futuro para el castaño

7/22/2019 Futuro para el castao

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F ludstrgs pfmrds y hfmrds, f ludstrgs faudigs y faudifs qudndldrgsf y sfabfhdltd pifltfrgl y jubmfrgl igs jfstfgs,ludstrf juiturf, ludstrg ùturg.

Fgs lgsgs pfbs d hfbs d fgs lgsgs fvs d fvgfs qud xdldrgsfd sfabfhdltd pifltfrgl d jgbmfrgl gs jfstfdbrgs, f lgsfjuiturf, g lgsg ùturg.

F igs fltbnugs, f igs ludsgs pfs yf hfs, f igs ludsgs ndigs yfndids, qud sfadmgrds y frrgnfltds, iifltfrgl y jurbfrgl igsjfstffids, if ludsf juiturf, di ludsu pgrvdlbr.

Fis lgstrds pfrds b hfrds, fis lgstrds fvbs b vbds qud ndldrgsfb svbfhdlt pifltfrdl b jubmfrdl dis jfstflydrs, if lgstrfjuiturf, di lgstrd ùtur.

Nurd fbtfeful dtf fhflmrdb, nfztfblfk, nurd kuiturf, nurd

dtgrkbzulf hfbtdkbrg dtf dskuzfafitfsuldz iflmftu dtfzfblmu zbtuztdifkg.


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@gtgnrf`f md pgrtfmf5Bsbmrg JfllbnfZgutg md Jfadzf md Fiaf (Jgruiil)

_rbhdrf dmbjbl5 1?6?Dmbtf5 Fsgjbfjbl F Hgrtdbrf

Jggrmblfmgrds5Fi`glsg @drllmdz-HflsgJfrigs HfrtldzFltglbg Ldsprfi

Hfqudtfjbl5Zflmrf Qgmrnudz

Bhprdsbl5J..A.

@gtgnrf`fs5Bsbmrg Jfllbnf, sfivg ifs sbtufmfs mdltrg md igs tdxtgs

BZAL2>3-3=-06=-63?>->

Mdpsbtg IdnfiID 6?34-1?6?

TL @TTQG _FQF DI JFZFGDstumbgs sgard di jfstfg dl if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg


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LMBJD3

61

41

00

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31

30

23

66?

61=

6:3

60?

6=0

_rdsdltfjbl5 Tl @uturg pfrf di Jfstfg

Flibsbs y mbfnlstbjg tdrrbtgrbfi mdi Jfstfg dl if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg (Idl)FI@GLZG @DQLLMDU-HFLZG, ETFL LNDI QGAIDZ, JFQIGZ HFQ]LDU, FL]GLBG LDZ_QFI,GZJFQ @QFLJZ, IFTQF ZTQDU y QGADQ]G FQBFZ

jlbjfs juiturfids y sdivjgifs md hfldeg md igs sgtgs md jfstfg_DMQG IPFQDU, FZTLJBL JHFQF y @DQLFLMG JFZ]DMG

Di Jcfljrg mdi jfstfg dl Jfstbiif y Idl_FTIF UFHGQF, FLF A. HFQ]L y DPF HFRGQ

Di _ifl Dstrftnbjg md Pdrtdarfjbl mdi jfstfg md Di AbdrzgEGZD FQGUFHDLF, LNDI N. NFQJF y QGADQ]G QTABG

Di jfstfg5 pbifr asbjg mdi mdsfrrgiig rurfi_FAIG IBLFQDZ

If jfstff jghg prgmujtg md jfibmfm dl Di AbdrzgZFL]BFNG IPFQDU

Hbjgrrbzfjbl y prgmujjbl md cglngs dl igs sgtgs md jfstfgs adrjbflgsFQZDLBG ]DQQL

Tl `uturg pfrf igs jfstfgs hgluhdltfids md Di AbdrzgADQLFA HGRF y EGZ HGRF

G jfstfdbrg lf trfmbjjbl grfi5 ul pftrbhglbg blhftdrbfiCJ]GQ ZBIPDBQG

Di jfstfg, usgs y trfmbjbgldsZFL]BFNG JFZ]DIFG

Faudig Jfstfdbrg, di flsttrbl_D_G LBD]G

F hgmg md dpigng5 jfstfgs, dltrd if tbdrrf y di jbdigBNLFJBG FADIIF


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_QDZDL]FJBL5 TL @T]T]G _FQF DI JFZ]FG

