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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMBINASI EKSTRAK JAHE, KAYU MANIS, DAN
CENGKIH TERHADAP KADAR SGOT DAN SGPT PADA TIKUS YANG
DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN
Oleh
FADHILLAH AINURROHMAH HARIANTO
201510330311110
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
ii
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMBINASI EKSTRAK JAHE, KAYU MANIS, DAN
CENGKIH TERHADAP KADAR SGOT DAN SGPT PADA TIKUS YANG
DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Diajukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh:
Fadhillah Ainurrohmah Harianto
201510330311110
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2018
iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Karya tulis akhir ini adalah karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber baik yang dikutip maupun
dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.
Nama : Fadhillah Ainurrohmah Harianto
NIM : 201510330311110
Malang, 8 Januari 2019
Penulis
vi
KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang
Maha Esa serta dengan berkat dan rahmat-Nya sehingga tugas akhir penulis dengan judul
“Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Jahe, Kayu Manis dan Cengkih terhadap kadar
SGOT dan SGPT tikus yang diinduksi Streptozotocin” dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.
Segala sesuatu yang benar dalam tugas akhir ini datang dari Allah SWT, dan segala
kekeliruan dalam penulisan ini datangnya dari diri penulis sendiri.
Dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini penulis banyak mengalami kesulitan, tetapi berkat
dukungan, bimbingan, dan bantuan dari dosen pembimbing dalam rangka penyusunan dan
dorongan dari berbagai pihak akhirnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini tepat pada
waktunya.
Penulis menyadari bahwa karya tulis akhir ini masih belum sempurna, sehingga masih
membutuhkan saran dari berbagai pihak. Penulis berharap skripsi ini dapat menjadi wujud
ibadah penulis kepada Zat Yang Maha Mengetahui lagi Bijaksana, dan dapat memberikan
manfaat bagi para pembaca.
Malang,
Penulis
vii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Pada kesempatan ini, penulis menyampaikan terimakasih yang sebesar- besarnya
Kepada:
1. Kedua orang tua saya, Bapak Bambang Harianto dan Ibu Dewi Asih yang telah
memberikan kasih sayang, dukungan moral dan materi, semangat, perhatian serta
limpahan doanya selama ini.
2. Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang.
3. dr. Moch Ma’roef, Sp.OG selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. dr. Sri Adilla Nurainiwati, Sp.KK, selaku Pembantu Dekan II Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp.THT selaku Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
6. Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes selaku Kepala Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
7. dr. Gita Sekar Prihanti, M.Pd.Ked, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah
meluangkan waktu dan penuh kesabaran memberikan bimbingan, inspirasi dan
masukan dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
8. Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah meluangkan
waktu dan penuh kesabaran memberikan bimbingan, inspirasi dan masukan dalam
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
9. dr. Ardhi Bustami, Sp.PD, selaku dosen penguji yang telah meluangkan waktu dan
memberikan banyak masukan untuk menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
viii
10. Adikku tersayang Fahim yang telah memberikan dukungan, semangat dan doanya
untuk kelancaran tugas akhir ini.
11. Staff TU, Bu Endah, Mbak Nuke, Mbak citra, Pak Heri, Mas Joko, Mas Didit, Mas
Burhan yang telah membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.
12. Staff Biomedik dan Skill, Bu Fat, Pak Joko, Mas Nyono, Mas Miftah, Pak Kus dan
Mbak Dilla yang telah membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.
13. Teman teman Rempah-Rempah Cinta Badzlina, Nesrin, Zaza, Siska, Atik, Irma,
Mano, Ully, dan Devi yang telah berjuang bersama dalam mengerjakan tugas akhir
ini.
14. Teman-teman Yeoja Chingu Via, Atik, dan Novi yang telah memberikan dukungan,
motivasi, mengingatkan dalam kebaikan dan berjuang bersama selama masa
perkuliahan.
15. Seluruh teman-teman “Metacarpal” angkatan 2015 FK UMM yang tidak bisa
disebutkan satu persatu. Terima kasih atas segala bantuan, motivasi, doa selama
perkuliahan. Semoga kita semua menjadi dokter yang bermaanfaat bagi agama,
bangsa, dan negara. Amin.
16. Keluarga besar TBMM Nurul Qolbi dan teman-teman diklat 13 FK UMM, Lili, Titis,
Karimah, Ukang dan teman-teman yang lain yang memberikan warna warni selama
berada di perkuliahan.
