PEKAN ILMIAH NASIONALSEMINAR-1

MENYINGKAP BAHAN ALAM SEBAGAI BAHAN ALTERNATIF26 SEPTEMBER 2004 - JURUSAN FARMASI FMIPA UNHAS - MAKASAR

MENGAPA HARUS MENCARI

OBAT ALTERNATIF“ TINJAUAN FARMAKOLOGI DAN KESEHATAN “

Dr.rer.nat.Mulja Hadi Santosa,Apt. (Ka.Bag. “Ilmu Bahan Alam”)Dr.Bambang Prajogo E.W.,MS.,AptFak-Farmasi Unair - Surabaya

JUDUL DARI PANITIA

MENGAPA HARUS MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF“ TINJAUAN FARMAKOLOGI DAN KESEHATAN “

Topik Bahasan : MENCARI OBAT ? : Drugs discovery ALTERNATIF ? : Traditional / Alternative FARMAKOLOGI ? : Scientific Basic of Therapy KESEHATAN ? : Healthy 2010

TERAPI RASIONAL :1. TEPAT PENYAKIT2. TEPAT PENDERITA3. TEPAT OBAT4. TEPAT CARA-DOSIS-WAKTU5. WASPADA EFEK SAMPING

SEQUENS :1. DISCOVERY2. DESIGN---3. DELIVERY4. TARGET - RESPONS5. CARE ( THERAPY )

USE

DRUG

R & D

TUJUAN TERAPI :1. CAUSAL2. SIMPTOMATIC3. SUPPORTIVE4. PREVENTIVE5. REHABILITASI & COSMETIC

MANUFACTURE

PHARM.CHEMIS

TRY

BIOMEDICS

PHARMACEUTICS

DISCOVERY

DESIGN

DELIVERY

TARGET

RESPONS

DRUGS

CARE

THERAPY

NATURALPRODUCTS(TM - CAM)

PHARMACYPRACTICE

SOCIALCONTEXTS

PHARM.CHEMIS

TRY

BIOMEDICS

PHARMACEUTICS

DISCOVERY

DESIGN

DELIVERY

TARGET

RESPONS

DRUGS

CARE

THERAPY

MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF

KESEHATAN

FARMAKOLOGI

Traditional medicine

Traditional medicine includes a diversity of health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral-based medicines; spiritual therapies; manual techniques; and exercises, applied singly or in combination to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose, or prevent illness.

The comprehensiveness of the term “traditional medicine” and the wide range of practices it encompasses make it difficult to define or describe, especially in a global context. Traditional medical knowledge may be passed on orally from generation to generation, in some cases with families specializing in specific treatments, or it may be taught in officially recognized universities. Sometimes its practice is quite restricted geographically, and it may also be found in diverse regions of the world (see the section on complementary/alternative medicine, above). However, in most cases, a medical system is called “traditional” when it is practised within the country of origin.

COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

What are the major types of complementary and alternative medicine?

NCCAM classifies CAM therapies into five categories, or domains:

1. ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

Alternative medical systems are built upon complete systems of theory and practice. Often, these systems have evolved apart from and earlier than the conventional medical approach used in the United States. Examples of alternative medical systems that have developed in Western cultures include homeopathic medicine and naturopathic medicine. Examples of systems that have developed in non-Western cultures include traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda.

2. MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS

Mind-body medicine uses a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind's capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms. Some techniques that were considered CAM in the past have become mainstream (for example, patient support groups and cognitive-behavioral therapy). Other mind-body techniques are still considered CAM, including meditation, prayer, mental healing, and therapies that use creative outlets such as art, music, or dance.

USA

3. BIOLOGICALLY BASED THERAPIES Biologically based therapies in CAM use substances found in nature, such as herbs, foods, and vitamins. Some examples include dietary supplements, herbal products, and the use of other so-called "natural" but as yet scientifically unproven therapies (for example, using shark cartilage to treat cancer).

4. MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED METHODS Manipulative and body-based methods in CAM are based on manipulation and/or movement of one or more parts of the body. Some examples include chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, and massage.

5. ENERGY THERAPIES Energy therapies involve the use of energy fields. They are of two types: Biofield therapies are intended to affect energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body. The existence of such fields has not yet been scientifically proven. Some forms of energy therapy manipulate biofields by applying pressure and/or manipulating the body by placing the hands in, or through, these fields. Examples include qi gong, Reiki, and Therapeutic Touch. Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies involve the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields, magnetic fields, or alternating current or direct current fields.

USA

CAM : COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

National Center CAM defines CAM as:...covering a broad range of healing philosophies,approaches, and therapies.

Generally, it is defined as those treatments and health-care practices not taught widely in medical schools, not generally used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by medical insurance companies.

USA

1. RELAXATION TECHNIQUE (MEDITATION)

2. HERBAL MEDICINE3. MASSAGE4. CHIROPRACTIC5. SPIRITUAL HEALING6. MEGAVITAMIN7. SELF HELP8. IMAGERY9. COMMERCIAL DIET10. FOLK REMEDIES11. LIFE STYLE DIET12. ENERGY HEALING13. HOMEOPATHY14. HYPNOSIS15. BIOFEEDBACK16. ACCUPUNCTURE

Are complementary medicine and alternative medicine different from each other?Yes, they are different.

Complementary medicine is used together with conventional medicine. An example of a complementary therapy is using aromatherapy to help lessen a patient's discomfort following surgery.

Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. An example of an alternative therapy is using a special diet to treat cancer instead of undergoing surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy that has been recommended by a conventional doctor.

Complementary and alternative medicine, as defined by NCCAM, is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine USA

• CAM would improve health when used in combination with conventional medical treatments: 55%

• CAM would be interesting to try: 50%• Conventional medical treatments would not help: 28%• A conventional medical professional suggested trying CAM: 26%• Conventional medical treatments are too expensive: 13%The survey found that most people use CAM along with conventional medicinerather than in place of conventional medicine.

USA NC CAM

1. Obat konvensional tidak membantu2. Ketidakpuasan akan obat konvensional3. Ketidak-percayaan terhadap obat konvensional4. Perasaan frustasi terhadap obat konvensional5. Faktor “value – beliefs “ terhadap alternatip6. Faktor “philosophical orientation towards health and life”7. Tertarik untuk mencoba alternatip8. Dianjurkan untuk mencoba alternatip9. Obat konvensional lebih mahal10. Untuk membantu meningkatkan kesehatan

OBAT ALTERNATIF,BERARTI MENGGANTIKAN

ASPEK NON-TERAPEUTIK:1. BIAYA (HARGA)2. KETERSEDIAAN3. BELIEFE - PHILOSOPHY

ASPEK TERAPEUTIK :1. LEBIH “SAFETY”2. LEBIH “EFFICACY”3. “CAUSAL” RESPONSE

ASPEK BIOMEDIK FARMASI :1. MEKANISME KERJA YANG “LAIN” = “BARU”2. “DRUGS TARGET - RESPONSE” YANG “LAIN” = “BARU”

TIDAK / BELUM ADA OBATNYADALAM “CONVENSIONAL MEDICINE”

= “OBAT BARU” =

MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF= MENCARI OBAT BARU =

ASPEK RESOURCE:1. NATURAL COMPOUND2. NATIONAL ORIGINE

ASPEK TERAPEUTIK :1. MEKANISME BARU2. TARGET-RESPON BARU

= MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BASED DRUGS DISCOVERY= PHARMACOGENOMIC APPROACHED DRUGS DISCOVERY= NATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION

MOLEKUL OBAT NASIONAL NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

MEDICALSCIENCES

DRUG

BIOLOGICALSYSTEM

DRUGSTARGET

FARMAKOGENOMIK

DRUGSRESPONSE

THERAPEUTICS

NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY

PENYAKIT

PENYAKIT INFEKSIDasar Terapi Prioritas :1. KAUSAL2. NO-RESISTANCE3. PREVENTIVE

PENYAKIT NON-INFEKSIDasar Patogenesis Baru :1. GENETIK2. TRASKRIPTOMIK3. PROTEOMIK4. METABOLOMIK

