grammer 1

lad= perkcmbangan zaman ini, banyak orang yang mmnhcdm ,jio bqo potensi

kreatif dalam diri. Dengan sikap dan peobiom pos ftif akan dapat membantu mengetahui

potensi kreatif cme • =emir kesuksesan. Melalui potensi kreatif dalam diri kita akan oopa

melakukan segala hal yang terbaik dan sesuai dengan pribadi lob. Jadikan kegagalan

sebagai kekuatan baru untuk mencapai ctsukscsan.

Sebenarnya jarak kita dan sukses kita hares dipupuk dengan jembatan

pengembangan dan pembentangan kekuatan pada diri. Jembatan jangan dirusak dengan

secara sengaja oleh kemalasan, keminderan, dan ketakutan untuk menyeberang.

Semoga dengan hadimya buku ini dapat membantu kita dalam memahami dan

mempraktekkan Bahasa Inggris serta bermanfaat bagi kita semua didunia dan diakhirat.

Kami tidak lupa jika ada kelemahan dan kekurangan dalam buku ini kami sebagai

manusia biasa mohon ma'af lahir dan batin.

SELAMATBERJUANGDANSEMOGA SUKSES

fraariw A d !bunt" m

PREFACE

KIND OF WORD1. Pronouns2. Adjectives3. Nouns4. Conjunctions5. Adverbs6. Verbs7. Interjections8. Prepositions

SENTENCEQUESTION WORDS

TENSES1. Simple Present Tense2. Present Continuous Tense3. Present Perfect Tense4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense5. Simple Past Tense6. Past Continuous Tense7. Past Perfect Tense8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense9. Simple Future Tense10. Future Continuous Tense11. Future Perfect Tense12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense13. Simple Past Future Tense14. Past Future Continuous Tense15. Past Future Perfect Tense16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES1. Type I 2. Type II 3. Type III

MODAL AUXILIARIES1. Can / Could Vs be able to 2. Must3. May/ Might 4. Need5. Dare6. Ought to7. Used to 8. Had better9. Have to l has to / had to10. Will / would / shall / should 11. Will Vs be going to

RINGKASAN M/SM/MM MODAL PERFECTMODAL EXERCISESREGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS

PANCAVIPJenis jenis kata dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi 8 (The Eight Parts of Speech) atau disebut

dengan istilah PANCAVIP, yaitu:

1. (kata ganti) : I, you, we, they, she2. Adjectives

(kata sifat) : good, fussy, curious3. Nouns (kata

benda): car, book, pen, horse

4. Conjunctions (kata : and, but, or, while5. Adverbs.......................................................(kate keterang> i) : now, seriously, well6. Verbs (kata kerja) : eat, drink, took, gone

7. Interjections (kata seru).............................: hi I hello I alas I ouch I

8. Prepositions (kata depan)..........................: in, on, at, before, after

Wg need water and ;:uggrr am bUL they need rim 91 money.

1 6 3 4 3 5 4 1 6 3 4 3

1. Macam-macam pronouns:Subj.Pro Obj Pro Poss.A Poss.Pro Reflexiv

I Me My Mine MyselfYou You Your ... Yours YourselfWe Us Our Ours Ourselve

They Them Their Theirs ThemselShe Her Her Hers HerselfHe Him His His Himselfit it its Its Itself

this, that, these, those, the former, the latter, who, whom, which, that, where, when who,whom,what,which,whose,how,why, where,whenReciprocal Pro. : each other, one anotherDefinite Pro. : the other(s)Indefinite Pro. : all,any,both,each,either,other(s),

another,few,many,more,neither,none,some,someone,something,anything,one,ones,half.

Demonstrative Pro. Relative Pro. Interrogative Pro.

01

6rrmmar and f6woa

pronouns:- pronoun diletakkan sebelum verb.

I buy a book. They visited me last night.

-Object pronoun diletakkan setelah verb. Budi gives me a book.• Our teacher will invite us to take a walk tomorrow. -)lisessive adjective selalu diikuti

kata bends. This is my book. I need your dictionary.

- Possessive pronoun tidak boleh diikuti kata bends. This is mine>c.

-Reflexive pronoun:a Menegaskan subject : I myself saw you last night.b. Menegaskan object : Did you see me myself last night? c. Sebagal object (S-O) : She can help herselfd Jtka ada by = alone : He did his homework by hi ase f Bentuk yang lain : I cook myself noodles

I cook noodles for me m)wf- Demonstrative pronoun (kata ganti penunjuk)

This is a good picture 77utt is my new car.

- Relative pronoun (kata ganti penghubung) I met the lady whom you struck yesterday. The book which you will sell is from Australia. The student who is sitting will sing a pop song.

- Imerrogative pronoun (kata ganti penanya) Who will visit you tomorrow? What did you buy last night?

- Reciprocal pronoun (kata ganti sating) We must forgive each other. (two persons)• We must forgive one another. (more than two persons) - Definite pronoun (kata ganti

tertentu) You have 2 books. You give me one book. Where is the other?

- Iodifinite pronoun (kata ganti tak tentu) You have 5 books. You give me one. It is broken, give me another I

W ftntawe 02

I. Macam-macam Adjectives: Possessive Adjectives (untuk kepunyaan sebelum benda)

my book, your bag, our course, their school Interrogative Adjectives (kata tanya sebagai kata.sifat)

what lesson, which pen, whose car, how many ladies... Demonstrative Adjectives (kata sebagai penunjuk)

this dictionary, that boy, these bins, those tins Distributive Adjectives (bersifat distribusi)

each student, every mother, either you or I Numeral Adjectives (bilangan sebagai kata sifat)

one stick, two cans, the first love, the second chance.... Quantitative Adjectives (jumlah)

much money, many teachers, little water, few words Descriptive Adjectives (menggambarkan)

She is good, pretty, polite, kind, humble, cute

Apabila nouns (kata benda) disifati dengan lebih dari sate katasifat (adjectives), maka adjectives tersebut hares disusun berdasarkanurutan (order) tertentu. Beberapa aturan dalam menyusun adjectives

adalah: Letakkaniah adjective yang menunjukkan opini (pendapat) segera setelah determiner (article),

kemudian letakkanlah adjective yang menunjukkan fakta. Opinion adjectives : nice, beautiful, delicious Fact adjectives. : new, red, round, wooden Contoh: : a nice red stick

O Fthe beautiful Chinese girl

0 F Apabila ada fact adjectives lebih dari satu, biasanya fact adjectives disusun sebagai berikut:

Determ 2 4Article How How What Wher What is Poss. big old colour from made of

- a tall young man- the small black plastic bag- his long new white Korean car

03

= seorang pria muda tinggi. = tas plastik hitam kecil itu. = mobil Korea putih barupanjang (milik) nya.

Ginmmar and kiwcct n

A Mum-macam noun berdasarkan wujudnya dibagi menjadi: Caxrete Nouns:

L Common Nouns (bentuk umum) : book, pen, ruler, bagb. Proper Nouns (nama diri).............: Jacky, London, Jakartav. Collective Nouns (kumpulan) : a bundle, a pair, a team d. Material Nouns (alami).......................: gold, stone, silver

Abstract Nouns, dibentuk dengan berbagai cam a Akhiran - ment: e. Akhiran - y.amaze - amazement deliver - deliveryagree - agreement injure - injury

b. Akhiran - ion/tion: f. Akhiran - ness:act - action clever - clevernessprepare - preparation happy - happiness

c. Akhiran - ancetence: g. Bentuk-bentuk yang lain:attend - attendance able - abilitydiffer - difference brave - bravery

d. Akhiran - t: bore - boredomcomplain - complaint free -freedomfly - flight hope - hope

Berdasarkan jumlahnya ada tunggal dan jamak: Umumnya ditambah s/es

-friend -friends -fox-foxes Akhiran "y "ygdidahului konsonan -lady -ladies -baby-babies Akhtran "y "ygdidahului vokal:

-boy -boys -toy-toys Akhiran " o " ditambah es

-potato -potatoes -tomato-tomatoes Akhiran"' o " ditambah s

-memo -memos -radio-radios Akhiran " o " yg bisa ditambah s / es -mosquito-mosquitos / mosquitoes -volcano-volcanos /

volcanoes Akhiran "f" atau "fe "menjadi-Yes:

-calf -calves -knife-knives Bentuk tunggal dan jamaknya sama

-deer -fish -means-sheep -species -series

Bentukjamaknyatidakberaturan: -man-men -woman-women -child-children -goose-geese-foot - feet -louse-lice -tooth-teeth -mouse-mice

&4nw stud Jtrnrtare 04

4. Penggolongan conjunction berdasarkan arti & penggunaannya:A. Co-ordinating conjunction (kata penghubung yang sederajat)

1. Cumulative (menunjukkan arti tambahan):- She both sings and dances- and - as well as - and also - not only... but also.. -than- besides - no less ... than... - furthermore - further - moerover

2. Adversative (berlawanan):- The book is thin but expensive.- yet - still- however- inspire of- nevertheless- no matter- though - despite that-whereas - while - but then - although - notwithstanding - on the other hand - only

3. Alternative (memoyukkan pilihan):- Do you like a pop song or a dangdut song? - either ... or either ....nor

4, Illusive (menunjukkan kesimpulan/sebab akibat):- He was surprised because I was lost.- because - since - for - as - so - therefore - consquently - accordingly - hence

B. Sub-ordinative conjunction (kata penghubung antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat)- He said that English was very necessary for his future.

- She didn't come here last night because her mother was sick. - We must study hard in order that we get successful.- that -because - - as - so that - in - in order - as as - after-such ....as - as soon as - while- as long as - before - when- on condition that- till - until- whenever -though - - however - whatever - - no matter - -if- provided -since -- lest - than

05 Grammar and Structure

I Maom*4naeam Adverbs (kain keterangan): Adverb ct place (ket. tempat) : here, in the classroom.... Adverb qti time (ket. waktu) : now, tomorrow Adverb of manner (kct. cara) : seriously,well,by car Adverb q; direction (ket. arah) : heither, yonder, hence Adverb of degree (ket. tingkatan) : very, so, too, entirely... Distinguishing adv. (menekankan) : especially, only Sentence adv. (penjelas kalimat) : actually, evidently Conjunctive adv. (hubungan) : therefore, nevertheless... Explanatory (penggambaran) : namely, for example.... Interrogative adv.(penanya) : where, when, how Relative adv. (penghubung) : when, where

He came here by car yesterday. He studied seriously last night.

Cara-cara ntenrbuat keterangan cars: Menambahkan - ly pada kata sifat: serious - seriously (dengan serius) quick - quickly

(dengan cepat) patient -patiently (dengan sabar) slow - slowly (dengan pelan) wise - wisely (dengan bijaksana) sincere - sincerely (dengan ikhlas)

Tidak ditambah -ly path k%a-kata: hard (dengan keras) fast (dengan cepat) well (dengan balk) Meaggunakan - by - noun: by train (dengan naik kereta api) by bus (dengan naik mobil) Tidak beraturan:

on foot (dengan jalan kaki)

Grammar and Itructure 06

6 Macam-macam verbs: V-1 (infinitive) : call, speak, write, put. . V-2 (pact= ate) : called, spoke, wrote, put V-3 (past participle) : called, spoken, written, put... V-ing (present participle) : calling, speaking, writing V-1(s/es) (special verb) : calls, speaks, writes, puts.... Transitive verb (perlu object) : call, read, eat, write, drink.... Intransitive (tidak perlu cabs.) : run, go, cry, fly, sleep Gay verb (trans.1inaws.) : study, fly..... Ordinary verb (kkcrp bias) : eat, sit, go, read, keep Auxiliary verb (k!¢rja basin) : do, does, have, has, did Linking verb (k.keijayZ tA menujukkan aktivitas):is, feel... Regular verb (loo keep beraturan):

have hated mated hating Irregular verb (lots kaja tak beraturan):

eat ate amen eating(bacalah bd man . S5 sampai 93)

7. Macam-mucow Iw"*cdow:-kegembiraan : but! - kesedihan : alasl- persetujuan : brawl - kejemuan : heigh-hol- perhatian : huskl -celaan : fielfiel- ketidaksabaran: pshawi - amarah : dammitl

8. Macam-macam PreaomWons (kata depan):1. Free preposition (betas):

on : -untuk hari-had dalam seminggu.......: on Sunday-untuk tgl saja/tgl+blnlkngkap : on March 5, 2004..

in :-untuk bulan saja : in March, in July....-untuk tahun saja : in 1968, in 1681

at :-untuk menunjukkan jam......................: at 7 o'clock2. Bound preposition (terikat):

Preposisi yang pemakaiannya harus disesuaikan dengan kata-kata sebelumnya. He was angry with me last night She is always Jealous of my friends. Do you agree with him? He is interested in her. Please smile at me.

01 Grammar and Sm,dnre

The l'st of b :und re sitions

rom

absent, different, distinguish, free, immune, remote, save,safe, separate, borrow, defend (against), demand(of),differ, dismis, draw, emerge, escape, excuse (for) hinder,prevent prohibit, protect(against), receive, suffer, away,far, divorced, hide, distinct, recover, rescue, stop,tiicd(of), mad: (of/§y/in

n

believe, delight, employ, encourage, experience, fail,help(with), include, indulge, instruct, interested, invest,involve, persist, share, succeed, deficient, efficient,proficient, rich, successful, fortunate, honest, weak,disappointed, dressed, excel.

accuse, approve, assure, boast(about), complain(about),consist, convince(about), cure, despair, dream(about), expect(from), hear(from), get rid, smell, suspect, think(about), tired(from), warn(against), afraid, art, ahead, aware, capable,careful (with), certain, chance, choice, conscious, envious,fond, guilty, honor, habit, idea, ignorant, importance, independent, intend, intention, kind(to), jealous, method, opportunity,north, south, west, east, sort, shy, sure, worthy, right,possibility, abreast, certain, characteristic, composed, guilty,innocent, proud, scared, take care, terrified, made (from/by/in)

act, based, call, comment, concentrate, congratulate,consult(about), court, decide, depend, economize, embark,experiment, go, insist, keep, lean(against), live, operate,perform(in), pride, rely, vote (one motion / forsomeone),write(about), dependent, intent, keen

I

t

agree (to), angry (at), begin, communicate, compare(to),compete (against), comply, confused, contrast(to), cope,correspond, disgusted, help(in), interfered(in), mix, occupied,part, pleased, quarrel (about), reason, satisfied (by),threatened, consistent, aquatinted, annoyed, argue (about),associated, blessed, bored, disappointed (in) compare (to),cluttered, content, coordinated, cover, crowded, done,equipped, familiar, filled, frn'shed, friendly (to), furnished,patient, provided, upset.