3 TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

Di prgnrdsbvg faflmglg mdi hdmbg rurfi, ifs dl`drhdmfmdsy if `fitf md pdrspdjtbvfs djglhbjfs dstl cfjbdlmg mdsf-pfrdjdr igs agsquds md jfstfgs, igs sgutgs, ulg md igs rd-jursgs fnrg`grdstfids hs bhpgrtfltds md Di Abdrzg-Idl,ltbhfhdltd ibnfmg f su vbmf y f su pfbsfed mdsmd tbdhpgsblhdhgrbfids. Igs sgtgs md dstf jghfrjf rdprdsdltfl hsmdi 4?% md if supdrstjbd md dstf dspdjbd dl Jfstbiif y Idl.Zb finulf dspdjbd frardf mdstfjf dl Di Abdrzg, stf ds, sblmumf, di jfstfg (Jfstfldf sftbvf Hbii). Ibnfmg fi cgh-ard mdsmd tbdhpgs blhdhgrbfids, di jfstfg cf sbmg `udltdprbljbpfi md fibhdltg, hfmdrf d blnrdsgs hgldtfrbgs. Dstfrdifjbl fljdstrfi mdi cghard y di jfstfg cf sbmg if rdspgl-sfaid mdi hgmdig md pfbsfed qud pgmdhgs dljgltrfrlgs cgydl if jghfrjf5 sgtgs (f vdjds jdltdlfrbgs) rgmdflmg igs l-jidgs md pgaifjbl y gjupflmg ifmdrfs dltdrfs dl ifs zglfs

md jibhftgignf hs prgpbjbf.

Dl if fjtufibmfm, di juitbvg mdi jfstfg sbnud sbdlmg bh-pgrtfltd pudstg qud dstf dspdjbd gjupf fprgxbhfmfhdltd1?.??? cf dl if zglf md dstumbg. Zbl dhafrng, if tdlmdl-jbf rdnrdsbvf qud dhpdz jgl if jrbsbs mdi sbstdhf fnrfrbgtrfmbjbglfi cfjd jbljudltf fgs cf prgpbjbfmg di faflmglgmd hujcgs md igs sgtgs. Jghg fnrfvfltd f dstf sbtufjblndldrfi, if dxtdlsbl mdi jcfljrg, Jrypcgldjtrbf pfrfsbtb-

jf(Hurr.) Afrr y igs bljdlmbgs `grdstfids cfl hdrhfmg if

]gmg di hulmg sfad qud di prgaidhf mdi jfstfg ds fing huy nrfvd qud urnd rdsgivdr. Md su sgiujblmdpdlmd, lg sgifhdltd if rbqudzf `grdstfi- qud fulqud huy vfibgsf y sfnrfmf, lg rdprdsdltf, fi stly fi jfag, hs qud ul vfigr djglhbjg-, sblg if dxbstdljbf g if mdsfpfrbjbl pfrf sbdhprd mdi ragihs tbi y hs cdrhgsg md if figrf mdi lgrgdstd md if pdllsuif barbjf, suhblbstrfmgr md ulf rutf mdblhdlsg vfigr y md ulf hfmdrf qud efhs pgmr sdr sustbtubmf pgr if md lblnulf gtrf dspdjbd. Ds ultdsgrg qud lgs idnfrgl ludstrgs fltdpfsfmgs, y ds judstbl md cglgr, lg ul fsultg hdrfhdltd djgl-hbjg, di qud sdfhgs jfpfjds md idnfrig f ludstrf vdz f ifs ndldrfjbglds vdlbmdrfs.

Fmfptfmg md J. J. Tlfhulg, 621>

prgmujjbl y dl finulgs jfsgs cfl fjfafmg jgl igs sgtgs.Dl igs itbhgs jbljudltf fgs sd cf pdrmbmg hs mdi =?% mdif supdrstjbd gjupfmf pgr if dspdjbd. Idegs md jfhabfr dstftdlmdljbf if rdnrdsbl jgltblf sbl cfadrsd dljgltrfmg ulfsgiujbl nigafi fi prgaidhf mdi jfstfg.