DASAR PENEMUAN OBAT BARU :1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – PHARMACOGENOMIC ( DRUGS TARGET)2. NATIONAL (NATURAL) RESOURCES – COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS3. PARADIGM : QUALITY – SAFETY – EFFICACY - ECONOMIC

SINGLE COMPOUND APPROACH( PURE SUBSTANCE )

MULTI-COMPOUNDS APPROACH( STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS)

PENYAKIT

PENYAKIT INFEKSI•DRUG & CHEMICALS•LIFE STYLE

PRIORITYHEALTHY COMMUNITY – HEALTH 2010 :

ENVIRONMENTS APPROACH PATIENTS APPROACH

PENYAKIT NON-INFEKSI

What Is a Healthy Community?A healthy community is one that embraces the belief that health is more than merely an absence of disease; a healthy community includes those elements that enable people to maintain a high quality of life and productivity.For example:1. A healthy community offers access to health care services that focus

on both treatment and prevention for all members of the community.

2. A healthy community is safe.3. A healthy community has roads, schools, playgrounds, and other

services to meet the needs of the people in that community. (These items are often referred to as “infrastructure.”)

4. A healthy community has a healthy and safe environment.

Alternatip untuk tujuan terapi prevensi

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010Goal I: Increase Quality and Years of Healthy Life HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 seeks to increase life expectancy and quality of life by helping individuals gain the knowledge, motivation, and opportunities they need to make informed decisions about their health.

Goal II: Eliminate Health DisparitiesHEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 recognizes that communities, States, and national organizations will need to take a multidisciplinary approach to achieve health equity–an approach that involves improving health, education, housing, labor, justice, transportation, agriculture, and the environment, as well as data collection itself.

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010: 28 Focus Areas ( # 1 – 14 )1. Access to Quality Health Services2. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back Conditions3. Cancer4. Chronic Kidney Disease5. Diabetes6. Disability and Secondary Conditions7. Educational and Community-Based Programs8. Environmental Health9. Family Planning10. Food Safety11. Health Communication12. Heart Disease and Stroke13. HIV14. Immunization and Infectious Diseases

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010: 28 Focus Areas ( # 15 – 28 )15. Injury and Violence Prevention16. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health17. Medical Product Safety18. Mental Health and Mental Disorders19. Nutrition and Overweight20. Occupational Safety and Health 21. Oral Health22. Physical Activity and Fitness23. Public Health Infrastructure24. Respiratory Diseases25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases26. Substance Abuse 27. Tobacco Use28. Vision and Hearing

The application of pharmaceutical 1. knowledge, skills and resources 2. to the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life,

promoting, protecting and improving health for all through organised efforts of society

PHARMACEUTICAL PUBLIC HEALTH

1. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back Pain2. Cancer3. Chronic Kidney Disease4. Diabetes5. Nutrition and Overweight6. Heart Disease and Stroke7. HIV8. Immunization and Infectious Diseases9. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health10. Nutrition and Overweight11. Respiratory Diseases12. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF= MENCARI OBAT BARU =

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010

Alternatip :1. Terapi kausal2. Terapi simptom3. Terapi supporting4. Terapi prevensi

PENYAKIT

PENYAKIT INFEKSI DRUG & CHEMICALS

• CELL CYCLE• GENOMIC – TRANSKRIPTOMIC – PROTEOMIC• METABOLISM – HOMEOSTASIS• ORGAN CELLS FUNCTION• INTER & INTRA CELL SIGNALING• REPAIR SYSTEM• OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AGING