_angry (with) bad, clever, efficient, expert (in), good,indignant, quick. sad (about), slow, skillful (in), amused(by), arrive (in), astonished (by), exclaim, glance, guess,knock, look, po°n (to), shocked (by), stare, surprised (by),wonder (about), work (on).

EraRrnni aid fracture00

t0

accustomed, amount, appeal, apply (for), attached, attend,belong, challenge, compare (with), condemned, confess,confine, consent, convert, entitled, listen, mention, object,occur, prefer, react (against), reply, respond, seem, submit,surrender, turn, yield, close, contrary, cruel, dear, equal,faithful, fatal, harmful, indifferent, inferior, liable,obedient, new, obvious, polite, previous, rude, sensitive,similar, useful, abhorrent, acceptable, adjacent, amenable,applicable, detrimental, distasteful, essential, friendly,generous, hateful, hostile, indebted, interior, injurious,kind, loyal, natural, painful, painless, partial, peculiar,appropriate, attentive, severest, beneficial, conducive,patient, pleasant, prone, relevant, repugnant, sacred,strange, addicted, committed, connected, contribute,dedicated, devoted, engaged, exposed, to, grateful (for),limited, look forward, married, opposed, related, respond,subscribe, used.

account, ask (of), act (on), apologize (to), blame, beg; call,charge, exchange, look, hope, mistake, mourn, pay,prepare, provide, search, thank, vote (on), wait (on), eager,enough, enough, famous, fit , grateful (to), qualified (in),ready (to), responsible, sorry, sufficient, thankful (to),valid, care (about), excuse, fight, forgive, remembered,substitute, thank, apply (to)

with

9agree (to), angry (at), begin, communicate, compare(to),compete (against), comp'y, confused, contrast(to), cope,correspond, disgusted, help(in), interfered(in), mix,occupied, part, pleased, quarrel (about), reason, satisfied(by), threatened, consistent, aquatinted, annoyed, argue(about), associated, blessed, bored, disappointed (in)compare (to), cluttered, content, coordinated, cover,crowded, done, equipped, familiar, filled, finished,friendly (to), furnished, patient, provided, upset.

about

curious, doubtful (of), enthusiastic, reluctant (to), right(in), uneasy, argue, concerned, dream (of), excited, forget,tell.

SENTENCE

.Sea r (kalimat) adalah sekumpulan kata yang terdiri dwi poinsedik:t s&u subject (pokok kalimat) dan satu predicate (sebutm kaio!vt c'ksta kerja) serta mengandung pengertian yang sempurna. Cm I. Jacky is speaking English now. (kalimat)

2. Speaking now is English Jacky. (bukan kalimat)

URsur-unsur kalinrat:1. Subject (pokok kalimat), dibagi menjadi:

a. A simple subject..................................(I, you, we, they, she, ire, it )b. A compound subject (a diligent student, his mother-in-law,...)

2 Predicate (sebutan kalintat), dalam bahasa Inggris selaluberupa kata kerja.a. Jika kata kerja utamanya berupa anggota "to be" maka disebut

dengan kalimat nominal.Contoh: She is happy.

b. Jika kata kerja utamanya selain anggota "to be" maka disebutdengan kalim at verbal. Contoli: She is crying.

3. Object (obyek), dibagi menjadi:a. Direct object (obyek langsung).

You give money to me.b. Indirect object (obyek tak langsung).

You give money to me.

4. Complernenl (pelengkap), dibagi men jadi:a. Subjective complement (menjelaskan subyek). I feel happy.b. Objective complement (menjelaskan obyek). I make him happy.

5. Adverb (keterangan), umumnya dibagi menjadi:a. Keterangan tetnpat : in the classroom, in the kitchen...b. Keterangan waktu : now, yesterday, tomorrowc. Keterangan cara seriously, by car, on foot

Grammar and Structure 10

Catalan:1. Kalimat Verbal:

Dalam bahasa Indonesia predikatnya adalah kata kerja.Dalam bahasa Inggris kata kerja utamanya adalah selain bentukbentuk dari " be " (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being).

- Kalimat ini tidak selalu menggunakan bentuk-bentuk " be " dan apabila menggunakan " be ", fungsinya sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb)@ She cried last night. (kata kerja utamanya: cried) @ He is studying English now. (kata kerja utama: studying)

(kata kerja bantu : is)2. Kalimat Nominal:

- Dalam bahasa Indonesia predikatnya adalah selain kata kerja- Dalam bahasa Inggris kata kerja utamanya adalah bentuk-bentuk bentuk dari " be " (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being)

- Kalimat ini selalu menggunakan bentuk-bentuk " be " dan digunakan sebagai kata kerja utama (ordinary verb)

- Kata-kata yang digunakan setelah bentuk-bentuk " be " adalah: Complement: - Adjective : sad, happy, curious

Noun : a student, a teacher Adverb : here, in the classroom ...

@ She was sad last night. (kata kerja utama . was )(complement: sad )

@ He is happy now. (kata kerja utama : is )(complement: happy)

3. Jenis kalimat menurut penggunaannya:- Declarative sentence : kalimat berita- Interrogative sentence : kalimat tanya- Imperative sentence : kalimat perintah- Exclamatory sentence : kalimat seru

4. Jenis kalimat menurut strukturnya:Simple sentence : kalimat tunggalCompound sentence : kalimat majemuk setaraComplex sentence : kalimat majemuk bertingkat Compound-Complex sentence: kalimat mejemuk campuran

QUESTION WORDSCara membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan question word:

1. Question word yang menanyakan subyek, caranya:- Ganti subyeknya dengan kata tanya, dengan catatanra. Simple Present, V I nya ditambah sles (tanpa do/does)b. Simple Past, langsung Verb II (tanpa did)c, Jika ada kata bantu, pilihlah yang tunggal: is, was, has, will. - Rumus umumnya : QW+

Auxiliary (tunggs* + Verb ....................? - Contoh: Who goes to school every day"Who went to school yesterday?Who is studying English now?

2. Question word yang menanyakan selain sub)ek, caranya:- Selalu menggunakan kata bantu (auxiliary), demo c"an:a Auxiliary harus sesuai dengan sub)wAnym (av F are you, ....)b. Letakkan subyek setelah auxiliary (do yon, wild they )c. Setelah auxiliary pertama jika ada bebaap~ aonliary.

Rumus umumnya : QW+Auxiliary + Stabjled +....+ Verb_? - Contoh° What do you speak every day?

What does she write once a mouth?Where have they been discussing their problem?

Whosi a

Menanyakan subject /object oran

Who is writing a letter?

Whom(stapa)

Menanyakan objectoran

Whom did you visit lastni '.

What (spa) Menanyakan subjectenda

What has eaten amouse?

What a a Menan an verb What will ou do?

What a a Menan akan object What, e ou writin_

How did you go toBogor?

Where do you live?

110 When did he getmarried?

Whose(miliksiapa)

Menanyakan kepemi-likan dapat diikuti be-ndanya (boleh jamak /tun al

Whose book will youborrow?Whose is this book?Whose books do need?

Grammar and !fracture

I2

Which(yang mana)

Menanyakan pilih-an bisa diikutibendanya (bolehjamak / tunggal)

Which bag do you want?Which girls like you?Which do you like, thisbook or that one?

a t+noun(s)

Motor apaKamus-kamusapaSepeda motor jenisapa

What motorcycle hit it?What dictionaries do youneed?What kind of motorcyclehave you just bought?

What time Jam berapa What time will she gohome?

W at age Umur berapa What age are you?

How old Berapa umurmu.... How old are you?

How jar Menanyakan jarak How far is Pare fromKediri?

How long Berapa lama How long have you beenhere?

How often Berapa sering How often do you goabroad?

How manytimes

Berapa kali Plow many times have youvisited Borobudur temple?

How deep Berapa dalam How deep is this well?

How wide Berapalebar

How wide is this street?

How tall Berapa tinggi How tall is your father?

How high Berapa tinggi How high is that tree?

How much Berapa harga How much is your book?

How many+ nouns

Berapa banyak How many boys visit me?

What colour Warna apa What colour is my pen?

Why Mengapa Why do you mock me?

How fast Berapa kecepatan How fast were youdriving?

TENSESTenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh waktu dan sifat kejadian. Didalam

bahasa Indonesia tidak adaperubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oieh waktu dan sifat kejadian. Contoh perbandingan perubahan kata kerja antara bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa Inggris

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Inggris

Saya makan nasi setiap hari. I eat rice everyday.

Saya sedang makan nasi skrg. I am eating rice now.

Saya telah makan nasi. I have eaten rice.

Saya makan nasi kemarin. I ate rice yesterday.

Didalam bahasa Indonesia kata kerja "nnkan" t.:; P, sedangkan didalam bahasa Inggris kata kerjanya berubah-ubah. titu "eat-eating-eaten-ate" karena dipengaruhi oleb waktu dan sifat kejadiannya.

Menurut waktu-nya tenses dibagi menjadi: l. Present (masa sekarang)2. Past (masa lampau)3. Future (masa yang akan datang) 4. Past Future (akan dimasa lampau)

Menurut sifat-nya tenses dibagi menjadi. 1. Simple (sederhana) 2. Continuous (sedang berlangsung3. Perfect(telah)4. Pe Cont. telah sedan berlan sic

S ~falWaktu Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect ('on!.

Present I. S.Pr.Tdo/does/V-1(s/es)

2.Pr.C.Tis/am/are +V-ing

3.Pr.P.Thave/has

+ V-3

4.Pr.P.C.Thave/has +been +V-inp_

Past 5.S,Ps.TDid/V-2

6.Ps.C.Twas/were tV-ins

7.Ps.P.Thad + V-3

8.Ps.P.C.Thad+been

+ V-mg

Future 9.S.F.Twill/shall+ V-I

IO.F.C.Tw/s + be+ V-ing

II.F.P.Tw/s+have

+ V-3

12.F.P.C.Tw/s+have +been +V-ing

PastFuture I3.S.Ps.F.T.,E:9dl sl:;,.

_14.Ps.F CT. /s + be +

I5.Ps.F.P.Tw/s+have

+ V-3

16.Ps.F.PC.Tw/s.v-have +te~,u

rammar and Structure 14

Verbal Examples

(+) S + V-l (s/es) + 0(•) S +da'dees+not+ V-l+ p(?) Do/Does + S + V-1 + p ?Notes:I, you, we, they : V-I / doShe, he, it, Ani : V-I (s/es) / doesJika sudah menggunakan does makekata kerjanya tidak ditambah s/es.

(+) He speaks English(-) He doesn't speak English(?) Does he speak English ?

You speak.English.She speaks English.She does not speak English.Does she speak English?

Nominal Examples

1(+) S+is/am/are+ Complement(-) S+is/am/are+not+ C(?) Is/Am/Are+S+ C 7C (complement) terdiri:Adjective: happy, good, sad ....Noun: student, driverAdverb : here, in the office ....Pronoun : mine, hers, yours ....

(+) He is happy(-) He isn't happy(?) Is he happy ?

- I am sad.- She is a student.- They are in the office.- This book is yours.

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan kebiasaanr (habitualaction): - We eat rice everyday.

(kami makan nasi setiaphari)- She usually cries.(dia biasanya menangis)

Menyatakan kebenaran umum(general truth):

- The sun rises in the east(matahari terbit disebe -lah timur)- A year has 12 months.

- always(selalu)- often (sering)- seldom (jarang)- never (tidak pernah)- sometimes (kadang-kadang)- on and off (kadang-kadang)- steadily (terus-menerus)- generally (umumnya)- occasionally (kadang-kadang)- usually (biasanya)- once a week (sekali seminggu)- every ...............(setiap )

Question Words Examples

They Mgak English every day,Rumus unruml

(S) QWs + V-I (s/es) + 0 7(V) QWv + do/does + S + do ?(0) QWo + do/does + S + V-1 ?(A) QWA + do/does + S + V-I ...?

a b c da. Who speaks English every day?b. What do they do every day?c. What do they speak every day?d. When do they speak English?

Penggunaan Simple Present yang lain:a Judul utama surat kabar (headline)

AMERICA ATTACKS IRAQ,b. Dalam narasi drama untuk menggambedmn urutan cerita.

When Shinta sits in the living room, she hears the terrifying voice. Suddenly someone knocks at tie door.............................

c. Untuk memberikan komentar dalam sebush pertandingan. Ronaldo takes the ball from Carlos. He brings the ball to the middle and then he gives it to Raul, he controls the ball and shoots goal I

d. Untuk suatu demontrasi membuat sesuatu secaa bertahap.Ladies and gentlemen, I want to explain the methods to make "TOFU". First of all, we take 5 kilograms of soy bean and soak it into the water for about 3 hours. After that we Ckan and grind it. And then we boil it Afterwards we filter and stir it up till we find the flower of tofu. We put the flower of tofu lain a special place to become "TOFU"

e. Digunakan untuk kegiatan dimasa yang akan datang (tejadwal). The train leaves at 7 o'clock tomorrow. It arrives in Malang at 9 o'clock.

f. Digunakan untuk menggantikan Present Contmaom Tense pada beberapa kata kerja yang tidak lazim dalam benmk continuous. You like her, bukan : You are liking her,

g. Digunakan dim anak kalimat(if clause) Conditional Sentence 1. If she comes here, he will give her a bunch of fawns.

h Digunakan dalam klausa waktu apabila merupalmn suau hal yang rutin terjadi atau induk kalimatnya dalam Simgie Future Tense. She watches television after she comes home froth school. We will go home when it stops raining.

i. Digunakan dalam kalimat imperative positive dam negative. Study English hard 1Don't take my bag 1

j. Untuk kalimat seru yang dimulai dengan "here" dan"there". Here she comes IThere he goes I

k. Menyatakan karakter atau kemampuan seseorang saat ini. My mother is very kind.She speaks English very much.

Srauunar and Itnrcture

• Cara-cara menantbahkan s/es pada V-1a. Berakhiran (ss,sh,ch,x,o) ditambah "es"

kiss -kisses - catch - catches - go - goeswash - washes - fix - fixes - do - does

b. Berakhiran "y" yg didahului konsonan diubah jadi "ies" : study - studies -try -tries - cry - criesfry - fries - dry - dries - fly - flies

c. Berakhiran "y" tape u v okal maka cukup + "s"- play - plays - sa. - ;a.% : - buy - buys

d. Secara umum ditambah "s"- call - calls - bring - brings - write- writes

• Fungsi "do/does":a. Sebagai " auxiliary verb " (kata kerja bantu) - Do they speak English?

b. Sebagai " ordinary verb " (kata kerja biasa) - Do they do their homework?

c. Sebagai "emphasizes " (penyangat)- I do love you = I love you very much.