Di ibarg Tl @uturg pfrf di Jfstfg rdjgnd ifs fpgrtfjbg-lds md mb`drdltds blvdstbnfmgrds, ndstgrds, lfturfibstfs y dt-lnrf`gs vbljuifmgs prg`dsbglfi y sdltbhdltfihdltd f dstfdspdjbd. Dl dstd ibarg sd fagrmfl jbljg nrflmds tdhfs qudsbrvdl pfrf jgltdstfr igs prbljbpfids bltdrrgnfltds vbljuif-mgs jgl if sgstdlbabibmfm md dstf dspdjbd.

Dl prbhdr iunfr sd prdsdltf ul jghpidtg dstumbg sgarddi Flibsbs y Mbfnlstbjg tdrrbtgrbfi mdi jfstfg dl if jg-

hfrjf md Di Abdrzg dl di qud sd flfibzf dspfjbfi y tdhpg-rfihdltd if sbtufjbl mdi jfstfg dl if jghfrjf. Qdspgl-mbdlmg f if prdnultf jui ds if sbtufjbl rdfi mdi jfstfgdl if jghfrjf7

Dl sdnulmg iunfr, sd bltdltf rdspglmdr f if prdnultfjhg `fjbibtfr di hfltdlbhbdltg y hdegrfr if jfibmfm md ifprgmujjbl7 Dl dstd fpfrtfmg sd prdsdltf ul bltdrdsfltd ylgvdmgsg trfafeg sgard ifs tjlbjfs juiturfids y sdivjgifs

pfrf di hfldeg md sgtgs md jfstfg.

_QDZDL]FJBL5 TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG


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_QDZDL]FJBL5 TL @T]T]G _FQF DI JFZ]FG

2TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

Dl tdrjdr iunfr, di ibarg dstumbf di tdhf md if sflbmfm mdigs sgtgs, jdltrlmgsd dl if prdvdljbl y trftfhbdltg mdi

jcfljrg. Di trfafeg prdsdltfmg bltdltf rdspglmdr f if prd-nultf jhg mbshblubr di rbdsng md ifs dl`drhdmfmds y j-hg trftfrifs7

Dl jufrtg iunfr, di ibarg bltdltf jgltdstfr f if prdnultfjhg pgmdhgs jglsdnubr qud di jfstfg jgltrbauyf fi md-sfrrgiig rurfi md if jghfrjf7. Dl dstd fpfrtfmg sd prdsdltfsblttbjfhdltd di _ifl Dstrftnbjg md vdrtdarfjbl mdi jfs-tfg dl Di Abdrzg. F dstd jfptuig id fjghpffl di tbtuifmg

Di Jfstfg5 pbifr asbjg mdi mdsfrrgiig rurfi y If jfstffjghg prgmujtg md jfibmfm dl Di Abdrzg. Jghpidhdltfmgdstfs vbsbglds mdi mdsfrrgiig sd prdsdltf ulg md igs fspdjtgshs givbmfmgs md igs sgtgs5 su sbnlbstjftbvf y mbvdrsf prg-mujjbl hbjginbjf.

Dl qubltg iunfr, jghg fpgrtfjbl hs lgvdmgsf mdi ibargsd prdsdltfl igs sgutgs jghg pftrbhglbg hbidlfrbg, fpgrtfl-mg ulf vbsbl bltdnrfi sgard sus vfigrds md jglsdrvfjbl. Ifprdnultf jifvd md dstd fpfrtfmg ds jhg vfigrfr y jglsdrvfrdstd bhpgrtfltsbhg pftrbhglbg juiturfi y lfturfi7. Dl dstdfpfrtfmg sd dstumbf di `uturg md igs Jfstfgs Hgluhdltfidsmd Di Abdrzg y mgs trfafegs sgard di vfigr juiturfi md if dspdjbd5

Di jfstfg dl if trfmbjbl grfi, ul pftrbhglbg blhftdrbfi yDi jfstfg, usgs y trfmbjbglds. Ds md mdstfjfr dl di ibarg di

trfafeg tbtuifmg Faudig Jfstfdbrg, di flsttrbl dl di qud sdfagrmf if mbvdrsbmfm abginbjf md igs sgtgs md jfstfg.

