K3 FAKTOR FISIKA DI TEMPAT KERJAWaluyo, PG Dip Sc (OHS), MSiKepala Seksi Pelayanan Teknis pada Balai Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja BandungTraining of Trainer (TOT) K3 BAGI Instruktur Balai Latihan Kerja IndustriBandung, 21 27 September 2014

Tujuan;UmumPeserta dapat menjelaskan penerapan K3 lingkungan kerja (higiene industri, khususnya K3 faktor fisik di tempat kerja berikut contoh dan peralatan ujinya.KhususPeserta dapat menjelaskan ruang lingkup higiene industri faktor fisika di tempat kerjaPeserta dapat menjelaskan faktor fisika di tempat kerja dan contohnyaPeserta dapat mengenal peralatan uji faktor fisika

Ruang LingkupPengertian, ruang lingkup dan konsep HI di tempat kerjaPengertian faktor fisika di tempat kerjaIdentifikasi faktor fisika sebagai faktor risiko bahaya kerja di lingkungan kerjaPengaruh utama faktor fisika terhadap kesehatanNilai Ambang Batas Faktor Fisika di Tempat KerjaPengendalian faktor fisika di tempat kerja

PengertianHigiene Industri adalah ilmu dan seni beserta penerapannya dalam mengenali, menilai dan mengendalikan faktor bahaya di tempat kerja yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan terhadap kesehatan tenaga kerja atau penyakit akibat kerja

Sumamur, HI adalah spesialisasi dalam ilmu higiene beserta prakteknya yang melakukan penilaian pada faktor penyebab penyakit secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif di lingkungan kerja perusahaan, hasilnya digunakan sebagai dasar tindakan korektif pada lingkungan kerja serta pencegahan agar tenaga kerja dan masyarakat terhindar dari bahaya akibat kerja, mengecap derajat kesehatan yang setinggi tingginya

Konsep HIPengenalanidentifikasi (walk trough survey), observasi mengetahui potensi bahaya secara kualitatifPenilaian pengukuran, pengambilan sampel dan analisis laboratoriummengetahui kondisi lingkungan kerja secara kuantitatifPengendalianMetode teknik untuk menurunkan atau mereduksi tingkat faktor bahaya lingkungan kerja sampai batas aman

Faktor Fisika di Tempat Kerja

KebisinganGetaranIklim Kerja PanasPencahayaanRadiasi

Karakteristik Utama ?Tidak bisa dilihat (kita tidak bisa melihat)Tidak bisa disentuh (kita tidak bisa menyentuh)Kita bisa merasakannya dengan organ saraf sensori (kecuali radiasi)Kita bisa mengukurnya di lingkungan/ lingkungan kerjaKita tidak bisa mengukur keberadaanya dalam tubuh kita (kecuali radiasi)

Dampak faktor fisika ?

Bagaimana perlindungan TK?Kurangi Faktor Fisika di Tempat Kerja di sumbernyaMisal:isolasi Ganti peralatan

II. Mengurangi waktu paparan

Menambah jarakBagaimana perlindungan TK?

III. At the Worker LevelE.g.: isolation (special cabin) individual equipment protectionBagaimana perlindungan TK?

Peran Ahli K3?

KebisinganApakah Kebisingan ?Bunyi yang tidak dikehendaki atau dikehendaki yang menyebabkan sensasi dengar yang tidak mengenakkan, kadang kadang mengganggu kenyamanan dan komunikasiSuara yang menggangguPersepsi terhadap bising sangat tergantung pada pendengar dan situasinya (mis: musik rock sangat menyenangkan bagi seseorang namun sangat mengganggu bagi suasana kerja di ruang bedah)

Kebisingan di tempat kerja ?a complex of sounds, of variable intensities and pitches, having different characteristics, rhythmic or rhythmless, produced continuously or discontinuously by machines, tools, devices, means of transportation, the human voice, etc, during the performance of the professional activity

Characteristics of sounds

What is the Threshold Limit Value?

The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) depends on the work specificity (International Standard, ISO 1999-1990). The Law establishing this is the Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the European Council. This directive is to be transposed into the national legislation of all Member States. In the European countries the maximum admitted values (Leq - weekly equivalent acoustic level) at the workplace with normal neural-sensorial solicitation are between 85 and 90 dB (A).