Cara nteletakkan adverb of frequency:Biasanya di letakkan sebelum kata kerja utamaoya :- He ahvays studies English. He doesn't always study English. Does he usually visit her ? Do you

often cone here ? They sometimes eat com. Who sometimes eats corn ? Why does your father never give you money?

• Arti "to be "dalam kalintat nominal:a. adalah : He is a student. (dia adalah pelajar)b. berada : He is here (dia berada disini)c. menjadi : He will be a doctor (dia akan jadi dokter)d. 0 : He is happy (dia bahagia)

17 Grammar and ftructure

1. (41 lie visits her every Saturday night

(dia mengunjunginva setia malam Minggu)

fu . k .....`.....{(?) c~c .S..!~ ..U? i ...V ..evL . SUjL1 1(IO( y Gig G T ?

2. We eat rice in the kitchen every morning. a b c d e (kaini lnakan nasi di dapur setiap pag0. .

b. tvjkad...do we- do ..' F.. .,cg,,k.....................V rnOrnw~

d. ruk- l~ - JO U)P .c~ i .6.,ebl..eue lv 1o(Il rTT'

e. w~q. o ............~~(J~ ('`f-ri~}(nevt'7

)...CE Y 3. His brother helps her sister sincerely.a b c(saudaranya(lk) membantu sdrnya(pr) dengan ikhlas) a

4. A_ kind lady advises two naugWboys patiently.a b c d e(seorang gadis yang bails hati menasehati dua laki-laki yang nakal dengan sabar)C ..............................................................d.................................................................

C...............................................................5. Apakah kamu selalu bangun awal setiap pagi?6. Apakah mereka pergi ke masjid hanya setiap hari Jum'at?7. Mengapa ayahmu memberi uang kepada ibumu setiap bulan? 8. Berapa kali kamu mandi sctiap hari?9. Jam berapa biasanya kamu makan pagi?10. Siapa yang mengajarimu bahasa Inggris lima kali seminggu di BEC?

b.

C....................................................................... ......................................................................

a.b.

......................................................................

......................................................................6rommar and Jhncture 18

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEVerbal Examples

(+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + 0(-) S + is/am/are + not +V-ing + 0(7) Is/am/are + S +V-ing + 0 ?Notes:I -----------amyou, we, they---- are

She, he, it, Ani - is

(+) She is eating rice

(-) She isn't eating rice(7) Is she eating rice ?

- I am studying English.

- They are studying English.- He is studying English.

Nominal Examples

(+) S + is/am/are + (being) + C(-) S + is/am/are + not +(being) + C(?) Is/am/are + S + (being) + C ?

(+) She is angry

(-) She isn't angry

(7) Is she angry?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang

sedang terjadi pads saat kita

berbicara sekarang ini:-She is sweeping the floor now.

(dia sedang menyapu lantai skrg)

- now (sekarang)

-right now (sekarang juga)

- at present (saat ini)- nowadays (sekarang ini)

- this morning (pagi ini)


Runuis umuml

(S) QWs + Is + V-ing + 0 ?

(V) QWv + is/am/are +S+ doing?

(0) QWo +is/am/are+ S +V-ing ?

(A) QWA +is/amlare+ S + V-ing?

Thev are eating rice in the inn.a b c d

a. Who is eating rice in the inn?

b. What are they doing in the inn?C. What are they eating in the inn?d. Where are they eating rice?

19

Grammar and Jiicture

Penggunaan Present Continuous ymrg lam Meyatakan aktivitas dimasa yang ak datang dengan menyebut keterangan waktunya (dalam

waktu ddrat). He is getting married next week.

Menyatakan aktvitas yang berulang-ulaog & mengandung rasa jengkel/kagum

He is always tempting me (jengkel).

He is always reading books (kagum)

Menyatakan kegiatan yang sifatnya hanya sementara

We are waiting for the bus (because we'll go to Pare by bus)

Menyatakan spontanitas tentang sesuatu hal yang *jadi pada

saat berbicara

Look 1 She is crying now.

Verbs yang tidak lazim dipakai dalam " continuous tense "

Mental state : know, believe, imagine, want, realize,

feel, doubt, need, mean, understand,

suppose, remember, prefer, recognize,

think, forget,

.Emotional state : love, hate, fear, mind, appreciate, like,dislike, envy, care.

Possession : possess, have, own, belong Sense ofperception : taste, hear, see, smell, feel Other existing : seem, cost, be, consist of, contain, look,

owe, exist, appear, weigh, include.

Grammar and Strocture 20

• Ketentuan penrbentukan V-ing:a. Secara umum ditambah - ing:

- speak - speaking - call - calling- test - testing - train - training

b. Pada kata-kata kerja yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan dibaca pendek, dan diakhiri dengan satu huruf mati, maka huruf mati terakhir digandakan,bid - bidding - sit - sittingget - getting - set - setting

c. Jika bersdku kata dua dan diakhiri dengan huruf mati " I " maka huruf" I " digandakan lalu ditambah - ing: - travel - travelling - quarrel - quarrelling kecuali : jika " I " didahului dua vocal, hanya ditambah - ing•- deal dealing - sail - sailing

d. Jika diakiri dengan huruf" e " yang didahului konsonan maka huruf" e " diganti " ing "- write - writing - take - taking

e. Jika berakhiran " ee " maka langsung ditambah " ing " - see - seeing - agt e - agreeing

f. Jika berakhiran " ie " maka diganti " y " lain ditambah " ing ": - die - dying - lie - lyingg. Pada kata-kata kerja yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih, dan suku terakhir dibaca dengan

tekanan, dan diakhiri dengan satu huruf mati, huruf mati itu digandakan lalu ditambah - ing - admit - admitting - prefer - preferring

21 6mmmar and Itructare

1, She is writing a letter in her room. (- / ?)(dia sedang menulis surat dikamarnya)

2. fly are waiting for Mg in the park.a b c d

(Mereka sedang menunggu kpTi di tarnan)

.................

b. ..`...I .................................................................

14L,L,iC...........................j ................

..........

3. Achild SW axing UMMAa a b c d e f

(seorang anak sedang bermain boneka di halaman)a. .

dnc j , C( !t1 - S .7 -1 p ....................................................................

. 7.And ......................

ob, ....................1"',

.........................c......................

d6 .................... 64 : . . i 1.1 . ...... ............

....f

1~,

.......................

4. Ibuku sedang memasak nasi di dapur. Ayahku sedang membacakoran di teras.

5. Apa yang sedang pamanmu lakukan di ruang tarnu? Dia sedang

menonton telivisi.

Grammar and ftlyatife 22

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Verbal Examples

(+) S + havethas + V-3 +0

(-) S + have/has + not +V-3 + 0

(?) Have/has + S +V-3 + 0 ?

Notes:

I,you, we, they --- HAVE

She, he, it, Ani --- HAS

(+) He has eaten rice

(-) He hasn't eaten rice

(?) Has he eaten rice ?

You have studied English

She has studied English.

Nominal Examples

(+) S + have/has + been + C

(-) S + havelhas + not + been + C

(?) Have/has + S + been + C ?

(+) He has been hungry

(-) He hasn't been hungry

(7) Has he been hungry ?

Usage Time signal

- Menyatakan aktivitas yang po-koknya sudah teijadi tanpadiketahui waktunya danbiasanya berakibat sekarang.

- I have taken a bath so I feetfresh now. (Saya sudah mandijadi saya merasa segar sekarang)

- already (sudah)- ...just (barn saja)... yet (belum)

- for (selama) : for 2 hours- since (sejak) : since 2 o'clock.


Rumusumuml(S) QWs + has + V-3 + 0 ?(V) QWv+ have/has + S + done ?(0) QWo +have/has+ S + V3 ?(A) QWA+have/has+ S + V3 ?

They have bought a car in Pare.

a b c da.Who has bought a car in Pare?b.What have they done in Pare?c. What have they bought in Pare?d.Where have they bought a car?

23

Grammar and ftiuaure

Fungsi fungsi yang lain:

Menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilafn kan berulang-ulang: My father has gone abroad twice

I have visited Borobudur temple four times

Fungsi " HAVE ":a. As an auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu)

- I have done it.b. As an ordinary verb (ksta kerja biasa)

- I have a car.c. Berarti menyuruh dalan carsative form.

- I have you do it.

Penggunaan `just" yang berarti "baru saja": I have just received a letter from my brother. Have

you just taken a bath? He has just bought twelve pigeons.

"just now" dipakai dalam Simple Past Tense. He went home just now. My mother visited me just

now.

Penggunaan "already" yang berarti "sudah": I have already done my duties. Have you already

visited Borobudur temple?.

"already" adalah kata keterangan. You are 10 minutes late already. (Kamu sudah terlambat 10

menit)

Grammar and ftrnrtnie 24

L H She has taken a bath. (dia sudah mandi)

2. They have been ready. (mereka sudah siap)

(?) .. . . L......:.:...........? 3. ,may have found Vicar.

a b'04A WA UOMM&M mad mmwv*lm) L

b..............................................

4. Abrainy student has bought mLFAglish dictionary.

a..............................................b (soorangsiswaygpwmWsudabm=ibclikanusbhslnggris) L al

12 AWASA

bl b2 ...................................................

5. Apakah kamu sudah maken pagi?

li,b c Un, Y" 0 0, f nL ! cuc~, "",........... . .........................................................

Apakah kamu belum mandi?................

25

&M=V ad km?*V

A

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Verbal Examples

(+) S + have/has + been +V-ing + 0

(+)He has been doing it

(-) S + have/has + not + been +V-ing + 0

(?) Havethas + S + been +V-ing + 0 ?

(-) He hasn't been doing it

(?) Has he been doing it ?

Nominal Examples

(+) S + have/has + been +(being) + C

(-) S + have/has + not + been +(being) + C

(?) Have/has + S + been +(being) + C ?

(+)He has been sad

(-) He hasn't been sad

(?) Has he been sad ?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang telahsedang berlangsung selamabeberapa waktu sampai sekarang.

We have been studying English inthis classroom for an hour undfnow.(kami telah sedang belajar bahasaInggris didalam kolas selama 1jam sampai sekarang)

- for an hour until now (selama 1jam sampai sekarang)

- since 7 o'clock until now(sejak jam 7 sampai sekarang)

- for ....until now- since until now


They have been singing a songRumus umuml

(S) QWs + has + been + V-ing +0 ?

(V) QWv+ have/has + S + been +doing?

(0) QWo + have/has + S + been +V-ing ?

(A) QWA + hve/has + S + been +V-ing 7

a b ca. Who haS been singing a songon the stage?

b. What have they been doing onthe stage?

c. What have they been singingon the stage?

d. Where have they been singinga song?

Grammar aid fhuaum

26

Perbandingan Present Perfect dan Present Perfect Continuous Apabila menggunakan long term activity misalnya: stay, live dll maka tidak ada perbedaan . - He

has stayed in this village for 2 years. (since 1985) - He has been staying in this village for 2

years. (since 1985)

Tetapi jika menggunakan short term activity, ada perbedaan. Bandingkan: - She has been writing a

letter for an hour. (Now, she is still

writing a letter)

- She has written a letter for an hour. (Now, she is not

writing a letter)

The Present Perfect is used to express repeated actions in the past The Present Perfect Continuous is

used to express the duration of an activity that is in progress. Bandingkan: - Rita has talked to John on

the phone many times. - Rita has been talking to John on the phone for ten minutes.

27 6remmar and fhudure

PREPARATION OF ORAL EXAM 1 1 . We buy acara (2/?, 3/-,4f+)

........... .L _

.L....~-...'~..-.--.~~ What doc.s he take? (2, 3, 4)

...................................

.+.L~,....................

__ '.3. What have they been mm? (3.2. 1)

..! /... 4. nWu&& JW=

a b c d

(1) (3) (4) (1)

'

L ...........................

al b.

...........................~~b3 -

~ C.

o4 d..............................................'._dl

S. ' ~~L Apuyoog kamu lakukan setiap hm~ u ~ ~. ' ~^W, b.

c. Apumah kuou geuuvuui, m^uumm~uotir c \~~~ -~u- " -vn~m~~~1~@m~ r~ '

Verbal Examples

(+) S + V-2 + 0

(-) S +did +not + V-1 + 0(?) Did + S + V-1 + 0 ?

(+) He bought a car(-) He didn't buy a car(?) Did he buy a car?

Nominal Examples

(+) S + was/were + C(-) S + was/were +not+ C(?) Was/Were + S + C ?

(+) He was hungry(-) He wasn't hungry(?) Was he hungry ?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang tetjadidiwaktu tertentu dimasa lampau.-He bought a car yesterday.(dia membeli mobil kemarin)-We went abroad last year.(kami pergi keluar negeri tahunlalu)

- yesterday (kemarin)- last night (tadi malam)- this morning (tadi pagi)- two days ago (2 hari yg lalu)- last


Rumusumuml

(S) QWs + V-2 + 0 ?(V) QWv + did + S + do ?(0) QWo + did + S + V-i ?

(A) QWA+ did + S + V-1...?

They bought a car yesterday.

a b c d

a.Who bought a car yesterday?

b. What did they do yesterday?

d.When did t

29

c.What did they buy yesterday? hey buy a car?

Grammar and lbuclne

Penggunaan Simply Past yang lain:a. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan dimasa Iarnpau.

You always went to school on foot last year.• He usually smoked after eating 2 years ago.

b. Sebagai " ° if clause " dalam conditional sentence type 2(present unreal) If she visited me, I would give her a parcel.. He would be glad if she brought him an apple. If I had much money, I would treat you.

c. Fwtgsi "did ":a. As an auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu) - I did not do it.b. As an ordinary verb (kata kerja biasa) - I did itc. As an emphasizer (penyangat) - I did love you

Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense & Stnyle Pat Tense: Simple Past: diketahul waktunya (definite dam)

- I took a bath this morning.- I visited her yesterday.

Present Perfect: tidak diketahui waktmpa (vxtefnite time)- I have taken a bath.- I have visited her.