• LIFE STYLE• NUTRITION THERAPY

DRUGS THERAPY

SCIENTIFIC BASISOF THERAPY

PENYAKIT NON-INFEKSI

NON-DRUGSTHERAPY

• TREATMENTS• REDUCE• PREVENTION

PRESPECTIVE DRUG TARGETKILLING CANCER-CELL

INHIBITION OF METASTASIS

DIRECTLY

IN-DIRECTLY

CELL CYCLE TARGETBASED ACTIVITY TARGET

IMMUNO-MODULATIONBASED ACTIVITY TARGET

INHIBITION OF ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITION : factors dll

INHIBITION : kollagenase dll

SPEKTRUM ALTERNATIP TERAPI UNTUK KANKER-TUMOR

• APOPTOSIS• DEFERENSIASI

PRESPECTIVE DRUG TARGET

LIVER CELL

OTHER CELLS

DUODENUM

SPEKTRUM ALTERNATIP TERAPI UNTUK DIABETES

PANCREATIC CELL

MUSCEL CELL

FAT CELL

PRESPECTIVE DRUG RESPONSE

Hambatan resorpsi glukosa

•Glukosa uptake mechanism•Insulin reseptor-intrasignaling

•Insulin biosintesis•Insulin degradation•Insulin accumulation•Insulin sekretion mechanism

•Insulin reseptor-intrasignaling•Gluconeogenesis•Glycogenesis

SPEKTRUM ALTERNATIP TERAPI UNTUK DISLIPIDEMIA

EMPEDU

DUODENUM

HEPAR

• biosintesis Blood Cholesterole• receptor mediated endocytosis• intracellar degradation

• biosintesis• sekresi

SERUM(DARAH)

LDL – VLDLHDL - VHDL

FAECES ORAL INTAKE

EXCRETIONPATHWAY

• TRANSPORT• FUNCTION

• Diet non kolesterol• Hambatan resorpsi kolesterol

Hormone biosynthesis

FREE RADICALS SCAVENGERMECHANISM

HIDROGEN DONORCOMPOUNDS

FREE RADICALS BIOSCIENCE BASED THERAPY

ENZIM SYSTEMBASED RESPONS

OXIDATIVE STRESS/INJURY ANDCELL SIGNALING APPROACH

• AGING• CARDIO-VASCULAR• DIABETES• IMMUNO-INFLAMATION• NEURODEGERATIVE• ALZHEIMER• MALE INFERTILITY• DLL

PROTECT – MODULATE PATOPHYSIOLOGY

CELL CYCLE RELATEDBASED RESPONSDAMAGE OF :

1. DNA – RNA2. LIPID3. PROTEIN4. GLYCAN

NATURALEXPLORATION

BASED

MOLECULARBIOLOGY

BASED

SYNTHESISBASED

BIOTECHNOLOGYBASED

DRUGSDISCOVERY

COMBINATORIALCHEMISTRY

COMBINATORIALBIOLOGY

RECEPTORBASED PROTEIN

RECEPTORBASED DRUGS

DRUGS RESOURCES

TUMBUHAN& BIOTA LAUT

CHEMICALSBANK

GENETIKBANK

BIODIVERSITY

FENOMENABIOLOGI

STRATEGY – APPROACHES1. ETNOMEDICINE2. CHEMOTAXONOMY3. BIO-MOL ACTIVITY SCREENING

PARADIGM - CONCEPTS1. SINGLE COMPUND2. MULTI-COMPOUNDS3. BIOACTIVE MACRO-MOLECULS

STRATEGI

BAHAN ALAM1. TANAMAN2. MARINE BIOTA3. TROPICAL FOREST

METODA DAN TEKNIK PENGUJIAN1. MOLECULAR2. SUB-CELLULAR3. SELLULAR4. ISOLATED ORGAN – IN SITU5. IN VIVO ANIMAL

VALIDATION : 1. RAW MATERIAL2. CHEMICAL - BIOCHEMICAL3. PHARMACEUTIC4. THERAPEUTICS – CLINIC5. LEGAL FORMAL

ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENTSUSAGE

Proposed Various Markers for Some Botanicals

Plant Name Marker Activity

Zingiber officinale Gingerol Rheumatic

Phylantus niruri Phyllanthin Hepatoprotektor

Tribulus terretris Saponin (Cholrogenin dan Gitogenin) Impotension, diuretic, Muscle building, Anti-urolitic

