vii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................. ...................i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ........................................................iii

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH....................iv

PRAKATA .............................................................................................................. v

DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... xiii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 4

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 4

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ........................................................................ 4

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ....................................................................... 4

1.4 Orisinalitas Penelitian ...................................................................... 5

1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 5

x

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 6

2.1 Landasan Teori ................................................................................ 6

2.1.1 Periodontitis ................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Saliva ........................................................................................... 14

2.2 Kerangka Teori .............................................................................. 24

2.3 Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 25

2.4 Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 25

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................... 26

3.1 Jenis Penelitian .............................................................................. 26

3.2 Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................... 26

3.3 Variabel Penelitian ........................................................................ 26

3.3.1 Variabel bebas ...................................................................... 26

3.3.2 Variabel terikat ................................................................... 26

3.3.3 Variabel terkendali ............................................................. 26

3.3.4 Variabel tidak terkendali ..................................................... 26

3.4 Definisi Operasional ..................................................................... 27

3.5 Populasi ......................................................................................... 28

3.6 Sampel Penelitian .......................................................................... 28

3.7 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi ......................................................... 29

3.8 Instrumen Penelitian ...................................................................... 30

3.8.1 Alat penelitian ...................................................................... 30

3.8.2 Bahan penelitian ................................................................... 31

x

3.9 Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................ 31

3.10 Alur Penelitian ............................................................................. 36

3.11 Analisa Hasil ................................................................................ 37

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................ 38

4.1 Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................. 38

4.2 Pembahasan ................................................................................... 42

BAB V KESIMPULAN .................................................................................... 47

5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 47

5.2 Saran .............................................................................................. 47

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 48

LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 53

x

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Pembentukan Kalkulus . ...................................................................... 23

Tabel 4. 1. Hasil rata – rata distribusi sekresi saliva ............................................. 38

Tabel 4. 2. Hasil rata – rata dan standar deviasi kalsium, fosfat, bikarbonat ....... 39

Tabel 4. 3. Hasil uji normalitas kadar kalsium ...................................................... 39

Tabel 4. 4. Hasil uji normalitas kadar fosfat ......................................................... 40

Tabel 4. 5. Hasil uji normalitas kadar bikarbonat ................................................. 40

Tabel 4. 6. Hasil uji homogenitas kadar kalsium, fosfat dan bikarbonat pada

kelompok periodontal sehat dan periodontitis .................................... 40

Tabel 4. 7. Hasil uji perbedaan kadar kalsium antara kelompok periodontal

sehat dan periodontitis. ........................................................................ 41

Tabel 4. 8. Hasil uji perbedaan kadar fosfat antara kelompok periodontal sehat

dan periodontitis. ................................................................................. 41

Tabel 4. 9. Hasil uji perbedaan kadar bikrbonat antara kelompok periodontal

sehat dan periodontitis. ........................................................................ 42

xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Tulang alveolar pada keadaan hemostatik dan terinflamasi yang

berkaitan dengan RANKL dan OPG ............................................... 8

Gambar 2.2. Kemerahan pada gingiva ................................................................ 11

Gambar 2.3. Gambaran Klinis Plak Supragingiva pada Hari ke 10 .................... 11

Gambar2.4. Kalkulus Supragingival digambarkan pada permukaan bukal

geraham rahang atas yang berdekatan dengan lubang saluran

parotis.. ........................................................................................... 12

Gambar 2.5. Poket periodontal .......................................................................... 12

Gambar 2.6. Resesi Gingiva oleh Karena Kehilangan Perlekatan Periodontal .. 13

Gambar 2.7. Keterlibatan furkasi ........................................................................ 13

Gambar 2.8. Ion Anorganik pada saliva .............................................................. 15

Gambar 2.9. Mekanisme Sekresi Saliva .............................................................. 17

Gambar 2.10. Pengaturan Sekresi Saliva melalui Syaraf ....................................... 20

xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Surat Ijin Penelitian .......................................................................... 53

Lampiran 2. Ethical Clearance ............................................................................. 54

Lampiran 3. Surat Sample Masuk ......................................................................... 55

Lampiran 4. Hasil analisa penelitian ..................................................................... 56

Lampiran 5. Surat penelitian dari Lab Teknik Lingkungan Undip ....................... 57

Lampiran 6. Analisis data penlitian ...................................................................... 58

Lampiran 7. Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................................ 60

Lampiran 8. Formulir PSP dan Informed Consent ................................................ 67