Peraturan penambahan "ed ": 1. Umumnya ditambah "ed "accept - accepted : menerima

2. Jika berakhiran " e " hanya di tambah " d "advise - advised : menasehati

3. Jika berakhiran " y "yang didalmlid konsonant, hgm#i " ied "study studied : belajar

4. Jika berakhiran " y " tapi dfdalmhd vokaL hanya dtambah " ed °'annoy -annoyed : menjengkelkan

5. Jika berakhiran konsonan yg didahului vokal i zndakan.beg - begged : mengemis

6. Jika berakhiran huruf " 1 " cancel -cancelled : membatalkan Kecualiiika di dahului dua vokal: sail - sailed : berlayar

7. Jika dua suku kata berakhiran konsonan dan tektmmt pads suku katakeduaabhor - abhorred : membenciKeeuali Jika sebelum knsonan terakhir ada dua vokal repair -repaired : memperbaiki

8. Jika berakhiran huruf "c "didahului vocal, ditmbh " k " dan "ed "picnic - picnicked : berpiknik Panic -panicked : boat panic

&aarnar and firndure

30

She hated him two years ago.(dia membencinya dua tahun yang lalu) I

2. Their cheerful friend goof jxguable prize yukrdayy a b c d e f g h

(teman mereka yang ceria mendapat sebuah hadiah yang berharga kemarin)

.............

b.

C..........................................................

d.............................................................Y,

A's Ono

.. ....................9.k Oita A, T

......................................................

3. Kamu pergi kemana tadi malam?

4. Siapa yang kamu kunjungi kemarin?

5. Kami menemukan sebuah dompet dua hari yang lalu. ........ . ..

31

6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE'verbal

S + was/were + V-ing + O

-) S + was/were + not +V-ing+ 0 Was/were + S +V-ing + O ? ores:

I,she,he,it,.4ni was

u, we, they- were

Examples

(+) He was reading a book(-) He wasn't reading a book (?) Was he reading a book ?

Nominal

Examples

(+) S + was/were +(being)+ C(-) S + was/were + not +(being)+ C (7) Was/were + S +(being)+ C

(+) He was sad (-) He wasn't sad (?) Was he sad ?

Usage

Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung dimasa yang lampau. -We were studying English at 7o'clock last night. (kami sedangbelajar bahasa Inggris pada jam

7 tadi malam)

L____________ Question Words

Rumus umuml(S) QWS + was + V-ing + O ?

(V) QWv+ wasiwere+ S + doing ? (0) QWo +was/were+ S +V-ing ?

- at 7 o'clock last night- at . last....- Ps.C.T when S.Ps.T (Ps.C.T sedang berlangsungpads saat S.Ps.T terjadi) - Ps.C.T while Ps.C.T (sama-sama sedang teijadi)

Examples

They were eating rice in the inn. a b c d a.Who was eating rice in the inn?b. What were they doing in the inn? c. What were they eating in the inn?

(A) QWA+was/wcre+ S + V-ing? 1 d. Where were they eating rice?

1. (+) He was chatting with her at 8 o'clock last night.(dia sedang ngobrol dengannya pada jam 8 tadi malam)

.. ,,C~S!/1 F 6~ t i . . ./.r t c~'E'S 111!r

O '(7)r ;0

~' ~r ail.:.. ............

.. .............2. They were in five pigeons with a frying pan at 7 o'clock a b c d yesterday morning.

(mereka sedang menggoreng 5 merpati dengan wajan pada jam 7 kemarin pagi)., L

a !~ t............................................1... ' )

v- T , i s IYi / a7;ljiflb

d r.....~.:~.~ ......Jr~.".1 a f~i3 A sell-- sellinga necklace in the shopn

. _ a b

(1,2) (1,2)(seorang penjual sedang menjual sebuah kalung di toko)

WMi .............J

al ` -i ,, i.

1- 11 *

a2 ' .......U

y............................................. ................................ ..... U'...: : ' . .. :

~'1

bl- ...............................................................................................

. `~ 'b2° ? .................::.`$ . ' 'c5'. ' ........='!: I4. Saya sedang belajar Bahasa Inggris pada jam 7 tadi malam.

5. Ketika kamu datang tadi malam, ayahku sedang menasehati ibuku di ruang tamu.

33 -~ L r ti { t $ 1 ` Grammar and Jbudure

Verbal Examples

(+) S + had +V-3+0

S + had + not +V-3 + 0

(7) Had + S + V-3 + O ?

(+) He had eaten rice

(-) He hadn't eaten rice

(?) Had he eaten rice ?

Nominal Examples

(+) S + had + been + C

(-) S + had + not + been + C

(?) Had + S + been + C ?

(+) H had been hungry

(-) He hadn't been hungry

(?) Had he been hungry ?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang sudah

terjadi diwaktu lampau ketika ada

aktivitas lain terjadi dimasa

lampau jugs.

-He had eaten rice when I came to

his home last night.

-After he had bought a ticket, he

got on the train.

-He had bought a ticket befo e he

got on the train.

- Ps.P.T when S.Ps.T(Ps.P.T sudah selesai terjadikemudian S.Ps.T)

- S.Ps.T after Ps.P.T.(Ps.P.T lebih dulu dari padaS.Ps.T.)

- Ps.P.T before S.Ps.T(lawan dari after)

- Fungsi "had":Verb: I had a car last year.Aux : I had bought a car.


Rumusumuml(S) QWs + had + V-3 + 0 ?(V) QWv+ had+ S + done ?(0) QWo +had+ S + V3 ?(A) QWA+had+ S + V3 7

The x had bought a car on credit.

a b c da, Who had bought a car on credit?b.What had they done on credit?

c.What had they bought on credit?d.How had they bought a car?

I He had locked the door. (dia telah. mengunci pintu)

A , 1 a L U 2 40 A C ~ ...............I

............ I ........................?2. (+) They hqd been hungry. (mereka sudah lapar)

VO (I k ~ 1) (:~ i l V14A I C...

q ..................... ?3. Her sister had gone abroad.

a b

(saudaranya telah pergi keluar negeri)a.'G,

................... ............................b..........................................................

4. Apakah kamu sudah mendapatkan iziu, sebelum kamu pergi ke pare tadi malam?

...........0 5. (+)5 he hadtold a funny story.

(dia telah menceritakan sebuah cerita yang lucu) .......................................... .

................

.............

M2 Ste AM................................................................ 35 Grammar and !fracture

a bc

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Verbal Examples

(+) S + had +been+ V-ing + 0

(-) S +had+not+been+V-ing + 0

m Had + S + been +V-ing + O ?

(+) He had been doing it

(-) He hadn't been doing it

(?) Had he been doing it 1

Nominal L Examples

(+) S+ had + been (being)+ C

(-) S+had+ not+been+(being)+ C

(?) Had + S + been + (being)+ C ?

(+) He had been sad

(-) He hadn't been sad

(?) Had he been sad ?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang telahsedang berlangsung selamabeberapa waktu dimasa lampauketika ada peristiwa yang terjadipula dimasa lampau.

We had been studying English inthis classroom for an hour whenout teacher came yesterday.

- Ps.P.C.T when S.Ps.T

- Ps.C.T ; hanya sedang saja.

- Ps.P.C.T : sedang dengan du

rasi waktu.

Question Words Exampl

Tev had been singing a son

Rumusumuml a b con the stage.

(S) QWs + had + been + V-ing +d

a. Who had been singing a song

O ? on the stage ?

(V) QWv +had + S +been + b. What had they been doing on

doing ? the stage ?

(0) QWo + had + S + been + c. What had they been singing on

V-ing ? the stage ?(A) QWA + had + S + been + d. Where had they been singing a

V-ing ? song?

36

1. (+) She had been telling a funny story..(dia telah sedang menceritakan sebuah cerita yang lucu)

................... .............. .......... .........................

(?) .......................................................

2. They had been camping at Coban Rondo waterfall.

a b c

(mereka telah sedang berkemah di air terjun Coban Rondo) a

b..........................................................

C.........................................................

3. His brother had been advising her sister in the living room.

a..........................................................b c d (saudaranya telah sedang menasehati

saudaranya di ruang tam a..................

b...........................................................

C..........................................................

d...........................................................

4. Mereka telah sedang menonton televisi selama satu jam ke ayah mereka menyuruhnya tidur

tadi malam.

............................................................................... .......................................................................

...

5. K.ami telah mendiskusikan masalah kaini selama kira-kira 2 ketika kanu terlambat kenarin.

37 Grammar and £

PREPARATION OF ORAL EXAM 2

1. She is driving her car carefully on the street. (5/+, 7/?)

(51+) ....................................................

(7/?)......................................................

2. What is his sister bringing for him? (1, 5, 7)

(1) .......................................................

(5)........................................................

(7)........................................................

3. How many boys had gone abroad? (1, 2.5)

(1)........................................................

(2)........................................................

(5)........................................................

4. A _ stinav boy is flattering a girl in the park

a b c d e f

(6)........................................................(6) a

a6.........................................................

b...........................................................

c...........................................................

.d...........................................................

d6.........................................................

e...........................................................

f............................................................

5. Aku sudah membersihkan kamarku ketika kamu datang tadi

malam.

Apa yang sedang bibimu lakukan ketika pamanku datang

kemarin?

6nmmar and tdvam

9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Verbal

Examples

(+) S + will/shall +V-1+ 0(-) S + will/shall + not + V-1+ 0 (?) W ill/shall + S + V-1 + 0 ?will not (won't) shall not (shan't)(+) He will study English (-) He won't study English (7) Will he study English ?

Nominal

Examples

(+) S + will/shall + be + C(-) S + will/shall + not + be + C (?) Will/shall +S+ be + C?(+) He will be happy (-) He won't be happy (7) Will he be happy ?

Usage

Time signal

- Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan dimasayg akan datang. Contoh: He will go to Malang tomorrow. - Untuk membuat Conditional Sentence type I. Contoh: He will give her a prize if shehelps him.

- tomorrow (besok)- next week (minggu depan) - next time (nanti) - later (nanti)- Rumus Conditional Sentece I:

" S.F.T if S.Pr.T "- "will" memiliki arti:a. akan : I will visit you. b. kehendak : It is my will.

Question Words ExamplesThey will buy a car tonightt a b c d

(S) QWs + will + V-1 + 0 ? a.Who will buy a car tonight? (V) QWv + will/shall + S + do ? b. What will they do tonight? (0) QWo + will/shall + S + V-1 ? c. What will they buy tonight? (A) QWA+ will/shall + S + V-1? d.When will they buy a car?29

Rumusumuml

39

6,70W ail

L (+) They will visit us next week(mereka akan mengunjungi kami minggu depan)

(-) ........................................................

(?) ........................................................

2. We will buy an En ish dictionary in the book store.a b e d e

(karni akan membeli kamus bahasa Inggris di toko buku)

a..........................................................

b..........................................................

c..........................................................

d........................................................... e.

3. f lg brother will give &wallet to her sisw 1n her birthday. a b c d (saudaranya akan

memberi dompet kepada saudaranya dihari ulang tahunnya)

................................................................

a. b.

C.d.

................................................................ ................................................................ .............................

................................... ................................................................

4. Apakah kamu akan mengunjungiku besok?...................................................................... 5. Kemanapun kau pergi, aku akan menemanimu.

.................................................................

6rrmnur and Jducfure 40

Verbal

(+)S + wl/shl +be+ V-ing + 0 (-)S+ wi/shl +not+ be + V-ing+ 0 (?) Wl/shl + S + be + V-ing + 0 7

(+) She will be eating rice (-) She won't be eating rice (?) Will she be eating rice ?

Nominal

Examples

(+) S + wl/shl + be +(being)+ C (-) S +wl/shl+not+ be+(being)+ C (?) WI/shl + S + be +(being)+ C ?

Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa yang akan datang.

- She will be singing a dangdut

song at 7 o'clock tonight.

Rumusumuml

(S) QWs + will + be + V-ing + 0 7(V) QWv + will/shall + S + be + doing ....?(0) QWo + will/shall + S + be + V-ing ....7(A) QWn+ will/shall + S + be + V-ing ?- at 7 o'clock tonight- at 8 o'clock next Monday - at ...tomorrow morning

- at the same time next week

He will be repairing a car a b c in his garage.d

a. Who will be repairing a car ishis garage?

b.What will he be doing in hisgarage?

c.What will he be repairing inhis garage?

d.Where will he be repairingcar?

(+) He will be happy (-) He won't be happy (7) Will he be happy ?

UsageTime signal

Question Words

Examples .

1. (~) They will be arriving here at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning.(mereka akan tiba disini pada jam 7 besok pagi)

(`) ........................................................

(?) ........................................................

2. They will be ivin #jy_e performances tomorrow night.

a b c d e

(mereka akan memberikan lima pertunjukkan besok malam)

a.........................................................

b.........................................................

e.........................................................

d.........................................................

e.........................................................

3. M uncle will be sticking his pictures on the wall.

a b c d

(pamannya akan sdg mencmpel gambar-gambamya ditembok)

a ........................................................

b.........................................................

c.........................................................

d.........................................................

4. Apa yang akan sedang kamu lakukan pada jam 7 nanti malam?

......................................................................

5, Apakah kamu akan sedang menonton televisi pada jam 8 nanti

malam? ......................................................................

Graummar and fhucturo 42

Verbal Examples

(+) S + will/shall + have +V-3+ 0

(-) S +wVshl+not+ have +V-3+ 0

(7) WI/shl + S + have + V-3 + 0 ?

(+) He will have studied English

(-) He won't have studied English

(?) Will he have studied English ?

Nominal Examples

(+) S + wl/shl + by + been + C

(-) S + wl/shl+not+ by + been+ C

(7) WUshl + S + by + been + C ?

(+) He will have been sad

(-) He won't have been sad

(7) Will he have been sad?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan

telah dilakukan dimasa yang akan

datang.

He will have eaten by 8 o'clocktonight.

- by ... next...

- by the end of this month

(menjelang akhir bulan ini)


Rumusumuml

(S) QWs + will + have + V-3 +0 .........?

(V) QWv + will/shall + S +have +done . . .?

(0) QWo + will/shall + S +have +V-3 ......?

(A)QWA + will/shall + S + have+V-3......?

He will have Sold his housea b cby the end of this veer.

da. Who will have sold his houseby the end of this year?

b. What will he have done by theend of this year?

c.What will he have sold by theend of this year?

d. When will he have sold hishouse?

1. ( ) He will have built a big house.(dia akan telah membangun rwnah yang besar)

(-) ........................................................(7) .......................................................

2. Our teacher will have gi= MI an == by the cod of this month ab c d e(guru kami akan telab memberi kami ujian mjlg akhir bulan ini)

................................................................ ................................................................ ....

............................................................

............. ........... ...

3. Ketika aku bangun besok pagi, ibuku telah mempersiapkan makan pagi kami.

....... .................................................................. 4. Kami akan telah berada di London megjelang akhir

tabun depan.

5. Ayahku biasanya mengunci pinto jam 9 malam. Nanti malnm

says akan pulang jam 10. Saya lam dia akan sudak

meaguncinya ketika saya tiba dirumab nan6 realm.

...................... .............. .......................................

.................... .......................................................

...........................................................................

............................................................................