Salacia raticulata Salacinol Antidiabetes

Piper ningrum (Cabe jawa), Lada hitam

Piperine Bacteriside, antioxidant, Centella asiatica Asiaticoside Skin health, varicose vein, would healing Neurotonic

Curcuma longa Curcumin Hepatoprotektor, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammation

Glycyrrhiza glabra Glycyrrhetinic acid, Glycyrrhizin Anti-inflammatory, sweetener

Uncaria gambir Catechin Antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotector

Silybum marianum Sylimarin Hepatoprotector

Acorus calamus - Asarone Carminative

Aloe vera Aloin Cosmetics, Laxative

Andrographis paniculata Andrographolide Antibiotics, Antidiabetes

Cassia angutifolia Sennosides Laxative

Garcinia cambogia Asam Hidroksi sitrat, Garcinol Antilipidemic, Slimming purpose

Abrus precatorius Abrusoside Natural sweetener, Anti-inflammatory

Passiflora incarnata Vitexin Anti anxiety/stress

Tinospora crispa Berberine, Jatrorrhizine Antibiotics, Tonic

Boesenbergia pandurata Panduratin Antioksidant,anticancer, hepatoprotector

Cassia siamea Siaminine A Antimalaria

STANDARDIZATION OF

PLANT DRUGS

Authentication

Organoleptic evaluation

Chromatographic profile Ash Value

Extractive Value

Volatile matter

Macroscopic &

Microscopic

Foreign matter

Radioactive contaminants

Microbial Count

Pesticide residue/ HACCP

Marker component

General protocol for standardized production of plant drugs

• For extract standardization more parameters should be added, such as: viscosity, particle size distribution, etc.

• According to European Scientific Committee on Phyto-medicines there are various standardized extracts, such as: viscous extract, dry extract, standardized dry extract, and harmonized extract.

• Most of commercial extracts imported from Europe, therefore, were processed following established techniques

Chemical constituent of J. gendarussa

Compound Plant’s part

Reff.

2-(2’-Aminobenzylamino)-benzyl-alcohol

2-(2’-Aminobenzylamino)-benzyl-alcohol

-o-methyl-ether

2-Amino-benzyl-alcohol

2-Amino-benzyl-alcohol-o-methyl-ether

Beta-sitosterol

Gendarusin A

Gendarusin B

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf

Duke, 1992A

Duke, 1992A

Duke, 1992A

Duke, 1992A

Duke, 1992A

Prajogo, 2002

Prajogo, 2002

1. OBAT ALTERNATIP BERARTI PADA POSISI MENGGANTIKAN OBAT KONVENSIONAL DENGAN ALASAN NON-TERAPEUTIK ATAU NON-TERAPEUTIK ( HARGA, BELIEFE-PHILOSOPHY)

2. MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIP DALAM PENDEKATAN FARMAKOLOGI BERARTI MENCARI PELUANG BARU DALAM DRUGS TARGET DAN DRUGS RESPONSE

3. MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIP DALAM PENDEKATAN KESEHATAN BERARTI MENCARI PELUANG TERKAIT TUJUAN PROGRAM (COMMUNITY) HEALTH-2010

4. MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIP DALAM PENELITIAN & PENGEMBANGAN KEFARMASIAN DI INDONESIA BERARTI EKSPLORASI OBAT BAHAN ALAM BIOAKTIF DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODA BIOLOGI MOLEKULER-SELULER

DEMIKIAN SEDIKIT PEMIKIRAN DARIFAKULTAS FARMASI

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

MOHON MAAF BILA ADA KEKURANGAN

DEFINITIONSAcupuncture (“AK-yoo-pungk-cher”) is a method of healing developed in China at least 2,000 years ago. Today, acupuncture describes a family of procedures involving stimulation of anatomical points on the body by a variety of techniques. American practices of acupuncture incorporate medical traditions from China, Japan, Korea, and other countries. The acupuncture technique that has been most studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.