17. Keluarga Kemendesma BEM UMM periode Kabinet Hebat 2016/2017, Moh. Ihsan
Zain dan kawan-kawan yang telah senantiasa memberikan motivasi dalam
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
18. KKN PPM 04 UMM, Dedi, Huri, Cyntia, Azka dan kawan-kawan yang sudah
memberi kecerian dan semangatnya dalam mengerjakan.
ix
19. Para dosen pengajar FK UMM yang telah memberikan bekal ilmu dan pengetahuan.
20. Semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini dan juga
mendoakan demi suksesnya karya tulis ini yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu-
persatu.
Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa tidak ada sesuatu yang sempurna di dunia ini
sehingga penulis sangat mengharapkan masukan dari berbagai pihak. Semoga tugas akhir
ini sebagai suatu karya tulis ilmiah dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.
Malang,
Penulis
x
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... iii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ................................................... iv
LEMBAR PENGUJI ................................................................................................ v
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................vi
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .................................................................................. vii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR ISI .........................................................................................................xii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xvii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... xviii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ...................................................................................... xix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... xx
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................................. 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum .......................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ......................................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................................. 5
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik .................................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ......................................................................................... 5
1.4.3 Manfaat Masyarakat ................................................................................ 5
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................ 6
2.1 Hiperglikemi ..................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Definisi Hiperglikemi ............................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Epidemiologi Hiperglikemi .................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Tanda dan Gejala Hiperglikemi ............................................................... 7
2.1.4 Klasifikasi Hiperglikemi..........................................................................8
xi
2.1.5 Patofisiologi Hiperglikemi.......................................................................8
2.1.6 Terapi Hiperglikemi................................................................................9
2.1.7 Komplikasi Hiperglikemi.......................................................................11
2.2 Jahe .................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.1 Taksonomi Jahe......................................................................................13
2.2.2 Morfologi Jahe ....................................................................................... 14
2.2.3 Kandungan Jahe ..................................................................................... 15
2.3 Kayu Manis ...................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Taksonomi Kayu Manis ......................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Morfologi Kayu Manis .......................................................................... 17
2.3.3 Kandungan Kayu Manis ........................................................................ 17
2.4 Cengkih ............................................................................................................ 19
2.4.1 Taksonomi Cengkih ............................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Morfologi Cengkih ............................................................................... 20
2.4.3 Kandungan Cengkih .............................................................................. 21
2.5 Hepar ................................................................................................................ 22
2.5.1 Anatomi ................................................................................................. 23
2.5.2 Fisiologi hepar ....................................................................................... 24
2.5.3 Metabolisme Lemak Hepar .................................................................... 24
2.5.4 Gangguan hepar pada Hiperglikemi ...................................................... 25
2.6 Enzim Transaminase ........................................................................................ 26
2.6.1 Enzim transaminase pada hiperglikemi ................................................. 26
2.7 Oksidatif stress pada Hiperglikemi .................................................................. 28
2.7.1 Peran ROS dalam oksidatif stress .......................................................... 28
2.8 Streptozotocin .................................................................................................. 31
2.9 Pengaruh kombinasi jahe, kayu manis dan cengkih untuk mencegah hiperglikemi dan
gangguan hepar ...................................................................................................... 34
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS .......................................... 35
3.1 Kerangka konseptual penelitian ....................................................................... 36
3.2 Hipotesis .......................................................................................................... 37
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN ........................................................................ 38
xii
4.1 Jenis penelitian ................................................................................................. 38
4.2 Lokasi dan waktu penelitian ............................................................................ 38
4.3 Populasi dan sampel ......................................................................................... 38
4.3.1 Populasi .................................................................................................. 38
4.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................................... 38
4.3.3 Besar Sampel ......................................................................................... 38
4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ................................................................. 40
4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian............................................................. 40
4.3.6.1 Kriteria Inklusi ............................................................................... 40
4.3.6.2 Kriteria Eksklusi............................................................................. 40
4.3.6.3 Kriteria drop out ............................................................................. 40
4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................. 40
4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas ............................................................................... 40
4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung....................................................................... 41