6nnnr pad Itrumn.................................................44

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Verbal Examples

(+)S+ w/s+have+been+V-ing+ 0

(-) S+wl/shl+not+h+been+V-ing4-0

(?)Wl/Shl+S+bave+been+V-ing+ 07

'(+)He will have been eating rice(-)He won't have been eating rice(?)Will he have been eating rice?

Nominal Examples

(+) S+wWaha l+have+been+(being)+C

S + wUabi+not+have+ been +(being C

(7)WW/adail+S+have+been +(being)+C?

(+) He will have been curious

(-) He won't have been curious

(7) Will he have been curious?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang akantelah sedang berlangsung selamabeberapa waktu dimasa yang akandung.She will have been singing adangdut song for an hour by 8o'clock tonight

- for.. .by ... next...- for 2 weeks by the end of thisMonth

Question Words Examples&g will have been repairing

Runwsumum/ a ba car in his aaragg.

c d

(S) QWs + will + have + been + a.Who will have been repairingV-ing + O? a car in his garage?

(V) QWv + will/shall + S +have + b. What will he have been doingbeen + doing 7 in his garage?

(O) QWo + will/shall + S +have + c. What will he have beenbeen + V-ing 7 repairing in his garage?

(A)QWA+ wil /shall + S +have + d. Where will he have beenbeen + V-ing...? repairing a car?

45

Grammar and .rowan

a(+) She will have been sleeping for an hour by 11 o'clock tonight. (dia akan tlh sdg tidur slm i

jam mjlg jam 11 nanti malam) (-) ......

(7) .......................................................

2. will have been pgj g the for an h by 9 o'clock

a b c d e

tonight,(dia akan telah sedang mengecat dinding itu selama 1 jammenjelang jam 9 nanti malam)

a...........................................................

b...........................................................

c...........................................................d...........................................................

e...........................................................

3. Kami akan telah sedang berenang selama satu jam kedim kamu

datang besok pagi.

.........................................................................

4. Shinta akan telab sedang menari selama 10 aanlt meang jam

7 besok malam.

......................................................................:,.

5. Kita akan telah sedang mendiskusikan mast ini selama I jam

menjelang jam 9 malam minggn yang akan datang,

......................................................................o

......................................................................

......................................................................

Gzaiw and fi vrlnre........................................46

411

13. SiiMPLE PAST F'1}" TJRJ TENSEVerbal Examples ~'

(+) 5 +ould(should+V.1+ 0

S +woufdlshould+not+V-l+ 0

(+) He would visit her

(-) He wouldn't visit her(2) Wouldlshould+ S + V-1 + 0 ? (?) would he visit her ?

Nominal Examples--

(+} S+wouldMaeuld+bo+ C

( ) S+wouWshould+not+be+ C

,(?) would/should+S+be+ C ?

(+) He would be happy

(-) He wouldn't be happy

(?) would he be happy ?-. Usage Time signal

Meayatakan aktivitas yang aba

dliakukan dimasa yang' ianrpau

tetapi batal (sehacusnya di laku-

kan). Contoh:

W would visit her last night but

unfortuaataty his car was broken..

- Kebiasaan dimasa iampau: 'He

t l would visk my grandmother

- last night

- yesterday

... if S.Ps.T...

Rumus Conditional Sentence II:

" B.P&F T if 9.Ps.T "

would give her a prize if she

helped him.

pet scion words Examplee

Rantus arru m!

~(S) QWs + would + V-1 + 0 ?

I(V) QWv + would/should+S+do 7

(0) QWo +would/should+S+V-17

(A) QWa+wou d/should+S+V-1?

would last nia b e d

a. Who would buy a car last night?

b.What would they do last night?

c.What would they buy last night?

d.When would they buy a car?41

Grdmsr and Jbtrtlum

~. (+) They would visit us last week.(mereka akan mengunjungi kami minggu yang lalu)

(-) ........................................................

(7) ........................................................

2. 4Wg would by grn English dictionary in the book store,.

a b e d e

(kami akan membeli kamus bahasa Inggris di toko buku)

a ..........................................................

b...........................................................

c...........................................................

d...........................................................

C .........................................................

3. Imo' brother would give g_ wallet to her sister in her birthday.

a b c d

(saudaranya akan memberi dompet kepada saudaranya dihari

ulang tahunnya) a................................

b...........................................................

c...........................................................

d...........................................................

4. Apakah kamu akan mengunjungiku tadi malam?

......................................................................

5. Siapa yang akan menjemputmu di bandara kemarin?

......................................................................

Grammar and firucmre 48

Verbal Examples - a

(+) S + W/S + be + V-ing + 0

(-) S + W/S +not+be+V-ing + 0

(?) W/S + S + be + V-ing + 0 ?

(+)He would be eating rice

(-) He wouldn't be eating rice

(?) Would she be eating rice?

Nominal Examples

(+) S+W/S + be +(being)+ C

(_) S +W/S+not + be+(being)+ C

(?) W/S + S + be +(being)+ C ?

(+) She would be angry

(-) She wouldn't be angry

(?) Would she be angry ?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang akansedang terjadi dimasa yanglampau (seharusnya sedangterjadi).She would be singing a dangdutsong at 7 o'clock last night.

- at 7 o'clock yesterday.- at ...last night- at the same time last week


They would be reoalrm& acar

fumus umuml

(S) QWs + would + be + V-ing +0 ?

(V) QWv + would/should +S+ be+ doing 7

(0) QWo + would/should+S+ be +V-ing ?

(A)QWA +would/should+S+ be +V-ing ...?

a b cat o'clock last night.

ca.Who would be repairing a carat 7 o'clock last night?

b.What would they be doing at 7o'clock last night?

c.What would they be repairingat 7 o'clock last night?

d.What time would they berepairing a car last night?

(+) They would be arriving here at 7 o'clock yerterday morning. (mereka akan tiba disini pada

jam 7 kemarin pagi) (-) .....................

(?) .......................................................

They would be giving j1yC performances last night. a b c d e (mereka akan memberikan lima pertunjukkan tadi malam)

................................................................ •

...... ..... ..... ................................................

................................................................

f, uncle would be sticking his pictures on the wall.

a b c d

(pamannya akan sdg menempel gambar-gambamya ditembok)

................................................................

c............................................................Apa yang akan sedang kamu lakukan pada jam 7 tadi malam?

......................................................................

5. Apakah kamu akan sedang menonton televisi pada jam 8 tadi

malam?

......................................................................

b.

d.................................................................

6rrmmir old ldvuure ....:

............................................... ...............................................

50

Verbal Examples

(+) S +W/S+ have + V-3 + 0(-) S +W/S+not+ have + V-3 + 0(7) W/S + S + have + V-3 + 0 ?

(+) He would have got it(-) He wouldn't have got it(7) Would he have got it 7

Nominal Examples

(+) S + W/S + by + been + C(-) S +W/S + not + by +been + C(7) W/S + S + by + been + C 1

(+) He would have been sad(-) He wouldn't have been sad(7) Would he have been sad?

Usage Time signal

- Menyatakan aktivitas yang akantelah diiakukan dimasa yanglampau (seharusnya telahterjadi). Contob:He would have eaten by 8o'clock last night.

- by ... last...- by the end of last year- Untuk conditional sentence In:

" Ps.F.P.T if Ps.P.T "He would have built a bighouse if he had gone abroad.


Rurnus unumtThey would have bought a car

a b c

(S) QWs + would + have + V-3 + a. Who would have bought a car?07

(V) QWv + would/should + S +have + done ?

b. What would they have done ?

(0) QWo + would/should + S +have + V-3?

c.What would they have bought?

(A) QWA+would/should+ S + d. Where would they have

have + V-3 ...? bought a car?

1. (+) He would have built a big house.

(dia akan telah membangun rumah yang besai)

(-) ..................................................................

(7) ..................................................................

2. Our teacher would have gwen an exam by the end of last month.

a b c d(guru kami akan telah memberi ujian mjlg akhir bulan lalu)

3. Ketika aku bangun tadi pagi, ibuku telah mempersiapkan makan pagi kami.

.........................................................................

4. Kami akan telah berada di London menjelang akhir tahun lalu.

.........................................................................

5. Ayahku biasanya mengunci pintu jam 9 malam. Tadi malam says pulang jam 10. Dia sudah

menguncinya. Seandainya aku pulang jam 8, ayahku akan belum menguncinya.

........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........

...................................................................

a. b.

C.d.

................................................................ ................................................................ ....

............................................................ ................................................................

6amnar and Jtructure

52

Verbal Examples

(+)S + w/s+have+been+V-ing +0

(-)S+w/s+not+h+been+V-ing + 0

(?)W/S+S+have+been+V-ing+ 0?

(+)He would have been doing it

(-)He wouldn't have been doing it

(?)Would he have been doing it?

Nominal Examples

(+) S+w/s+h + been + (being)+ C

() S+w/s+not+h +b+ (being)+ C

1(?) W/S+S+h + b + (being)+ C ?

(+) He would have been curious

(-) He wouldn't have been curious

(?)Would he have been curious?

Usage Time signal

Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan

telah sedang berlangsung selama

beberapa waktu dimasa yang

lampau (seharusnya telah sedang).

She would have been singing a

dangdut song for an hour by 8

o'clock last night.

- for ... by ... last...

- for 2 weeks by the end of last

month

- for 6 months by last year.

Question Wordsa

Examples

Rumus umumt

(S) QWs + would + have + been +V-ing + 0 ...?

(V) QWv + would/should + S +have + been + doing... ?

(0) QWo + would/should + S +have + been +V-ing....?

(A) QWn+would/should+ S +have + been + V-ing ...?

They would have been repairinga b

a car in the garage.c d

a. Who would have beenrepairing a car in the garage?

b. What would they have beendoing in the garage?

c. What would they have beenrepairing in the garage?

d. Where would they have beenrepairing a car?

(+) She would have been sleeping for an hour(dia akan/seharusnya tlh sdg tidur selama I jam)

(-) ........................................................

(?) .......................................................

2. I le would have been painting the wall for an hour ab c d by 9 o'clock last night.

e(dia akan telah sedang mengecat dinding itu selama I jam menjelang jam 9 tadi malam)

3. Kami akan telah sedang berenang selama satu jam ketika kamu datang tadi pagi.............................................................

4. Shinta akan telah sedang menari selama 10 menit menjelang jam 7 tadi malam..........................................................................

5. Kita akan telah sedang mendiskusikan masalah ini selama I jam menjelang jam 9 malam minggu

kemarin.

........................................................................... ..........................................................................

Grammar and ftructure

e.

.......................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

54

The Final Written Exam of Tenses

1. We eat rice in the kitchen. (move to 16 tenses +/-1?)2. He is stingy. (move to 16 tenses +%/?) 3. What will have been flying freely? (move to

16 tenses)

4. What did he take? (move to 16 tenses)

5. How many boys would do it? (move to 16 tenses)

6. They were sleeping soundly.

a7. His mother was b io line water in the kitchen.

a8. She has been looking for An English dictignarv.

a9. His father will be visiting hilt

a b 10. A boy is running.a

11. She is meeting I} boy.a

12. His brother has been advising J= sister.a b

(1,2,3,5,6,7,8) (9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)13. Kita hares yakin bahwa dimana ada kemauan di situ ada jalan. 14. Aku sedih tadi malam,

sekarang aku sabar, besok aku akan

bahagia. Selamat berjuang dan semoga sukses.

15. Saya mempunyai teman. Namanya Jacky. Dia adalah anak

yang rajin. Dia tidak pernah datang terlambat. Dia selalu datang

tepat waktu. Sebaliknya Jony adalah anak yang malas. Dia

sering datang terlambat. Kadang-kadang guru kami

menghukumnya. Apalagi dia Bering absent. Jangan seperti

Jonyl Jadilah seperti Jackyl

55 612nmnar 11/4 Stmcne

CONDITIONAL SENTENCEonditional sentence adalah kalimat bersyarat / pengandaian yang ardiri dari dua bagian yaitu

1. If clause ( syarat) 2. Main clause (hasil)

If she comes here, I will give her a prize. If clause Main clause

Type I Type 11 Type III

( future possible) ( present unreal) ( past unreal )

If S.Pr.T + S.F.T If S.Ps.T + S.Ps.F.T If Ps.P.T + Ps.F.P.T

Mengandaikan se-suatu dimasa yangakan datang.

Mengandaikan sesu-atu dimasa sekarang.(berlawanan dengankenyataan sekarang).

Mengandaikan sesuatudimasa lampau(berlawanan dg kenyataandimasa lampau).

If we study hard,we will getsuccess. ( no factnow)

If my mother camehere, I would kissher. (the fact : shedoesn't come here)

He wouldn't have gottenan accident if lie haddriven his car carefully.(the fact: lie didn't drivehis car carefull

Cal. pengganti IF:Unless(jika ... tidak)Otherwise(jika ... tidak)Provided that(asalkan)Supposingseandah a

Cat. pengganti IF:Unless(seandainya ... tidak)Otherwise(seandainya ...tidak)But for(jika tidak karena)Supposingseandain a

Calatan pengganti IF:Unless (jika ... tidak)Otherwise (jika ... tidak)Supposing (seandainya)But for (jika tidak karena)

Notes: Untuk type II: jika if clause menggunakan to be maka selalu "were" untuk semua subyek. If she

were a moon, he would be a star. (the fact : she is not a moon) He would eat you if lie were a tiger. (the fact he is not a tiger)

Bentuk inversion and ellipsis dari type II dan type III: If she were a book, he would be a pen (Were she a book, he would be a pen) If lie had gone abroad, he would have bought a car (Had he gone abroad, he would have bought a car)

Grammar and Itructure S6

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE I

A. Type I (future possible)Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa yang akan datang.Jika ... (yg.akan datang), maka...(kemungkinan besar terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi)Rumus utama :If Simple Present +Simple Future Example : If you study hard, you will get success. Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya:I. Making a plan : If S.Pr.T + S.F.T2. Habitual result: If S.Pr.T + S.Pr.T3. Possibility : If S.Pr.T + may/might/can... 4. Asking for permission: If S.Pr.T + may/might/can/

could/would... ?5. Giving permission : If S.Pr.T + may/can/could...6. Ability : If S.Pr.T + can..7. Command : If S.Pr.T + must...8. Request : If S.Pr.T + will / would /

can / could ...?9. Prohibition : If S.Pr.T + may not / must

not / don't... i10. Advice : If S.Pr.T + have to/ had

better / should,/ought to / besupposed to...

11. Prediction : If S.Pr.T + must / can / can't/could / should... 12. If S.Pr.T bisa diganti : If

Pr.C.T or Pr.P.Ta. If you invite me, I will comeb. If you are looking for John, you will find him upstairc. If you have written a letter, I will post it.