What are the Health Effects? File2694.ASF

What are the Health Effects?

Auditory Acute : tinnitus acoustic trauma

Chronic:hypoaccousia Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)Non-auditorysleep disturbancesgeneral effects (cardiovascular, metabolic changes)behavioural effects

The audiogram - records both ways of sound transmission: air and bone conductionNormal audiogram

NIHL

Treatment 1. Ceasing the exposure to noise and other toxic substances (Hg, SC2, toluene, Gentamycin, Kanamycin etc)

2. Medication: antioxidants, vitamins

3. Hearing aids in severe cases

How can we protect from noise?Reduces the N at the sourceE.g.:isolation change the device

Technical and organizational measuresIII. At the worker levelE.g.: isolation (special cabin) individual equipment protection (ear plugs or ear muffs)II. Reduce exposure time

Increase the distance

How can you protect from noise?Medical measurementsPre-employment examinationPeriodical examinationsAudiometric testingRisk assessmentRisk management

Ultrasounds and infrasoundUltrasounds > 20000 Hz= inaudibleWhere to be found? (workplaces)- industry (used in detecting defects, cleaning of pieces etc) medicine (ultrasounds, dental scaling, therapy) devices against thieves, pests etcInfrasound 1-20 Hz= inaudibleWhere to be found? (workplaces)natural sources:geological (earthquakes, landslides, avalanches) or meteorological events (storms, tornadoes) artificial sources: industrial machinesventilation systems, air conditioning aircraftrail traffic

What are the health effects of ultrasounds and infrasound?

Ultrasounds Acute effects: 18-30 kHzheadache, fatigue at the end of the day, sleepiness during day time, the feeling of pressure inside the ear, walking disturbances, numbness, and sensitivity disturbances.Chronic effects:vascular disturbances, increase of the central and skin temperatures, hyperglycemia, increased number of eosinophiles

InfrasoundAcute exposure:to intensities high enough to be heard, it can determine a decrease in vigilanceChronic exposure:to normal levels present in the environment, there is not enough evidence

How do we protect from ultrasounds and infrasound?

By respecting the technical prophylactic measurements concerning noise exposure

In case of ultrasounds, wearing rubber cotton gloves may be of help

VibrationVibrations are the mechanical oscillations of an object reported to an equilibrium point.Vibrations enter the body through the organ in contact with the vibrating equipment. There are two situations: the hand-arm vibration exposure, when a worker operates hand-held equipment such as a chain saw or jackhammer, the vibrations affect the hands and the arms;the whole body vibration exposure, when a worker sits on a vibrating seat or stands on a vibrating floor, the vibrations exposure affect almost the entire body.

How do you measure vibrations?

The measurement of vibrations is made with a special device similar to the sonometer and the established parameter according to legal standards is the accelerationhttp://www.occup-med.com/content/3/1/13Legal framework: European Directive 2002/44/ CE

What are the workplaces with vibrations?

Mining, constructions, forestry work, car driving (tractor, excavator, and bulldozer), helicopter, etc.

Sources of vibrations: pneumatic tools, chain saw and other vibrating tools.

What are the health effects?

Hand-arm vibration exposure Whole body vibration exposure20-500 HZ< 20 HzTarget organs: blood vessels of the fingers sensitive nerves of the hand bone-muscle-articulation structures of the hand-arm systemTarget organs: organs of the abdominal cavity circulatory system vertebral column nervous system

What are the health effects?

Hand-arm vibration exposure Whole body vibration exposureVascular changes:- Vibration Induced White Finger (VWF) Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) Carpal Tunnel SyndromeNeurological changes:- night numbness, tactile sensitivity decrease, alteration of the superficial thermal pain sensitivity Osteo-musculo-skeletal disorders:-cysts at the carpal bones-Osteoarthritis of the metacarpal- trapeze bone articulation-Kienbock disease (aseptic necrosis of the semilunar bone)-Dupuytren disease (retraction of the superficial palmar aponevrosis)Motion sickness: (0,1-2 HZ)Gastro-intestinal disorders: (4-8 Hz)Circulatory disorders: (4-8 Hz)Visual disorders: (5-20 Hz)Osteo-musculo-skeletal disorders: - especially back pain with disc or arthrosis modifications

