................................................................. 37

a. Pengertian Penilaian ............................................................................. 37

b. Fungsi dan Tujuan Penilaian ................................................................ 41

c. Macam Evaluasi atau Penilaian ............................................................ 44

x

d. Karakter dan Kriteria Penilaian Tulisan ............................................... 46

B. Kajian Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan .......................................................................... 50

C. Kerangka Pikir .............................................................................................................. 52

D. Hipotesis ....................................................................................................................... 56

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN.................................................................................... 57

A. Desain Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 57

B. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................................................... 58

C. Subjek dan Sampel Penelitian ...................................................................................... 59

D. Variabel Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 60

1. Identifikasi Variabel ............................................................................................... 60

2. Definisi Operasional Variabel ................................................................................ 60

E. Prosedur Eksperimen .................................................................................................... 62

1. Praeksperimen ........................................................................................................ 62

2. Eksperimen ............................................................................................................. 62

F. Teknik dan Instrumen Pengumpulan Data .................................................................... 66

1. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ..................................................................................... 66

2. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................ 67

G. Validitas dan Reliabilitas Instrumen ............................................................................ 68

1. Validitas Instrumen................................................................................................. 68

2. Reliabilitas Instrumen ............................................................................................. 69

H. Teknik Analisis Data .................................................................................................... 69

1. Uji Prasyarat Analisis ............................................................................................. 70

a. Normalitas ....................................................................................................... 70

b. Homogenitas Varians ...................................................................................... 70

2. Analisis Data........................................................................................................... 71

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN ........................................................................................ 73

A. Deskripsi Data ....................................................................................................... 73

1. Praeksperimen ................................................................................................. 73

2. Deskripsi Kemampuan Awal .......................................................................... 76

3. Deskripsi Perlakuan ........................................................................................ 85

4. Deskripsi Data Postes Kompetensi Menulis Eksposisi ................................... 94

B. Analisis Data ........................................................................................................ 103

1. Pengujian Asumsi .......................................................................................... 103

2. Pengujian Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 105

C. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................... 114

1. Teknik Quantum Writing Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi

Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik ................................................... 117

2. Teknik Concept Mapping Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi

Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik ................................................... 119

3. Teknik Concept Mapping Lebih Efektif daripada Teknik Quantum

Writing

dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ...................... 120

4. Teknik Concept Mapping Paling Efektif dalam Peningkatan

Kompetensi

xi

Menulis Karangan Peserta Didik ................................................................... 122

BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................................ 125

A. Simpulan .............................................................................................................. 125

B. Implikasi ............................................................................................................... 126

C. Keterbatasan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 127

D. Saran ..................................................................................................................... 128

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................................... 129

LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................................... 133

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Penilaian Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ............................... 67

Tabel 2 Ringkasan Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen ......................................................... 69

Tabel 3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Pretes.................................................................................. 74

Tabel 4 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Pretes .............................................................................. 75

Tabel 5 Hasil Uji Anava Pretes ......................................................................................... 76

Tabel 6 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................... 77

Tabel 7 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .................................................................. 77

Tabel 8 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ..................... 78

Tabel 9 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................... 79

Tabel 10 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................................ 80

Tabel 11 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................... 81

Tabel 12 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol .......................... 82

Tabel 13 Skor Pretes Kelompok Kontrol .......................................................................... 83

Tabel 14 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol............................. 84

Tabel 15 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................ 94

Tabel 16 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................................ 95

Tabel 17 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .................. 96

Tabel 18 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................ 97

Tabel 19 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................................ 98

Tabel 20 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 .................. 99

Tabel 21 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ......................... 100

Tabel 22 Skor Postes Kelompok Kontrol ........................................................................ 101

Tabel 23 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ........................... 102

Tabel 24 Hasil Uji Normalitas Kelompok Postes ............................................................ 104

Tabel 25 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Kelompok Postes ......................................................... 105

Tabel 26 Hasil Uji Anava Postes ..................................................................................... 106

Tabel 27 Hasil Uji Beda Pretes-Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................... 107

Tabel 28 Hasil Uji Beda Pretes-Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................... 109

Tabel 29 Hasil Uji Beda Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 dan Eksperimen 1 ................. 110

Tabel 30 Rangkuman Hasil Uji Anava Postes ................................................................. 112

Tabel 31 Rangkuman Hasil Uji Scheffe .......................................................................... 112

xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 Peta Konsep Pohon Jaringan ............................................................................ 32

Gambar 2 Peta Konsep Rantai Kejadian ........................................................................... 33

Gambar 3 Peta Konsep Siklus ........................................................................................... 34

Gambar 4 Peta Konsep Laba-laba ..................................................................................... 34

Gambar 5 Desain Penelitian .............................................................................................. 58

Gambar 6 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .............. 78

Gambar 7 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 .............. 80

Gambar 8 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ........................ 83

Gambar 9 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .............. 95

Gambar 10 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ............ 98

Gambar 11 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol .................... 101

xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Silabus .......................................................................................................... 133

Lampiran 2 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran ............................................................. 135

Lampiran 3 Skor Uji Coba Instrumen Penilai 1 ............................................................... 141

Lampiran 4 Skor Uji Coba instrument Penilai 2 .............................................................. 142

Lampiran 5 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen .................................................................. 143

Lampiran 6 Jadwal Pengambilan Data ............................................................................. 145

Lampiran 7 Skor Pretes Kelompok Kontrol..................................................................... 146

Lampiran 8 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ........................................................... 147

Lampiran 9 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ........................................................... 148

Lampiran 10 Skor Postes Kelompok Kontrol .................................................................. 149

Lampiran 11 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ........................................................ 150

Lampiran 12 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ........................................................ 151

Lampiran 13 Ringkasan Skor Pretes ................................................................................ 152

Lampiran 14 Ringkasan Skor Postes ............................................................................... 153

Lampiran 15 Nilai Rata-rata Tiap Perlakuan ................................................................... 154

Lampiran 16 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Kontrol ........................................................... 155

Lampiran 17 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................. 156

Lampiran 18 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................. 157

Lampiran 19 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Kontrol .......................................................... 158

Lampiran 20 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................. 159

Lampiran 21 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................. 160

Lampiran 22 Hasil Uji Normalitas Pretes ........................................................................ 161

Lampiran 23 Hasil Uji Homogenitas dan Anava Pretes .................................................. 162

Lampiran 24 Hasil Uji Normalitas Postes ........................................................................ 163

Lampiran 25 Hasil Uji Homogenitas dan Anava Postes .................................................. 164

Lampiran 26 Hasil Uji-t Pretes-Postes ............................................................................. 165

Lampiran 27 Hasil Uji-t Postes Eksperimen 1 dan 2 ....................................................... 166

Lampiran 28 Hasil Uji Scheffe ........................................................................................ 167

Lampiran 29 Lembar Penilaian Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ......................................... 168

Lampiran 30 Lembar Observasi Penerapan Teknik Pembelajaran .................................. 169

Lampiran 31 Surat-surat Perizinan .................................................................................. 171

Lampiran 32 Foto-foto Penelitian .................................................................................... 179

Lampiran 33 Contoh Hasil Karangan Peserta Didik ........................................................ 186