B. Penggantl if. -unless -otherwise-provided that -supposing

C If you don't study hard, you won't pass an examUnless you study hard, you won't pass an exam. Supposing you don't study hard, you won't pass an exam.

57 Grammar and ltrutten

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE II

Type II (present unreal)Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa sekarang yang mana kenyataannya berlawanan dengan keadaan sekarang.Jika ... (sekarang), maka...(hampir tidak mungkin/ kemungkinannya sangat kecil terjadi karena kenyataannya berlawanan)Rumus utama :If Simple Past + Simple Past Future Example : If I had a plane, I would go abroad. Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya:1. Making a plan: If S.Ps.T + S.Ps.F.T

- If I had much money, I would buy a car.(the supposition is contrary to the known facts)

2. Habitual result : If S.Ps.T + S.Ps.F.T / S.Ps.T- If a thief came into my home, I would catch him.(I don't expect a thief to come to my home)- If you went out, your son cried.

3. Possibility : If S.Ps.T + might/ could...- If you tried again, you might be successful 4. Giving permission: If S.Ps.T + could ...- If you had a driving license, you could drive my car 5. Ability : If S.Ps.T

+ could...- If I understood, I could answer his question 6. If S.Ps.T bisa

diganti Ps.C.T or Ps.P.T- (we were going by plane) I hate flying. If we were goingby car, I would feel happier.

- If you had taken my advice, you would be rich man now.B. Penggantl if. -unless -otherwise

-but for -supposing= If you didn't study hard, you wouldn't pass an exam. = Unless you studied hard, you wouldn't pass an exam.

C Jika setelah if adalah nominal, to be-nya selalu were = If she were a moon, I would be a star = If it were you, I would stick you on the wall

D. Bentuk inversion= If she were a moon, I would be a star = Were she a moon, I would be a star= If it were you, I would stick you on the wall = Were it you, I would stick you on the wall.


58

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYKE III

A. Type III (past unreal)Mengandaikan sesuatu yang teriasii diwaktu lampau.Jika ... (kemarin), maka ... (tidak mungkin dan biasanya berupa penyesalan)Rumus utama : If Past Perf.+ Past Future Perf.Example : If I had driven my car carefully, I wouldn't

have gotten an accident Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya:1. Making a plan: If Ps.P.T + PS.P.P.T2. Habitual result : If Ps.P.T + Ps.P.T3. Possibility : If Ps.P.T + mayimight+have 4. Giving permission : If Ps.P.T + could/may/might

have ...5. Ability : If Ps.P.T +could have_

B. Pengganti if. -unless -otherwise-but for -supposing

C .Iieniuk inversion: if she find driven carer .uldn't have gotten an

accident. Had she driven carcfua:, !uldn't have gotten anaccident

J3: CatatuntentangSUBJUNCI Vii >wisle):1. Regretting about a past condition

I wish ((hat) I had known her address(i was sorry, I didn't know her address)

2. Regretting about a present condition I wish (that) I knew her address(I'm sorry, I don't know her address)

3. Regretting about a future conditionI wish (that) she would tell me(I am sorry because she will not tell me)

4. Wish bisa diganti wished dalam bentuk lampau. Yesterday I wished (that) I had known her address (I was sorry because I didn't know her address)

Exercises

• Conditional sentence type 1

a.b.c.

If she . (go), he (accompany) her.They . .(sit) if you (not be) angry.Jika aku menikahimu nanti, aku akan setia................................................................

Percayalah, jika kamu datang ke pestaku besok, akuakan melayanimu dengan semaksimal mungkin..................................................................

•

e. Akankah kamu. bahagia jk. aku mengunjungimu besok?

Conditional sentence type 2:

a.b.c.

If he (break) my book, I (advise) him.He ...(a bumble bee) if she (a flower).Malam ini malam Sabtu. Seandainya ini malamMinggu, aku akan mengajakmu pergi ke kota Pare.................................................................

d. Sekarang aku masih bujang. Seandainya aku punyaistri, aku tidak akan tidur sendirian.

..........................:

e

e. Andaikata aku adalah seekor burung, aku akan terbangmengelilingi dunia ini.

Conditional sentence type 3:

a. If your father ...(have) a car, you (drive) ittb. His mother ...(not angry) if he (go home) on time. c. Tadi malam kamu tdk datang. Andai km dtg, km akan

mendapatkan sebuah bingkisan khusus dari pamanku..................................................................

Kemarin aku sakit. Seandainya aku sehat pada waktu itu, aku akan jalan jalan dgn teman-temanku. .................................................................Minggu yang lalu ayahku menjual mobilnya. Seandainya dia tidak menjual mobilnya aku akan mengendarainya dengan pamanku.

d.

e.

Grrmm r and Jtrurmre

60

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal Auxiliaries adalah kata kerJa bantu modal yang memiliki ciriciri khusus , yaitu1. Kate kerJa yang d gunakan setelah modal adalalaV-1 murni tanpa to (bare infinitive), eontohHe must help her

Z Modal tidak bisa ditambah dengan s/es/ed/ing, eontoh She cag(speak English.MODAL

WillWouldCanMayMustDareUsed to

(akan)(akan/sehrsnya)(dapat)(boleh)(hams)(berani)(terbiasa)

Shall (akan)Should (akan/seharusnya)

Could (dapat)Might (boleh)Need (perlu)Ought to (seharusnya)Had better (lebih balk)

Rumus Verbal: Rumus Nominal

(+) S + Modal + V-1 + 0 (+) S+Modal+BE+C

(-) S + Modal +not+V-1+ 0 (-) S + Modal + no t+ BE + C

(7) Modal + S + V-1 + O ? (?)Modal +S+BE+C?

Exramples Examples

(+) He can write a letter. (+) He can be a doctor.

(-) He cannot write a letter. (-) He cannot be a doctor.

LID Can he write a letter 7 (?)Can he be a doctor ?

Bentuk negative dari must adalah needn't. Bentuk negative dari ought to adalah ought not to dan bisa

disingkat oughtn,'t to, Bentuk negative dari used to ada 2 yaitu: usedn't to dan didn't use

to. Bentuk negative dari had better adalah had better not atau hadn't

better. Fungsi can ada 3: (1) sebagai modal yang berarti doper (2) sebagai kata

kerJa yang berarti mengalengl(kan) (3) sebagai kata bends yang berartikaleng.We can can a can into another can.

Fungsi must ada 2: (1) sbg modal: hares. (2)sb.k.benda:keharusan. We must wear shoes, because it is a must.

Arti may: boleh, semoga, bulan mei. Maybe: mungkin. Fungsi need ada 3: (1) modal: perlu (2) verb: memerlukan (3)

noun: keperluan.

61

Grammar aad Ittvrture

MODAL SIMILAR MODAL

Will (akan)

Shall (akan)

Would (akan/seharusnya)

Should (akan/seharusnya)

Can (dapat)

Could (dapat)

May (boleh)Might (boleh)

Must (barns)

Need (perlu)

Dare (berani)

Ought to (seharusnya)

Used to (terbiasa)

Had better (lebih balk)

To be going to

To be going to

To be going to

To be going to

To be able to

To be able to

To be allowed to

To be allowed to

Have to/has to/had to

-

-

To be supposed to

-

-

MIXED MODALS

Apabila ada lebih dari satu modal dalam sebuah kalimat makamodal yang pertama tetap sedangkan modal yang selanjutnya

barns dirubah menjadi similar modal. Contoh

I will can speak English. (salah )I will be able to speak English. (benar)

They must can speak English. (salah )

They must be able to speak English. (benar )He will may can speak English. (salah )

He will be allowed to be able to speak English. (benar )

He is going to be able to speak English. (benar)

Grammar and lmrctare

62

CANVerbal d Nominal

-?

S+can+V-1+0S+ can+ not+ V-1 +0Can +S+V-1+O?

S+can+be+CS+can+not+be+CCan+S+be+C?

+-?

He can drive a carHe can't drive a carCan he drive a car?

He can be angry -He can't be angryCan he be angry?

CAN memiliki beberapa arti:(1) Dapat--------(modal) (2) Mengalengi/kan --- -(verb)(3) Kaleng ------(noun)Contoh: He can can a can into another can. Fungsi-fungsi dart CAN: 1. Present ability

- They can play football well.- She can sing a rock song. 2. Asking permission- Can I take your dictionary?- Can I publish this news to the public? 3. Giving permissionYou can use my car whenever you want.

- He can take my bag tonight 4. Offering- Can I help you to bring your luggage?- Can we do something to make you happy? 5. Request- Can you paint my room tomorrow morning? 6. Possibility- The stupid students can be clever if they study hard.- You can speak English fluently if you always practice it. 7. Impossibility/ certainty/ negative

deduction.- She is my neighbour. She can speak English fluently. She

graduated from university. She can't be a stupid girl. 8. Suggestion.- You can postpone going to Surabaya if you want to accompanyyour uncle.

- We can spend our spare time for sharing.

63 Grrttatni Ad Show

COULDVerbal Nominal

+-7

S + could + V-1 + 0S + could + not + V-1 + OCould+S+V-1+O?

S+could+be+CS + could + be + CCould+S+be+C?

+-

He could defeat his enemyHe couldn't defeat his enemyCould he defeat his enemy?

He could be angryHe couldn't be angryCould he be angry ?

Fungsi fungsi dart COULD:1. Past ability.

- Last year my father could work hard.- She could read well 10 years ago.- I could swim for an hour without stopping when I was 17.( could pada kalimat diatas dapat diganti dengan was able to)

- I was able to swim for an hour without stopping when I was 17. (jika sifatnya incidental atau pencapaian yang luar biasa dimasa lampau, biasanya memakai was/were able to atau managed to atau succeeded in)

2. Asking permission.- Could I use your mobile?- Could I visit your younger sister?

3. Giving permission.- You could borrow my dictionary.- You could ride your own motorcycle on the street. 4. Offering- Could I fix your broken lamp?- Could I make your room clean?

5. Request.- Could you give money to the beggar in front of you? - Could you lend me your magazine?

6. Possibility- My father could be angry if he came home from the office and didn't find us in the livingroom.

7. Impossibility/ certainty/ negative deduction.- I had already bought an English dictionary. My friend offered me to buy it again. I couldn't do it.

8. Suggestion.- You like this car very much. It is very expensive. You could bargain the price.

Grammar and ftructure 64

MUSTF Verbal Nominal

+ S+must+V-1+O S+must+be+C

- S+need +not+V-1+O S+need+not+be+C

? Must+S+V-1+O? Must+S+be+C?

+ We must struggle hard We must be honest

- We need't struggle hard We needn't be honest

? Must we struggle hard? Must we be honest?

MUST memilild beberapa art!:(1) Harus (modal)

We must wear shoes in the meeting hall. (2) Keharusan (noun)It is a must for us to struggle hard. Needn't berarti "tidal: harus " Mustn't berarti "

dilarang "Fungsi fungsi dart MUST:

1. Keharusan (necessity) atau obligation (kewajiban)- We must struggle and pray hard to reach our aims. - I must get up early every morning.

2. Larangan (prohibition)- You mustn't smoke in this area.- The students of BEC mustn't wear slippers when they jointhe class.

3. Deduction/conclusion/inference (present meaning)- The man stays at BEC. He has 3 children. He must be Mr.Kalend.

- The colour is white. The taste is sweet It must be sugar.4. Deduction/conclusion/inference (past meaning)

- Jacky visited me last week. He told me that he was sadbecause he didn't get any job. Last night I met him againbut he looked so happy. He must have gotten a job,

65

MAYF Verbal Nominal

+ S+may+V-1+0 S+may+be+C

- S +may+ not+ V-1 +0 S+may+not+be+C

? May+S+V-1+O? May+S+be+C?

+ He may drive a car He may be angry

- He mayn't drive a carMay he drive a car?

He mayn't be angryMay he be angry?

MAYmemiliki beberapa arti: (1) Boleh (modal)You may go now. (2) Semoga (adverb)May you get success in your future. (3) Mci (noun)I will visit you in May.

MAY + BE = maybe (mungkin) memiliki sinonim: -perhaps

-probably-possible

Fungsi fungsi dari MA Y.•1. Asking permission.

- May I use your pen?- May she go with me tonight?

2. Giving permission.- You may come to my home although without bringing any parcel. - He may take his hat in the living

room. 3. Prohibition.- You may not go to Borobudur temple next month. - You may not visit her every night.

4. Polite request.- Yesterday I was sick. I didn't go to school. May you explain me about the lesson?- May you switch on the lamp in the living room? 5. Possibility- Jacky is absent today. He may be sick.- She looks so sad after seeing the announcement. She may fall in her exam.

6. Wishes (harapan)- May God be with youl - May the new year bring you happiness

6 vnmar amd ftrucure 66

MIGHT

F Verbal Nominal

+ S + might + V-1 + O S +might + be + C- S +might + not + V-1 + O S + might + not + be + C

? Might + S + V-1 +0? Might + S + be + C?

+ He might drive a car He might be angry

- He mightn't drive a car He mightn't be angry

? Might he drive a car? Might he be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dart MIGHT.1. Bentuk lampau dari may dan biasanya digunakan dalam indirect speech.

- She asked," May I borrow the dictionary?"

- She asked if she might borrow the dictionary. - Last night I might go with her to the

harbour.

2. Possibility

Perhatikan percakapan dibawah ini: A : I need some money, Mom.

B : Go to your uncle. He might be able to lend you some.

(might mengungkapkan kemungkinan lebih kecil dibanding may)

6mmmar and Nurture

NEEDVerbal Nominal

+ S+need +V-1+0 S+need+be+C- S + need + not + V-1 + 0 S + need + not + be + C

? Need +S+V-1+O? Need+S+be+C?

+ He need drive a car He may be angry- He needn't drive a car He needn't be angry

? Need he drive a car? Need he be angry?

NEED memiliki beberapa arti: (1) Periu (modal)We need speak English in the classroom. (2) Memerlukan (verb)We need a dictionary. (3) Keperluan (noun)This is our need.

Fungsi fungsi dart NEED:1. NEED sebagai modal hampir tidak pemah dipakai dalam bentuk affirmative, kecuali untuk mengungkapkan keragu-raguan. - I wonder if we need buy another bike. The old one is still good. - We don't think she need continue her study. Her father has justretired.

2. Dalam kalimat affirmative NEED difungsikan sebagai kata kerja (verb).- She needs to buy a dictionary.- They need to understand our condition.

3. NEED sebagai modal umumnya digunakan dalam bentuk negative dan interrogative.- You needn't buy a motorcycle.- Need I go with you, Mom? (berharap jawaban "No")


68

DAREVerbal Nominal

+ S+dare +V-1+0 S+dare+be+C- S+dare +not+V-

1+OS+dare+not+be+C? Dare + S + V-1 +

O ?Dare + S+ be + C?