_frf tdrhblfr, jghg dpigng, dl di trfafeg Jfstfg, dltrdif bdrrf y di Jbdig sd rdfibzf ulf vbsbl bltdnrfmgrf sgardigs vfigrds juiturfids y dspbrbtufids md if dspdjbd.

If adiidzf md igs sgtgs md jfstfg md Di Abdrzg y di sbn-lbstjfmg prg`ulmg qud dstf dspdjbd tbdld pfrf lgsgtrgs lg

sd pgmrfl cfadr pifshfmg dl dstd ibarg sbl ifs `gtgnrf`fsmd Bsbmrg Jfllbnf. Zus `gtgnrf`fs sgl pfrf lgsgtrgs hu-jcg hs qud bhndlds. Zu trfafeg ds jfpfz md dxprdsfr tgmgfqudiig qud ludstrfs pfifarfs lg pumbdrgl dxpibjfr5 di gtggpdr`djtg, di jfigr md if ifrdbrf, if lgaid hfmdrf mdi jgrrdmgr,di vdrmgr dtdrlg...

Igs sgtgs md jfstfg sgl ul tdsgrg qud lgs idnfrgl luds-trgs fltdpfsfmgs, y ds judstbl md cglgr, lg ul fsultghdrfhdltd djglhbjg, di qud sdfhgs jfpfjds md idnfrig fludstrf vdz f ifs ndldrfjbglds vdlbmdrfs. Dstf puaibjfjblTl @uturg pfrf di Jfstfg, dst iidlf md bmdfs pdrg sgardtgmg md fhgr pgr dstf dspdjbd y if juiturf qud rdprdsdltf.


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Jfmf pudaig jgl su Zgutg._gaifmurf md Zghgzf (Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdrzg)


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FLIBZBZ R MBFNLZ]BJG ]DQQB]GQBFI MDI JFZ]FG DL IF JGHFQJF MD DI ABDQUG (IDL)


6. BL]QGMTJJBL

Di prgnrdsbvg faflmglg mdi hdmbg rurfi, ifs dl`drhdmfmdsy if `fitf md pdrspdjtbvfs djglhbjfs dstl cfjbdlmg mdsf-pfrdjdr igs agsquds md jfstfgs, igs sgutgs, ulg md igs rd-jursgs fnrg`grdstfids hs bhpgrtfltds md Di Abdrzg-Idl,ltbhfhdltd ibnfmg f su vbmf y f su pfbsfed mdsmd tbdhpgsblhdhgrbfids. Igs sgtgs md dstf jghfrjf rdprdsdltfl hsmdi 4?% md if supdrstjbd md dstf dspdjbd dl Jfstbiif y Idl.Zb finulf dspdjbd frardf mdstfjf dl Di Abdrzg, stf ds, sbl

mumf, di jfstfg (Jfstfldf sftbvf Hbii). Ibnfmg fi cgh-ard mdsmd tbdhpgs blhdhgrbfids, di jfstfg cf sbmg `udltdprbljbpfi md fibhdltg, hfmdrf d blnrdsgs hgldtfrbgs. Dstfrdifjbl fljdstrfi mdi cghard y di jfstfg cf sbmg if rdspgl-sfaid mdi hgmdig md pfbsfed qud pgmdhgs dljgltrfrlgs cgydl if jghfrjf5 sgtgs (f vdjds jdltdlfrbgs) rgmdflmg igs l-jidgs md pgaifjbl y gjupflmg ifmdrfs dltdrfs dl ifs zglfsmd jibhftgignf hs prgpbjbf.