4.3.7 Definisi Operasional .............................................................................. 41
4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................................................ 46
4.4.1 Alat dan bahan ekstrak jahe ................................................................... 46
4.4.2 Alat dan bahan ekstrak kayu manis ....................................................... 46
4.4.3 Alat dan bahan ekstrak cengkih ............................................................. 47
4.4.4 Alat dan bahan Pemeliharaan tikus ........................................................ 47
4.4.5 Alat dan bahan induksi .......................................................................... 47
4.4.6 Alat dan bahan bedah tikus .................................................................... 48
4.4.7 Alat dan Bahan Pemeriksaan SGOT dan SGPT .................................... 48
4.4.8 Alat dan bahan lain ................................................................................ 48
4.5 Prosedur penelitian........................................................................................... 49
4.5.1 Adaptasi ................................................................................................. 49
4.5.2 Pembagian kelompok tikus .................................................................... 49
4.5.3 Induksi Streptozotocin ........................................................................... 51
4.5.4 Pembuatan ekstrak jahe, kayu manis, dan cengkih ................................ 51
4.5.5 Penentuan Dosis ..................................................................................... 51
xiii
4.5.6 Proses Anastesi dan Pembedahan Hewan Coba .................................... 52
4.5.7 Pembuatan Sediaan dan Pengukuran.....................................................52
4.5.8 Perlakuan Setelah Tindakan Pada Hewan Coba....................................53
4.6 Alur Penelitian.................................................................................................54
4.7 Analisis Data .................................................................................................... 58
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA...................................59
5.1 Hasil Penelitian................................................................................................59
5.2 Analisis Data....................................................................................................65
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN.......................................................................................66
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN................................................................72
7.1 Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................... 72
7.2 Saran ................................................................................................................ 72
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...........................................................................................73
LAMPIRAN..........................................................................................................83
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
4.1 Definisi Operasional .......................................................................................46
5.1 Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak jahe, kayu manis dan cengkih pada tikus model
hiperglikemi dan gangguan hepar terhadap kadar SGOT
(U/L)..................................................................................................................64
5.2 Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak jahe, kayu manis dan cengkih pada tikus model
hiperglikemi dan gangguan hepar terhadap
kadar SGPT (U/L).............................................................................................65
5.3 Uji Normalitas kadar SGOT dan SGPT tikus putih........................................68
5.4 Uji homogenitas kadar SGOT dan SGPT tikus putih.....................................68
5.5 Uji Normalitas kadar SGOT dan SGPT yang telah di transformasi...............69
5.6 Uji Homogenitas kadar SGOT dan SGPT yang telah di transformasi...........70
5.7 Hasil Uji Kruskal Wallis data SGOT dan SGPT............................................70
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
2.1 Mekanisme kerja sulfonilurea ..........................................................................13
2.2 Metabolisme karbohidrat dan proses yang menyebabkan diabetes.................16
2.3. Tanaman jahe dan rimpang jahe .....................................................................18
2.4 Komponen antioksidan dan total antioksidan pada jahe dengan pelarut yang berbeda
........................................................................................................................19
2.5 Morfologi dan pelepah kayu manis ..................................................................20
2.6 Struktur polifenol Cinnamomum zeylanicum...................................................21
2.7 Komponen fitokimia pada tiap bagian yang berbeda pada kayu manis ...........21
2.8 Komposisi nutrisi Cinnamomum zeylanicum dan Cinnamomum cassia .........22
2.9 Morfologi dan bunga cengkih ..........................................................................24
2.10 Kandungan cengkih (Syzygium aromaticum) dalam ekstrak etanol ..............25
2.11 Struktur Kimia Enzim Transaminase .............................................................31
2.12 Struktur kimia Streptozotocin ........................................................................36
4.1 Alur Penelitian .................................................................................................60
5.1A. Grafik Rerata Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak jahe, kayu manis dan cengkih
pada tikus model hiperglikemi dan gangguan hepar terhadap kadar
SGOT..............................................................................................................66
5.1B. Grafik Rerata Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak jahe, kayu manis dan cengkih
pada tikus model hiperglikemi dan gangguan hepar
terhadap kadar SGPT.....................................................................................67
xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ADA : American Diabetes Association
DM : Hiperglikemi
CAT : Katalase
OAD : Obat Anti Diabetes
ROS : Reactive Oxygen Species
SOD : Superoxide dismutase
STZ : Streptozotocin
WHO : World Health Organization
GSH : Glutathione
Trx : thioredoxin
CAT : katalase
SOD : Superoxida dismutase
iNOS : inducible Nitric Oxygenase Syntase
xvii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Tabel Kadar Serum SGOT dan SGPT tikus model hiperglikemi dan gangguan
hepar ............................................................................................................... 87
Lampiran 2 Analisis Data ................................................................................................... 88
Lampiran 3 Dokumentasi Kegiatan Penelitian .................................................................. 91
Lampiran 4 Surat Keterangan Lolos Komisi Ilmiah ........................................................... 95
Lampiran 5 Surat Etik Penelitian ........................................................................................ 96
Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Ekstrak ............................................................................... 97
Lampiran 7 Kartu Konsultasi Tugas Akhir ........................................................................ 98
Lampiran 8 Surat Keterangan Lolos Plagiasi.....................................................................99
xviii
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