+ He dare drive a carHe daren't drive a

He dare be angryHe daren't be angry

? Dare he drive a car?

Dare he be angry?

DARE memiliki beberapa arti: (1) Berani (modal)We dare speak English in the classroom. (2) Berani (verb)I dare to go home alone now. (3) Menantang (verb)I dare you to make competition.

Fungsi fungsi dare DARE:1. Untuk mengungkapkan keberanian (courage)

- Jacky dare deliver his speech loudly in front of the audience.- I dare meet our president if I am given a chance. 2. Perhatikan kata daresay / dare say.- Look at those clouds! I daresay it's raining before long.- I daresay you will get a valuable parcel of diamonds fromFrance.

3. How dare you (Berani-beraninya kamu....)How dare you talk to your teacher rudely)

- How dare you? Take your hands off me or I'll shoutl4. Jika berupa verb bentuk negative / interrogative-nya menggunakan

auxiliary.- I don't dare to visit her on Saturday night.- Do you dare to sit beside him?

69

Grammar and Ih itlure

OUGHT TOF Verbal Nominal

+ S + ought to + V-1 + O S + ought to + be + C- S + ought + not + to + V-1 + 0 S+ought+not+to+be+C

? Ought+S+to+V-1+0? Ought+S+to+be+C?

+ He ought to drive a car He ought to be angry

- He oughtn't to drive a car He oughtn't to be angry

? Ought he to drive a car? Ought he to be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dart OUGHT TO:1. Untuk mengungkapkan nasehat (sebaiknya/seharusnya)

- You ought to come to her wedding party if she invites you. - You ought to drive slowly.

2. Dalam banyak hal ought to sama dengan should. Namun demikian ada sedikit perbedaan. Should mengungkapkan saran/nasehat yang datangnya dari si pembicara, sedangkan ought to mengungkapkan saran/nasehat yang sebaiknya diikuti karena merupakan pendapat umum, norma, atau peraturan.

You should drive slowly. The street is busy.Look at that sign! You ought to drive slowly.

3. Ought to umumnya tidak digunakan dalam bentuk negative. Jika digunakan dalam bentuk negative " to " bisa dihilangkan. - You oughtn't (to) leave the keys in the car. - He oughtn't (to) visit her on Saturday night.

USED TOM

F Verbal Nominal

+ S+ used to +V-1+0 S+ used to +be+CS+used +not+to+V-1+OUsed+ S+to+V-1 +0?

S+used +not+ to+ be +CUsed+S+to+be+C?

+ He used to drive a car He used to be angry

He usedn't to drive a carUsed he to drive a car?

He usedn't to be angryUsed he to be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dart USED TO:1....used to + V-1.... (mengungkapkan kebiasaan dimasa lampau)

- When I was in Senior High School, I used to ride a bicycle,- My father used to smoke last year.

2 be + used to + King (menjadi terbiasa dimasa sekarang)- Now I am used to speaking English at BEC.- Are you used to getting up early in the morning? 3 get used to + King (mulai terbiasa dimasa

sekarang)

- After reading, I get used to memorizing it.- She gets used to cooking because she has just gotten married. 4 wil get used to + Ving (akan mulai

terbiasa)- I will get used to visiting the zoo during my vacation inSurabaya.He will get used to operating this new computer

71 Grammar tad ffivauie

HAD BETTERVerbal Nominal

+ S + had better + V-1 + O S + had better + be + C- S + had better + not + V-1 + O S + had better + not + be + C

? Had + S +better + V-1 +0? Had better + S + to + be + C?

+ He had better drive a car He had better be angry

- He had better not drive a car He had better not be angry

? Had he better drive a car? Had he better to be angry?

Fungsi fungst dart HAD BETTER:1. Untuk mengungkapkan nasehat.

- You had better join me in her wedding party tonight.

- You had better see the doctor for checking your condition.

2. Bentuk negative-nya: had better not/hadn't better. - You had better not go to Pare alone. -

You hadn't better go to Pare alone.

3. Bentuk Interrogative-nya : Had +S + better. - Had he better study English at BEC? -

Had she better get married in this month?

Granumtr and Jtrorture 72

HAVE TO / HAS TO / HAD TOF Verbal Nominal+

-

S + have to/has to/had to + V-1+0

S + do/does/did + not + have +to+V-+0

Do/Does/Did + S+have+to+ S+ to + V-1+ 07

S + have to/has to/had to + be+C

S + do/does/did + not +have+to+be+C

Do/Does/Did +S+have+ to +be + C?+ He has to drive a car. He has to be angry

- He doesn't have to drive a car

Does he have to drive a car?

He doesn't have to be angryDoes he have to be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dart HA V , TO /HAS TO:1. Untuk mengungkapkan keharusan yang biasa, sedangkan MUST lebih kuat.

Bandingkan dua kalimat dibawah ini:a. I'm looking for Sally. I have to talk to her about our lunch date

tomorrow. I can't meet her for lunch because I have to go to abusinc s meeting at 1:00.

b. Where is Sally? I must talk to her right away. I have an urgentmessage for her.

Catatan:In every day statements of necessity, have tQ is used more commonly than must. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance.

2. Bentuk negative dan interrogative menggunakan do/does - I don't have to visit her tonight. - Why does she have to serve him?

Fungsi dari HAD TO:

1. Bentuk lampau dari suatu keharusan.- I had to visit her last night.- She had to go home on time yesterday.

2. Bentuk negative dan interrogative menggunakan did.- I didn't have to visit her last night.

- When did you have to treat them?

WILLF Verbal Nominal

+ S+will +V-1+0 S+will+be+C

?S + will + not + V-1 + 0Will+S+V-1+O?

S+will+not+be+CWill +S+be+C?

+ He will drive a car He will be angry

?He won't drive a carWill he drive a car?

He won't be angryWill he be angry?

WILL memiliki beberapa art!: (1) Akan (modal)

I will invite you. (Aku akan mengundangmu) (2) Kehendak (noun)This is our God's will. (Ini kehendak Tuhan)

Fungsi f engsi dari WILL:I Expressing a plan/willingness.

I will visit you.She will go to the market.

2. Expressing a request.Will you help me to do my homework? Will you take your dictionary for me? 3.

Invitation.- Will you go together with me?- Will you play table tennis with me?

4. Offering.Will you have some more?Will you stay at home or go to the theatre? 5. Prediction.I get the best value in my college. I will get a good job easily. He is ready now. He will do his job well.

Grammar and Jtructure

i4

F Verbal Nominal

+ S + would + V-1 + 0 S + would + be + C- S + would + not + V-1 + 0 S + would + not + be + C

? Would + S + V-1 + 0? Would + S+ be + C?

+ He would drive a car He would be angry

- He wouldn't drive a car He wouldn't be angry

? Would he drive a car? Would he be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dart WOULD: 1. Bentuk lampau dari will.

- Yesterday I would visit you.

- He would repair his car last night 2. Expressing a polite request

- Would you help me to do my homework?

- Would you take your dictionary for me? 3. Menyatakan kebiasaan dimasa lampau.

- I would visit my grandmother every month when I was 7 years

old.

- I would swim in the river when I was in my village.

4. Jika ditambah dengan kata like akan berarti berkehendak/

berkeinginan.

- I would like to introduce myself to you all.

- I would like to explain about TENSES.

Grammar and Jirudule

SHALLVerbal Nominal

+-?

S + shall + V-1 + 0S+shall +not+V-I + 0Shall + S + V-1 + 0?

S+shall+be+CS + shall + not + be + CShall+S+be+C?

+-

We shall drive a carWe shan't drive a carShall we drive a car?

We shall be angryWe shan't be angryShall we be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dari SHALL:1. Expressing a plant willingness (hanya untuk subject: I & we) We shall meet him at harbour early in

the morning. We shall see his boat.2. Offering.

Shall I take a chair for you?Shall I make your room clean?

3. Bentuk singkatan dari shall not adalah shan't. - I shan't visit you tonight.- Shan't we sail tomorrow?

SHOULDVerbal Nominal

+

?

S +should + V-1 +- OS + should + not + V-1 + 0Should + S + V-1 + 0?

S + should + be + CS + should + not + be 4 CShould + S+ be + C?

+ We should drive a carWe shouldn't drive a carShould we drive a car?

We should be angryWe shouldn't be angryShould we be angry?

Fungsi fungsi dari SHOULD:I . Bentuk lampau dari shall. (biasanya di reported speech) She asked,' Where shall I work?'

She asked where she should work.2. Suggestion/advice.

You should go home soon because your mother is getting sick now.You should raise your hand up when you don't understand.

WILL Vs BE GOING TOMISM Function Present / Future Past

Will

100%certainty

He will be here at6:00 (future only)

Willingness The phone isringing. I will get it.

Politerequest

Will you pleasepass the salt ?

100% He is going to be

Be certainty here at 6:00. (futureonly)

going I was going to

to Definite I'm going to paint paint my room,

plan my bedroom. but I didn'thave time

Keterangan:1. When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something s/he thinks will be

true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible.He will be here tomorrow.He is going to be here tomorrow

2. When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used. A. Why did you buy this paint? B: I'm going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (WILL is not

appropriate in this sentence)C: I talked to Jack yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to

work. He's going to buy a car. That's what he told me.3. Untuk menyatakan hal yang sudah dekat terjadi::

BE GOING TO (I am going to build a house)BE ABOUT TO (I am about to go home)

- BE ON THE POINT OF (I am on the point of having dinner)- BE ON THE VERGE OF (I am on the verge of watching TV)

11 Grammar and Structure

RINGKASAN TENTANG MODAL / SIMILAR MODAL

M / SM USES Present/Fut. Past

Will

100% certaintyHe will behere at 6:00(future only)

WillingnessThe phone isringing. Iwill get it.

Polite requestWill youplease passthe salt 7

BeGoing to

100% certaintyHe is goingto be here at6:00. (futureonly)

Definite plan

I'm going topaint mybedroom,

I was going topaint myroom, but Ididn't havetime

Can

Ability/possibility

I can run fast

Informalpermission

You can usemy cartomorrow

Informal politerequest

Can I borrowyour pen ?

Impossibility(negative only)

That can't betrue 1

That can'thave been true

CouldPast ability

I could runfast when Iwas child

Polite requestCould Iborrow yourpen ?

18

M / SM USES _ Present/Fut. Past

Could

SuggestionI need h.lpin math Youcould talk toour teacher.

You .ouldhav.- talkedto yourteacher.

Less than 50%certainty

Where sJohn ?He could beat home.

He could havebeen at home.

impossibility(negative only)

Thatcouldn't betrue i

That could nothave been true1

B rt bleto

AbilityI am able tohelp you Iwill be ableto help you.

I was able tohelp him.

wouldP

Polite request

Would youplease passthe salt ?Would youmind if I leftarl 7

Preferencewo ild

rather go tothe park thans here.

I wo Id ratherhave gone tothe park.

Would /Used to

_r

Repeated actionin the past

_

When I was achild, I wouldvisit himeveryweekend.

Shall

Polite question tomake suggestion

Shall Iopen thewindow?

Future with " 1 "or" we " as

subject

_I shall arriveat nine. (will

M / SM USES Present/Fut. Past

May

Polite requestMay Iborrow yourbook ?

Formalpermission

You mayleave thisroom


Where isJohn ?He may be atthe library

He may havebeen at thelibrary

Might

Polite request(rare)

Might Iborrow yourbook ?


Where isJohn ?He might beat the library

He mighthave been atthe library

Should

AdvisabilityI shouldstudy tonight

I should havestudied lastnight

90% certainty

She shoulddo well onthe test.(future only,not present)

She shouldhave donewell on thetest

Ought to

AdvisabilityI ought tostudy tonight

I ought tohave studiedlast night

90% certainty

She ought todo well onthe test.(future only,not present)

She ought tohave donewellon the test

frammar and Itnrdure

80

M / S % USES P r e s e n t / ] F u t . I Past

Hadbetter

i ~

Advisability withthreat of bad

result

-rYou hadbetter be ontine, or wewill leavewithout you

Past form isuncommon

_

-Ii-e-supposed to

Expectation_~

Class issupposed tobegin at 10

Class wassupposed tobegin at 10

Be to Strongexpectation

You are tobe here at9:00

You were tobe here at9:00 _

Strong necessityI must go toclass today

I had to go toclassyesterday

MustProhibition(negative)

You mustnot open thatdoor

95"h= certainty

Susy isn't inclass. Sheroust be sick.(present

Susy musthave beensick yesterday

Have to

Necessity

Lack of necessity `(negative)

1 have to goto dosstoday

I don't haveto go to class

today

I had to go toclass-yesterday ,

I didn't haveto go to classyesterday

HaveI have got to I had to go to

got to Necessity go to class class

today yesterday

MODAL PERFECTDalam bahasa Inggris ada beberapa modal yang sering muncul bersama dengan have + V-

3 (Modal Perfect) sehingga menimbulkan makna yang berbeda, yaitu antara lain:

1. /ifust + have + V-3 (kesimpulan pasti dimasa lampau) Pasti telah- Jacky got the best mark in the exam. He must have studied hard for it.

- She was thin and her face looked pale. She must have been sick again.

2.. Might + have + V-3 (kemungkinan dimasa lampau) Mungkin telah- My mother came home late. Well, she might have been caught in the traffic jam.

3. $hould/ourht to + have + V-3, (harapan yang tidak terpenuhi) Seharusnya telah- The boy was not permitted to have the lesson because of being late. He should have left for school

earlier.

4. Could + have + V-3 (kemampuan yang tidak dilaksanakan) Pada dasamya dapat- She could have driven the unused car, but she went by a motorcycle.

Gnmnar and Sfrwft a

82

MODAL EXERCISES

1. (+) We can answer our teacher's questions correctly.

(-) ................................................(7) ................................................

2. (+) She may go to the market alone.

(-} ..................................................

(7) ................................................

3. (+) They must look for a good job.

(-) ................................................(7) ................................................

4. (+) He is going to build a house.

(-) .................................................(7).................................................

5. (+) His father need buy a new car. (°)(7) ................................................

6. ®or eacher had better teach us slowly and patiently.

a b c d(°) (7) (a) (b)

-)

......7. Apakah kami botch mengunjungimu nanti malam?

8, lbumu harus menasehati ayahmu dengan hati-hati.

.............................................................