Dl if fjtufibmfm, di juitbvg mdi jfstfg sbnud sbdlmg bh-

FLIBZBZ R MBFNLZ]BJG ]DQQB]GQBFI MDI

JFZ]FG DL IF JGHFQJF MD DI ABDQUG (IDL)FI@GLZG @DQLLMDU-HFLZG6, ETFL LNDI QGAIDZ6, JFQIGZ HFQ]LDU1, FL]GLBG LDZ_QFI1,GZJFQ @QFLJZ:, IFTQF ZTQDU:y QGADQ]G FQBFZ16Tlbvdrsbmfm md Idl, 1Fsgjbfjbl F Hgrtdbrf y :Jglsdeg Jghfrjfi md Di Abdrzg

Mgl ivfrg grf ftrfvdsfaf ul sgtg md jfstfgs y lgnfids, grf ul iblfr juyfs fzuifmfs figrds sdhdefafl if supdrstjbd md ulf ifnu-lf, grf prfmdrfs rdsqusbhfs y md ul vdrmd mdibjbgsg, y md juflmg dl juflmg sgif dljgltrfr ul trgzg md jfhblg juabdrtg f hfldrfmd mgsdi jgl ul rstbjg dhpfrrfmg. Jruzfafl igs fbrds aflmfmfs md pfighfs tgrjfjds jgl vudig vdigz y sdrdlg fi hbshg tbdhpg;ifs pghpgsfs grgplmgifs y igs vbstgsgs nfiigs rdvgigtdfafl dltrd igs ragids, y pbltfmgs ebinudrgs y mdsvdrnglzfmgs ngrrbglds sd

jgiuhpbfafl dl ifs zfrzfs md igs sdtgs. Igs nflfmgs sfifl jgl sus jdljdrrgs, y ul pfstgr egvdljbiig baf tgjflmg dl ulf fifutf mdjgrtdzf md jfstfg ulf tglfmf fpfjbaid y sufvd. Jrdjfl fi agrmd hbshg mdi fnuf dljblfs jgrpuidltfs y md rfhfs pdlmbdltds pf-rdjbmfs f igs sfujds qud fl cgy sd jglsdrvfl, jcgpgs fitgs y mgaidnfmbzgs jghg hbhards qud sd hdjfl fi hdlgr sgpig mdi vbdltg,y jfstfgs rgaustgs y md rdmglmf jgpf. Ifs trtgifs frruiifafl dltrd igs jfstfgs, y di hurhuiig mdi Jf tdlf ul lg s qu md vfngy fmgrhdjbmg qud bljiblfaf di fihf f if hdmbtfjbl.

Igs pfbsfeds mdi Jfstfg (fmfptfmg)Dlrbqud Nbi y Jfrrfsjg, Di sdgr md Adhabard. Jfptuig S

pgrtfltd pudstg qud dstf dspdjbd gjupf fprgxbhfmfhdltd1?.??? cf dl if zglf md dstumbg. Zbl dhafrng, if tdlmdl-jbf rdnrdsbvf qud dhpdz jgl if jrbsbs mdi sbstdhf fnrfrbgtrfmbjbglfi cfjd jbljudltf fgs cf prgpbjbfmg di faflmglgmd hujcgs md igs sgtgs. Jghg fnrfvfltd f dstf sbtufjblndldrfi, if dxtdlsbl mdi jcfljrg, Jrypcgldjtrbf pfrfsbtb-jf(Hurr.) Afrr y igs bljdlmbgs `grdstfids cfl hdrhfmg ifprgmujjbl y dl finulgs jfsgs cfl fjfafmg jgl igs sgtgs.Dl igs itbhgs jbljudltf fgs sd cf pdrmbmg hs mdi =?% mdif supdrstjbd gjupfmf pgr if dspdjbd. Idegs md jfhabfr dstf

tdlmdljbf if rdnrdsbl jgltblf sbl cfadrsd dljgltrfmg ulfsgiujbl nigafi fi prgaidhf mdi jfstfg.

Igs jfstffrds md Di Abdrzg tbdldl ulf bhpgrtfltd dx-prdsbl tdrrbtgrbfi, jgl rdfideg dl di pfbsfed, dl igs sbstdhfsdjginbjgs y sgjbgdjglhbjgs md if jghfrjf. Di jgleultgmd jfstfgs jdltdlfrbgs rdprdsdltf ulf md ifs hdegrds jg-idjjbglds md ragids hgluhdltfids mdi jgltbldltd durgpdg

y ulf md ifs nrflmds juiturfs fsgjbfmfs f if utbibzfjbl hui-

tb`uljbglfi md ul ragi. Igs sgtgs md jfstfg sgl ul bltd-


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6:TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG



ibndltd fnrgsbstdhf qud di Cghard cf jrdfmg, fmfptfmg yhdegrfmg f trfvs md vfrbfmfs dstrujturfs frardfs, hitb-

pids vfrbdmfmds md juitbvg y sgard tgmg if fmfptfjbl f ifsjglmbjbglds djginbjfs mdi tdrrbtgrbg. If prmbmf md tgmfdstf abgmbvdrsbmfm ndltbjf y juiturfi sdrf mb`jbihdltdrdjglstrubaid. Mdsmd dstfs pdrspdjtbvfs, ul trbpid dl`gqudmdad prdvfidjdr dl di ùturg mdi jfstfg5 if jglsdrvfjbl mdtgmf dstf abgmbvdrsbmfm, if vfigrfjbl mdi sdltbmg pftrbhg-lbfi y di fprgvdjcfhbdltg hitbpid md tgmgs igs rdjursgs mdifnrgsbstdhf.

_drg, di jfstfg ds ulf dspdjbd tgmfvf hfi jglgjbmf mds-md ulf pdrspdjtbvf tdrrbtgrbfi dl Di Abdrzg, hujcgs md igstrfafegs qud sd cfl puaibjfmg lg cfl tdlbmg ulf afsd ndg-nrstjf g cfl tdlbmg ul vfigr ùlmfhdltfihdltd mbvuinf-tbvg (J, 623=; @ dt fi., 622>; @ dt fi.,1??6; J, 1??>; @ dt fi., 1??2) y huy pgjgs igsqud sd cfl afsfmg dl ulf flibsbs y mbfnltbjg tdrrbtgrbfi.Mdstfjfr dltrd dstgs itbhgs, igs fvfljds dl di jglgjbhbdl-tg y trftfhbdltg mdi jcfljrg (F dt fi., 1??4; Udt fi., 1??3), di dstumbg md ifs jfrfjtdrstbjfs hgr`ginbjfsd bsgdlzbhtbjfs md igs prbljbpfids juitbvfrds md jfstfg(Q-J dt fi., 1??:) g di dstumbg sgard if mbstrb-aujbl cbstrbjf md if dspdjbd f pfrtbr md mb`drdltds ùdltdsmgjuhdltfids H H, 1??6). Tlf prbhdrffprgxbhfjbl fi prgaidhf tdrrbtgrbfi mdi jfstfg f trfvs mdul jdlsg md if dspdjbd cf sbmg rdjbdltdhdltd puaibjfmg pgrdi P Jglnrdsg @grdstfi Dspfgi (@- y Q-

, 1??2).

Mdsmd di hulmg ulbvdrsbtfrbg sd cfl rdfibzfmg mbstbltgstrfafegs tjlbjgs dltrd igs qud mdstfjf di _ifl md Ndstblpfrf Jfstffrds md igs hulbjbpbgs md rfafmdig, Zgarfmg yJgruiil (J, 1??=), ul dxjdidltd trfafeg blmbtg rdf-ibzfmg dl if Tlbvdrsbmfm _gibtjlbjf md Hfmrbm. Mdltrg mddstgs trfafegs mdstfjfl tfhabl dl if Tlbvdrsbmfm md Idligs dstumbgs5 Mbsdg md ul Zbstdhf md Bl`grhfjbl Ndgnr-

stjf Fpibjfmg f if Ndstbl md if _rgmujjbl md Jfstff dl

di . H. md Lgjdmf mdi Abdrzg (Q, 1??4), Dstumbg mdigs Zgtgs md Jfstfg dl if pfrtd Grbdltfi md if Jghfrjf mdi

Abdrzg (I, 1??>) y if tdsbs mgjtgrfi dl difagrfjbl Fl-ibsbs Mbfjrlbjg y Jfrfjtdrbzfjbl md igs @fjtgrds Jglmbjbg-lfltds mdi Juitbvg mdi Jfstfg dl Di Abdrzg (Q, 1??2).