Laboratory investigations

Hand-arm vibration exposure Whole body vibration exposureCold provocation testVascular Doppler testInfrared thermograph testVibration perception test

Other investigations:- Bone X ray- Biological Bone X ray (lumbar vertebral column)RMN Biological investigations Gastric examinationRenal examination

Treatment Cessation to vibrations exposureSymptomatic treatment Medical preventionPre-employment examinationPeriodical medical examinationIncreased caution for people with cardiovascular diseases and musculo-skeletal disorders

How can we protect from vibrations?Reduce the V at the sourceE.g.:Design an ergonomic tool to attenuate the VChange the device Technical and organizational measuresIII. At the worker levelE.g.: individual protection equipment (special gloves)II. Reduce exposure time

Avoid exposure to cold

Vibration damping system

Radiation What do we know about radiation?Radiation is a complex process through which the energy emitted by a source is transmitted through different media and then absorbed by a support. According to the ionizing capacity of the matter, we have ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

Visible LightEnough energy to produce ionization

Classification according to the ionizing capacity of the matter

Ionizing radiation Non-ionizing radiation Electromagnetic:- X rays Gamma rays

Corpuscular :- Alpha particles- Beta particles- Neutrons Electromagnetic fields Infrared (IR)Ultraviolet (UV)Visual radiation (V)Laser Microwave

Characteristics of radiation Source Energy depositThe first interaction Transport

Ionizing radiationHow can we measure radiation?The radiation dose is the most important measure from the medical point of view. The radiation dose can be expressed as:Absorbed dose (D) - the amount of energy absorbed per unit weight of the organ or tissue; - measured in Gray (Gy).Equivalent dose (H) - Absorbed dose in Gy multiplied by a weighing radiation factor (WR) which expresses the biological effectiveness of radiation; - measured in Sievert (Sv). The equivalent dose takes into consideration the radiation type, because the equal doses of all types of ionizing radiation are not equally harmful. Effective dose (E) E = T wT.HT where wT.= weighing tissue/organ factor and HT = equivalent dose in tissue/organ

What are the limits of exposure to radiation?

The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) published by the ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) are:20 mSv - average annual dose for radiation workers, over an average of five years 1 mSv - annual dose limit recommended for general public (ICRP - International Commission on Radiological Protection)The risk of radiation-induced diseases depends on the total radiation dose that a person receives over the time.Legal framework: there are specific standards for each type of radiation.

Where we can find ionizing radiation?

Sources of radiation: natural (85%): cosmic, the natural radioactivity of the earth, the natural radioactivity of the air (Radon), the natural radioactivity of the water, vegetation, and food; artificial (15%): medical, occupational, and from other sources such as: industrial, nuclear research, nuclear accident (Chernobyl, Fukushima).Workplaces: the medical sector (X-ray examinations ~ 1mSv/year, nuclear medicine ~ 1-2mSv/year), research (operating accelerators ~ 4-5mSv/year), industry (industrial X-ray examination, radioisotopes production, manufacturing of luminescent products), nuclear industry, natural sources (Radon in the uranium mining activity, the cosmic radiation during plane flights).

What are the Health Effects?

Radiosensitivity (RS)

High RSMedium RSLow RSBone marrowSpleenThymusLymphatic nodulesGonadsCrystallineLymphocytesSkinMezodermic tissue of organs (e.g. liver, heart, lung etc)MusclesBonesNervous system

Clinical AspectsACUTECHRONIC

GENERALRadiation Acute Syndrome (RAS)

LOCALAcute radio dermatitisEye impactInfertility

GENERALChronic radiation disease

LOCALChronic radio dermatitisSkin cancer

Treatment In case of over-exposure:Identify the affected people, select, isolate and monitor themProper protection of the personnel involved in the rescue and in the research !!!Reconstruct the accident through physical and biological measurements and clinical dataSymptomatic treatment (antivomitives, sedative drugs, etc)In local exposure the prognosis is better.