9. Kamu lebih baik tinggal dirumah daripada pergi ke GP.10. Perlukah kita belajar dengan rajin7

.................... ............. .................................83

Grammar amd ltructuua

EXERCISES

1. She has a hat. (move to 11/?)2. Where is his uncle? (move to 3)3. What had been swimming in the river? (move to 5) 4. Who will have paid his debt? (1)5. How many boys had been sitting in the meeting hall? (move to 5)

6. How many boys had been sitting in the meeting hall? (move to 2)7. How many boys had been sitting in the meeting hall? (move to 6)8. How many boys had been sitting in the meeting hall? (move to 1)9. How many cars had a servant been repairing? (move to 11) 10. How many cars had a servant been repairing? (move to 2) 11. How many cars had a servant been repairing? (move to 6) 12. How many cars had a servant been repairing? (move to 1) 13. They were fishing in the pool.14. He sold his house last year.15. She has been guiding her students.16. They see us.17. They see us.18. They see us.19. A baby is crying.20. She is looking after g baby.21. John membeli sebuah kamus tadi malam. Sebelum dia membelinya, ayahnya telah memberinya uang.

sekarang John sangat bahagia. Dia sedang duduk disebelahku. Dia sedang membaca kamusnya dengan serius. Besok dia akan pergi keluar negeri dengan teman ayahnya oleh karena itu dia hares mempersiapkan dirinya dengan sebaik-baiknya.

22. Kami akan mendapatkan ujian pada hari Kamis yang akan datang. Jika kami belajar dengan baik dan benar, kami akan berhasil.

23. Sekarang hujan. Aku tidak membawa payung. Seandainya aku membawa payung, aku akan bisa pergi ke rumah temanku.

24. Kemarin aku pulang. Presiden kita datang kesini kemarin. Seandainya aku disini, aku akan meminta tanda tangannya.

25. Kita hares saling menghorrnati dan saling menghargai. Kita hares belajar dengan saber dan ikhlas. Jangan sombong dalam hidup ini. Kesombongan adalah awal kehancuran. Selamat berjuang dan semoga sukses di dunia dan akhirat.

r and Jtrudure 84

Vet'a-1 Verb-_~ Verb-3 •-

Meaning

AbductAbsorb

AbductedAbsorbed

Abduct, dAbsorbed

MenculikMenyerap

Accept Accepted Accepted MenerimaAdjust Adjusted Adjusted MenyetelAdmire Admired Admired MengagumiAdmit Admited Admited MengakuiAdopt Adopted Adopted MemungutAdvertise Advertised Advertised MengiklankanAgitate Agitated Agitated MenghasutAnalyse Analysed Analysed MenganalisaAnswer Answered Answered MenjawabApologize Apologized Apologized Minta tnaafAppear Appeared Appeared MenampilkanApply Applied Applied MelamarArrange Arranged Arranged MenyusunAsk Asked fAsked BertanyaAvoid Avoided +Avoided MenghindariBandage (Bandanged Bandanged MembalutBeg Begged Begged MengemisBelieve Believed Believed PercayaBOra.y Betrayed Betrayed MengkhianatiBlame Blamed Blamed MenyalahkanBlast Blasted Blasted MeledakkanCall Called Called MemanggilCarl Canned Canned MengalengiCapture Captured Captured MenangkapCarry Carried Carried Meusbawa.Cerebrate Celebrated Celebrated MerayakanChange Changed Changed ; MengubahCharter Chartered Chartered MencarterChase Chased Chased MengejarChat lChatted Chatted MengobrolCheat Cheated Cheated MenyontekCheck Checked Checked MemeriksaChew Chewed Chewed MengufayahCirculate Circulated Circulated MengedarkanClean Cleaned Cleaned MembersihkanClimb Climbed Climbed MemanjatDoss ^ Crossed Crossed Menyilang

85

Grammar and Jtrurture

Verb-1 Verb-2 Verb-3 Meaning

DamageDareDebateDefendDeleteDeliverDescribeDesignDestroyDevelopDiscussDivideDryElectEnjoyEraseEscapeEstimateExamineExplainFaceFilterFixFryGuideHandleHelpHijackHangImproveInsistInventJumpKickKidnapKillKissKnock

DamagedDaredDebatedDefendedDeletedDeliveredDescribedDesignedDestroyedDevelopedDiscussedDividedDriedElectedEnjoyedErasedEscapedEstimatedExaminedExplainedFacedFilteredFixedFriedGuidedHandledHelpedHijackedHangedImprovedInsistedInventedJumpedKickedKidnappedKilledKissedKnocked

DamagedDaredDebatedDefendedDeletedDeliveredDescribedDesignedDestroyedDevelopedDiscussedDividedDriedElectedEnjoyedErasedEscapedEstimatedExaminedExplainedFacedFilteredFixedFriedGuidedHandledHelpedHijackedHangedImprovedInsistedInventedJumpedKickedKidnappedKilledKissedKnocked

MerusakMenantangBerdebatBertahanMenghapusMengirimMelukiskanMerancangMerusakMengembanekanBerdiskusiMembagiMenjemurMemilihMenikmatiMenghapusLari diriMenaksirMemeriksaMenjelaskanMenghadapiMenyaringMemperbaildMenggorengMembimbingMenanganiMembantuMembajakMenggan"MemperbaiidBersikerasMenemukanMeloncatMenendangMenculikMembunuhMenciumMengetuk

86

Verb-I Verb-2 Verb-3 Meaning

SaveScoreScreamScratchSeduceSeizeSupplySurpriseTalkTapTidyTieTrainType.UnderlineUpdateUrgeUseVendVieVisitWaitWantWarnWrapWreathWorkWonderWhipWishWhisperWhistleWorryYawnYellYieldZoomZigzagZone

SavedScoredScreamedScratchedSeducedSeizedSuppliedSurprisedTalkedTappedTidiedTiedTrainedTypedUnderlinedUpdatedUrgedUsedVendedViedVisitedWaitedWantedWarnedWrappedWreathedWorkedWonderedWhippedWishedWhisperedWhistledWorriedYawnedYelledYieldedZoomedZigzaggedZoned

SavedScoredScreamedScratchedSeducedSeizedSuppliedSurprisedTalkedTappedTidiedTiedTrainedTypedUnderlinedUpdatedUrgedUsedVendedViedVisitedWaitedWantedWarnedWrappedWreathedWorkedWonderedWhippedWhishedWhisperedWhistledWorriedYawnedYelledYieldedZoomedZigzaggedZoned

MenabungMemasukkanMenjeritMencakarMenggodaMeraihMenyediakvMengejutkaBerbicaraMenepukMerapikanMengikatMelatihMengetikMeggarisbawahiMemperbaruiMendesakMenggunakanMenjajakanBersaingMengunjungiMenungguInginMengingatkanMembungkusMeliputiBekerjaIngin tahuMencambukBerharapBerbisikBersiulMencemaskanMenguapBerteriakMenyerahMenanjakBerliku-likuMenetapkan

6rzmmar and Structure

I88

Verb-1 Verb-2 Ve,b 3, Meaning

Awake

Backbite

Bear

BertBe, d

Bereave

Bet

Bid

Bide

BindBite

BleedBlend

BlowBreakBreed ,BringBroadcastBuildBum

BuyCastCatchChide

Cleave,i

Awoke

Backbit

Bore

BeatBendedBentBereavedBereftBettedBetBidBadeBodeBidedBoundBit

BledBlendedBlentBlewBrokeBredBroughtBmadcnt (ed)BuiltBurnedBurntBoughtCastCaughtChide(d)

CleavedClove(I-,"i

AwakedAwokenBackbitBackbittenBomBorneBeatenBendedBentBereavedBereftBettedBetBidBiddenBided

BoundBitBittenBledBlendedBlent.BlownBrokenBredBroughtBroadan (ed)BuiltBurnedBurntBoughtCastCaughtChide (d)ChiddenCleav

- C)ov ~

Bangun

iv"engumpat

Melahirken

MemukulMembengkokkan

Merampas

Bertaruh

Menawar

Meaunggu

MengikatMenggigit

BerdarshMencampur

MeniupMerusakMemeliharaMembawaMenyiarhanMembangunMembakar

MembeliMelemparMcnangkapMencaci maki

Membelah


ChooseComeCostCreepCutDealDig

DoDrawDream

DrinkDriveEatFallFeelFeedFightFindFleeFlyForbidForgetForgiveFreezeGetGiveGoGrave

GrindGrowHaveHearHideHitHold

ChoseCameCostCreptCutDealtDiggedDugDidDrewDreamedDreamtDrankDroveAteFellFeltFedFoughtFoundFledFlewForbad(e)ForgotForgaveFrozeGotGaveWentGraved

GroundGrewHadHeardHidHitHeld

ChosenComeCostCreptCutDealtDiggedDugDoneDrawnDreamedDreamtDrunkDrivenEatenFallenFeltFedFoughtFoundFledFlownForbiddenForgottenForgivenFrozenGot/GottenGivenGoneGravedGravenGroundGrownHadHeardHiddenHitHeld

MemilihDatangBerhargaMerangkakMemotongMembagiMenggali

MelakukanMenggambarBermimpi

MinumMengendaraiMakanJatuhMerasaMemberi makanBerkelahiMenemukanMelarikan diriTerbangMelarangLupaMemaafkanMembekuMendapatMemberiPergiMengubur

MenggilingMenanamMempunyaiMendengarMenyembunyiknMemukulMengadakan

Grammar and Structure90

Verb-I Verb-2 Verb-3 Meani

HurtInlayKeepKneelKnitKnowLayLeadLeanLeapLearnleaveLendLetLieLoseMakeMeetMistakeMislayMisleadOvercomeOverdoOverrideOverseeOversleepOvertakePartakePayProve

PutReadRendRideRingRiseRun

HurtInlaidKeptKneltKnitKnewLaidLedLeantLeaptLearntLeftLentLetLayLostMadeMetMistookMislaidMisledOvercameOverdidOverrodeOversawOversleptOvertookPartookPaidProved

PutReadRentRodeRangRoseRan

HurtInlaidKeptKneltKnitKnownLaidLedLeantLeaptLearntLeftLentLetLainLostMadeMetMistakenMislaidMisledOvercomeOverdoneOverriddenOverseenOversleptOvertakenPartakenPaidProvedProvenPutReadRentRiddenRungRisenRun

MenyakitiMenaruhMenjagaBerlututMerajutMengetahuiMenaruhMemimpinMenyandarkanMelompat(i)MempelajariMeninggalkanMeminjanikanMembiarkanBerbaringKehilanganMembuatBertemuBersalahSalah menarahMenyesatkanMengatasiMelakukanberlebihanMengawasiBangun kesianganMengejarIkut sertaMembayarMembuktikan

MeletakkanMembacaMerobekMengendaraiBerderingII erbit

t;Lati

Grammar and ltnvctvre

Verb-_1 Verb-2 Verb-3 MeaningSawSeeSeekSellSendSaySetSewShakeShootShutSitSingSinkShow

SlaySleepSmite

SpeakSpeedSpell

SpendSpit

SlinkSmiteSpillSpinSpitSplitSpoil

SpreadSpringStand

SawedSawSoughtSoldSentSaidSetSewedShookShotShutsatSangSank/SunkShowed

SlewSleptSmoteSmitSpokeSpedSpelledSpeltSpentSpitSpatSlunkSmoteSpiltSpunSpatSplitSpoiledSpoiltSpreadSprangStood

Sawed/SawnSeenSoughtSoldSentSaidSetSewed/SewnShakenShotShutSatSungSunk/SunkenShowedShownSlainSleptSmittenSmitSpokenSpedSpelledSpeltSpentSpitSpatSlunkSmittenSpiltSpunSpatSplitSpoiledSpoiltSpreadSprungStood

MenggergajiMelihatMencariMenjualMengirimkanMengatakanMenyetelMenjahitBergoncangMenembakMenutupDudukBernyanyiTenggelamMenunjukkan

MembunuhTidurMemukul

BerbicaraMempercepatMengeja

MenghabiskanMeludah

MenyelinapMenghantamMenumpahkanMemutarMeludahMembelahMengusik

MemencarMelompatBerdiri


StealStickStingStrike

StringStriveSwearSweat

SweepSwimSwingTakeTeachTearThinkThrowThrustUnbendUndercutUndergoUndersellUndersandUndertakeUnderwriteUpholdUpsetWaylayWearWeepWet

WinWithdrawWithstandWringWrite

StoleStuckStungStruck

StrungStroveSworeSweatSweatedSweptSwamSwungTookTaughtToreThoughtThrewThrustUnbentUndercutUnderwentUndersoldUnderstoodUndertookUnderwroteUpheldUpsetWaylaidWoreWeptWetWettedWonWithdrewWithstoodWrungWrote

StolenStuckStungStruckStrickenStrungStrivenSwornSweatSweatedSweptSwumSwungTakenTaughtTomThoughtThrownThrustUnbentUndercutUndergoneUndersoldUnderstoodUndertakenUnderwrittenUpheldUpsetWaylaidWornWeptWetWettedWonWithdrawnWithstoodWrungWritten

MencuriMenempelMenyengatMemukul

Memberi taliMengejarBersumpahBerkeringat

MenyapuBerenangMengayunkanMengambilMengajarMerobekBerpikirMembuangMenikamMeluruskanMenjual lebih rendahMengalamiMenjual lebih murahMengertiMenjaminMempertanggungkanMenegakkanMengacaukanMenghalangiMemakaiMencucurkanMembasahi

MemenangkanMenarik diriMenahan/bertahanMenjepitMenulis

BIBLIOGRAPUIES

Azar, Betty S., Understanding and Using English Grammar, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1989.

Drs. John Suryadi Hartono, Drs. S. Koentjoro, Drs, Manat Asmoro Suprapto, ACCURATE, BRIEF and CLEAR ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Indah, Surabaya, 1996.

Echols, Jhon M., Shadily, An English-Indonesian Dictionary, Cornell University Press, New York, 1975, Edisi Indonesia oleh PT Gramedia Jakarta, 1998.

Fitikedes, T.J., Common Mistakes In English, 5'h edition, Longman, London, 1978.

Frank, Marcella, Modern English; a practical reference guide, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972.

Fuad, Mas'ud, Essentials of English Grammar a Practical Guide, 2`d edition, BPFE, Jogyakarta, 1996.

Martinet and Thomson, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford, 1986.

Pyle, Michael, A. and Mary Munoz, Cliffs TOEFL Preparation, Guide, Cliff Note. Inc., New York, 1982

Siamet, Hadi, RUMUS-RUMUS PENTING DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS, 1' edition, BEC, Pare, Kediri, East Java, 2003.

Slamet, Hadi, UNDANG-UNDANG TENSES (UUT 2003), BEC, Pare, Kediri, East Java, 2003.Swan, Michael, Practical English Usage, O.U.P., Longman, London, 1978.

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