Aromatherapy (“ah-roam-uh-THER-ah-py”) involves the use of essential oils (extracts or essences) from flowers, herbs, and trees to promote health and well-being.

Ayurveda (“ah-yur-VAY-dah”) is a CAM alternative medical system that has been practiced primarily in the Indian subcontinent for 5,000 years. Ayurveda includes diet and herbal remedies and emphasizes the use of body, mind, and spirit in disease prevention and treatment.

USA

DEFINITIONSChiropractic (“kie-roh-PRAC-tic”) is a CAM alternative medical system. It focuses on the relationship between bodily structure (primarily that of the spine) and function, and how that relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health. Chiropractors use manipulative therapy as an integral treatment tool.Dietary supplements. Congress defined the term “dietary supplement” in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. A dietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) taken by mouth that contains a “dietary ingredient” intended to supplement the diet. Dietary ingredients may include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, and metabolites. Dietary supplements come in many forms, including extracts, concentrates, tablets, capsules, gel caps, liquids, and powders. They have special requirements for labeling. Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are considered foods, notdrugs.

USA

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs, also called electric and magnetic fields) are invisible lines of force that surround all electrical devices. The Earth also produces EMFs; electric fields are produced when there is thunderstorm activity, and magnetic fields are believed to be produced by electric currents flowing at the Earth’s core.

Homeopathic (“home-ee-oh-PATH-ic”) medicine is a CAM alternative medical system. In homeopathic medicine, there is a belief that “like cures like,” meaning that small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms, when the same substances given at higher or more concentrated doses would actually cause those symptoms.

Massage (“muh-SAHJ”) therapists manipulate muscle and connective tissue to enhance function of those tissues and promote relaxation and well-being.

Naturopathic (“nay-chur-o-PATH-ic”) medicine, or naturopathy, is a CAM alternative medical system. Naturopathic medicine proposes that there is a healing power in the body that establishes, maintains, and restores health. Practitioners work with the patient with a goal of supporting this power, through treatments such as nutrition and lifestyle counseling, dietary supplements, medicinal plants, exercise, homeopathy, and treatments from traditional Chinese medicine.

USA

Osteopathic (“ahs-tee-oh-PATH-ic”) medicine is a form of conventional medicine that, in part, emphasizes diseases arising in the musculoskeletal system. There is an underlying belief that all of the body’s systems work together, and disturbances in one system may affect function elsewhere in the body. Some osteopathic physicians practice osteopathic manipulation, a full-body system of hands-on techniques to alleviate pain, restore function, and promote health and well-being.Qi gong (“chee-GUNG”) is a component of traditional Chinese medicine that combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (an ancient term given to what is believed to be vital energy) in the body, improve blood circulation, and enhance immune function.Reiki (“RAY-kee”) is a Japanese word representing Universal Life Energy. Reiki is based on the belief that when spiritual energy is channeled through a Reiki practitioner, the patient’s spirit is healed, which in turn heals the physical body.

USA

Therapeutic Touch is derived from an ancient technique called laying-on of hands. It is based on the premise that it is the healing force of the therapist that affects the patient’s recovery; healing is promoted when the body’s energies are in balance; and, by passing their hands over the patient, healers can identify energy imbalances.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the current name for an ancient system of health care from China. TCM is based on a concept of balanced qi (pronounced “chee”), or vital energy, that is believed to flow throughout the body. Qi is proposed to regulate a person’s spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical balance and to be influenced by the opposing forces of yin (negative energy) and yang (positive energy). Disease is proposed to result from the flow of qi being disrupted and yin and yang becoming imbalanced. Among the components of TCM are herbal and nutritional therapy, restorative physical exercises, meditation, acupuncture, and remedial massage.