How can we protect from ionizing radiation ?Technical and organizational measuresIncrease the distance from the sourceReduce exposure time Protect exposed peopleFundamental concepts of radioprotection: JustificationOptimizationDosage limitation

How can we protect from ionizing radiation ?Medical measures - blood count !!!- nucleoli test- ophthalmological examination- psychological test

Non-ionizing radiationNon-ionizing radiation: electro-magnetic fields, infrared, ultraviolet (UV), visual radiation, laser, microwave

How do we measure non-ionizing radiation?Measure unit: frequency Hz (cycle/second), wavelength (m)

Non-ionizing radiationMicrowave radiation and radiofrequency waveSource: in radio communications, industry (heating), drying, hardening of metal, food sterilization, display screen, in medicine (diathermy)Very low frequency radiation (

Non-ionizing radiationWhat are the Health Effects? Two types: - thermal effect- non-thermal effect (genetic, phototoxic, and photo-allergic)Main affected organs: - eyes (Laser exposure) - skinClinical effects of exposure to very low frequency are very controversial. Research has focused on possible carcinogenic, reproductive, and neurological effects. Other suggested health effects include cardiovascular, brain, behaviour, hormonal and immune system changes.

Non-ionizing radiationTreatment:Restriction or cessation to the exposureSpecific treatment of the eye and skin lesions

Non-ionizing radiationHow can we protect from non-ionizing radiation?Medical measures People having mechanical or cardiac implants are not allowed on/ around electromagnetic fields !!!We can not employ people with: eye conditions central nervous system condition cardio-vascular conditionskin diseases

How can we protect from non-ionizing radiation?Technical and organizational measuresIII. At the worker levelE.g.: individual protection equipment (proper clothing, special eye protection)- protection creamII. Reduce exposure time

Increase source distance

Use protective shields

LightingWhat do you know about lighting?Light is a key element for our capacity to see and it is necessary to appreciate the form, the colour and the perspective of the objects that surround us.Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight.

Good lighting implies:

uniform illuminationoptimal luminanceno glareadequate contrast conditions and use of correct colours as detail and backgroundabsence of stroboscopic effect or intermittent light

How do we measure lighting?

The device for measuring lighting is the lux meter.The measuring unit for lighting is lux (luminance) i.e. the luminous flux per unit area at any point, on a surface exposed to incident light.

Legal framework: according to the European legislationA good lighting level is necessary to be sufficient (at least equal with the specific values)

What are the sources and workplaces?

Sources: natural: the sunlight, artificial: lighting by incandescence, fluorescence, high-pressure sodium or mercury lamp, low-pressure sodium or tungsten lamp, mixed lighting (i.e. natural and artificial). The sunlight is composed of: 40% visible radiation, 59% infrared visible radiation, 1% ultraviolet visible radiation.Workplaces: agriculture, constructions, sailing activities, foundries, office work.Professions: workers in outdoor activities in summer and winter, inside activities with visual solicitation (jeweler, watchmaker, etc).

What are the Health Effects? Poor lighting may affect the workers' Health Visual trouble (visual fatigue, tearing, and other visual problems)FatigueHeadacheMusculoskeletal disorders

Performance ErrorsAccidents

Treatment It is recommended to use natural lighting!

Workplace Worker Solving the technical problems of inadequate lighting: type of light position distances organization of work- 10 minutes breaks every 1 hour (e.g. fine, very fine, computer work)Against visual disorders: ophthalmologic eyewash, vitamins, protection or correction glassesAgainst fatigue: vitamins antioxidantsAgainst MSD: physiotherapy swimming NSAID

How can we prevent the effects of poor lighting?

Technical measuresFor good lighting it is necessary to have an ergonomic organization of the workplace and to take into consideration: the precision required for the performed tasksthe amount of workthe mobility of the workerthe characteristics of the workplace (windows, type of lighting and the season)

How can we prevent the effects of poor lighting?

Medical measures

Monitoring the visual capacity of employees before employment and after that, through periodical examination (usually, a screening examination per year).

Microclimate (cold and warm climate)The microclimate is characterized by: - temperature (dry) - relative humidity - air current speed - surface temperature - caloric radiationVery cold and very hot temperatures could be dangerous to health.

Temperature action and worker reaction Proper insulation (protective clothing) Physical activity Controlled exposure to cold or warm

How do we measure temperature?

Measuring device: globe thermometer Measuring unit: temperature in degrees Celsius or FahrenheitLegal framework: according to the European legislation

Cold exposureWhat are the workers exposed to cold? Outside: road builders, construction workers, police officers, fire fighters, emergency response workers, military personnel, transport workers, bus and truck drivers, fishermen, hunters and trappers, etcInside: workers in refrigerated warehouses, meat packaging and meat storage workers, etc.