USA

ETNOMEDISIN( TANAMAN OBAT ETNIS TERTENTU )

DUKUNKETUA ETNISTETUA DESA

MANUSIA TANAMAN

ALLAH

KEPERCAYAAN

HIDAYAH

PHYTOPHARMACEUTICAL( HERBAL AND EXTRACT )

ILMUWANBERFIKIRBEKERJA

MANUSIA TANAMAN

ALLAH

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

HIDAYAH

KONSEP :KELESTARIAN ( JAGA KEASLIAN & KONSERVASI )

KEMANFAATAN ( KESEJAHTERAAN MANUSIA )

TANAMAN

CHEMICALSBANK

GENETIKBANK

BIODIVERSITY

PLASMA NUTFAH

FENOMENABIOLOGI

BUDAYA

CHINAYIN YANG

INDIAAYURVEDA

MAYAAMERIKASELATAN

EGYPTMUMMY

JAPANKAMPO

INDIANAMERIKA

UTARA

UNANIEURO

ISLAMARAB

INDONESIASUKUASLI

HINDUAYURVEDA

ISLAMKONSEP

UNIVERSAL

BUDHAYIN YANG

KOLONIALSEKULER

JAMU

JAMU

OBATTRADISIONAL

JAMUCACAHANDIGODOK

PILJAMU

JAMUGENDONG

FITOFARMAKA

JAMUSERBUKDISEDUH

JAMUEKSTRAK

OBATASLI

“JAMU” SCIENCE

BOTANIFITOKIMIA

BIOMEDIK

FARMASETIKA

KLINIK

PHYTOPHARMA

CEUTICAL

PARADIGMA AND BASIC CONCEPTS

(BASIC THINKING)1. DRUGS DISCOVERY2. DRUGS DESIGN3. DRUGS MANUFACTURE4. DRUGS DELIVERY5. DRUGS TARGET6. DRUGS RESPONSE

- SINGLE COMPOUND- MULTI-COMPONENT

DRUGS

- HUMORAL- CELLULAR

- MOLECULARSYSTEM

SCIENTIFICSVALIDATION

HUMAN HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE

(PARADIGMA)• QUALITY• SAFETY• EFFICACY

INTERACTIONS AND RESPONSES(BASIC CONCEPTS)

BAHAN ALAMUNTUK NON-KEFARMASIAN

UNTUK KEFARMASIAN ( KESEHATAN)

1. DARI TANAMAN2. DARI HEWAN3. DARI BIOTA LAUT4. DARI MINERAL-TAMBANG5. DARI REKAYASA / BIOPROSES

ANORGANIC - METALLORGANICS

SENYAWA ORGANIC

METABOLIT PRIMERMETABOLIT SEKUNDER

• BIOACTIVE PEPTID / PROTEIN• BIOACTIVE LIPID / LEMAK

• BIOACTIVE POLYSACCHARIDE

• SMALL MOLECULES• LARGE MOLECULS• POLYMERIC COMPOUNDS

RESPONBIOLOGIS

• BIOACTIVE PEPTID / PROTEIN• BIOACTIVE LIPID / LEMAK

• BIOACTIVE POLYSACCHARIDE

• SMALL MOLECULES• LARGE MOLECULS• POLYMERICCOMOUNDS

RESPON BIOLOGIS

• STRUKTUR STEREOMETRIK• MUATAN ELEKTROFILIK-NUKLEOFILIK• HIDROGEN BOND CAPACITY• FREE-RADICAL GENERATING CAPACITYOTHER FISICO-CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES

STRUKTUR – BIOACTIVITYRELATIONSHIP

TUJUAN TERAPI

BAHAN ALAM

CLASSIFICATION OFPHYTOPHARMACEUTICS( government’s regulation )

1. JAMU

2. EXTRACT

3. PHYTOPHARMACA

QUALITY – SAVETY - EFFICACY

QUALITY – SAVETY - EFFICACY

QUALITY – SAVETY - EFFICACY

untuk manusia harus terbukti di manusia juga

OBAT( single compound paradigm )

EXTRACT PARADIGM( multicomponent paradigm)

codein

doveri

extract ~ R/. ~ active substances