What are the Health Effects to cold exposure? Local effects: FROSTBITE General effects: HYPOTHERMIA

Treatment EMERGENCIESFIRST AID FIRST AID INCREASE THE BODY TEMPERATURE GRADUALLY !!!

How can we prevent frostbite and hypothermia? Proper insulation (protective clothing) Proper resting periods in a warm area Balanced meals and adequate warm tea intake NO alcohol !!!Insulated Cabine Technical measures

How can we prevent frostbite and hypothermia?Medical measures:pre-employmentperiodical medical examinationsPeople presenting the following conditions are not allowed to work in cold environments:cardiovascular diseasesReynauds syndromeotitis, sinusitisnephropathy

Heat environmentWhat are the workplaces with warm/hot exposure? Outdoor occupations, such as: constructions, road repairing, open-pit mining and agriculture - summer sunshine being the main source of heat.Inside occupations, such as: foundries, steel mills, bakeries, smelters, glass factories, and furnaces - extremely hot or molten material being the main source of heat; in laundries, restaurant kitchens, and canneries, high humidity adds to the heat burden.

Heat environmentWhat is acclimatization?The temporary adaptation of the body to work in heat conditions and to which a person is exposed over time.Complete heat acclimatization generally takes 6 to 7 days, but some individuals may need longer. When a person gets acclimatized, the central temperature decreases with up to 1 degree Celsius and the cardiac frequency decreases with 10-14 beats/minute, compared to a non-acclimatized person in the same conditions. This is a consequence of the increased sweating process and a good vaso-motor control.

How does warmth act? What are the Health Effects? Body heat (generated by working)Clothing requirementsWarm environmentHeat stressHeat oedema Heat rashesHeat crampsHeat exhaustionHeat syncopeHeat stroke and hyperpyrexia

Treatment Removal from the heated environment

Resting in a cool area

consumption of cool salted drinks

Heat stroke and hyperpyrexia require immediate first aid and medical survey !!!

How can we protect from heat exposure?I. Reduces the radiant from hot surfaces Insulation of hot surfaces

Technical and organizational measuresIII. Protection clothing Eyes protection II. Reduce exposure time Increase the distance Shielding Ventilation Reducing the humidity

How can we protect from heat exposure?Medical measures:Acclimatization !!!a decrease in heat tolerance occurs even after a long weekend. This is the reason for which it is often not advisable for anyone to work under very hot conditions on the first day of the week. Also, the new employees should acclimatize before assuming a full workload. People with cardiovascular diseases are not allowed to work in heat conditions.

Air pressureThe activities performed in conditions of abnormal pressure are grouped into two categories: activities performed in hyperbarism (atmosphere compression or decompression) activities performed in hypobarism (pressure below that of the ground level atmospheric pressure)

Air pressureWhat are the Workplaces and Workers ?

HyperbarismHypobarism- underwater activities scuba divers (the pressure exceeds with at least 0.1 atmospheres the normal value)- pilots - lift workers workers in store-rooms with modern fire protection systems where the oxygen content of the air is reduced to 13 %

Air pressureWhat are the Health Effects and Treatment?Treatment : acute forms are medical emergencies and require Oxygen administration and modifying the pressure

Air pressureWhat are the Health Effects and Treatment?The effects that occur depend on: how quick the transfer from normal pressure to decreased pressure is, how trained the person is and whether he adapts to the pressure.Treatment: returning to the level of the ground; specific treatment according to the condition of the patient.

How can we prevent the effects of exposure to hyperbarism and hypobarism?

HyperbarismHypobarismTechnical measures: by assuring good quality and good temperature of compressed air by respecting the decompression protocol by reducing the work time ~ deep availability of a special room for relaxing and clothingTechnical measures: by pressurizing the planes by climbing in stagesMedical measures:- pre-employment examination- periodical examinations- adaptive control Medical measures:- pre-employment examination- periodical examinations- adaptive control

Part No 2, Lesson No 1PhysicsIAEA Training Material: Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy*This slide rounds up the discussion of ionising vs non-ionising radiationPart No 2, Lesson No 1PhysicsIAEA Training Material: Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy*This slide introduces the notion of how radiation can be quantified - there are different steps where this can occur. This is discussed, in the following, in more detail.