Lg gastfltd, tgmfvf, sd mdsjglgjd if sbtufjbl fjtufi mdigs sgtgs md jfstfg dl Di Abdrzg dl tdhfs tfl bhpgrtfltdsjghg su igjfibzfjbl, supdrstjbd y dstfmg sflbtfrbg mdsmdulf pdrspdjtbvf tdrrbtgrbfi. Ds ldjdsfrbg pgmdr jgltdstfrjbdltstjfhdltd f prdnultfs jgl ulf jifrf jghpgldltd td-

rrbtgrbfi jghg5 jui cf sbmg if dvgiujbl tdhpgrfi y td-rrbtgrbfi mdi jfstfg7, jui pudmd sdr if prgydjjbl afegmb`drdltds dsjdlfrbgs md fjtufjbl7 jui ds su sbtufjblfjtufi mdsmd ulf pdrspdjtbvf djginbjf, fnrglhbjf y sg-jbgdjglhbjf7 juids sgl igs prgaidhfs sgjbgdjglhbjgs

y jhg ds if dstrujturf prgmujtbvf7 jui ds if pdrjdpjblmd if pgaifjbl sgard di ùturg mdi sdjtgr7 juids sgl igs`fjtgrds fnrgdjginbjgs qud mdtdrhblfl if prgmujjbl mdijfstfg y juids sgl ifs prbljbpfids pftgignfs md su juitb-

vg7 Jui ds igjfibzfjbl, lbvdi md hgluhdltfibmfm y dstfmgmd jglsdrvfjbl mdi jfstfg7. gmfs dstfs prdnultfs tbdldlulf jifrf mbhdlsbl tdrrbtgrbfi.

If rdjbdltd jgljdsbl md if Hfrjf md Nfrfltf f if jfstf-f md Di Abdrzg, fs jghg if ldjdsbmfm md jglsdrvfr di ablg-hbg juiturf y pfbsfeds mdi jfstfg, cfjdl ldjdsfrbgs rdfibzfrul flibsbs y mbfnlstbjg jifrgs y dxfjtgs mdi dstfmg fjtufi

md if dspdjbd. Tlf md ifs prbljbpfids tfrdfs mdi Flibsbs yMbfnlstbjg drrbtgrbfi mdi jfstfg dl if jghfrjf md DiAbdrzg cf sbmg if rdfibzfjbl md ul jdlsg md igs sgtgs mdjfstfg tdlbdlmg dl judltf if blìudljbf md igs mb`drdltds`fjtgrds fhabdltfids y cuhflgs. If bl`grhfjbl gatdlb-mf, bltdnrfmf dl ul Zbstdhf md Bl`grhfjbl Ndgnr`bjf,sd cf utbibzfmg pfrf dxpibjfr su mbstrbaujbl dspfjbfi, igs lb-

vdids md f`djtfjbl md ifs prbljbpfids prgaidhtbjfs (fafl-mglg, jcfljrg d bljdlmbgs `grdstfids), ifs `grhfs md ndstbl

fjtufi y fprgvdjcfhbdltg y sus dxpdjtftbvfs md ùturg.


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6= TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

Eultg f dstd jdlsg sd cfl rdfibzfmg gtrgs dstumbgs jghpid-hdltfrbgs qud prg`ulmbzfl dl fspdjtgs jghg di blvdltfrbg

md if hgluhdltfibmfm md igs dedhpifrds hs sblnuifrds, diflibsbs sgjbgdjglhbjg utbibzflmg blmbjfmgrds g di flibsbsmd if dvgiujbl md if jfstfbjuiturf f trfvs md ul dstumbgsgjbginbjg. Tlf pfrtd md dstgs dstumbgs `grhf pfrtd md igsmbstbltgs fpfrtfmgs mdi prdsdltd mgjuhdltg.

gmg dstd trfafeg lg cuabdrf sbmg pgsbaid sbl if jgifag-rfjbl pdrsglfi d blstbtujbglfi. Mdsmd dstd pultg md vbstf,di Jglsdeg Jghfrjfi mdi Abdrzg, if Fsgjbfjbl F Hgrtdbrf

y if @ulmfjbl Ndldrfi md if Tlbvdrsbmfm md Idl y md ifDhprdsf (@NTIDH) cfl mdsfrrgiifmg mdsmd 1??4 ul jgl-

vdlbg hfrjg md trfafeg qud cf sdrvbmg md sgpgrtd cuhflg ystlfljbdrg pfrf dstgs trfafegs.

1. GAED]BPGZ

Juftrg cfl sbmg igs gaedtbvgs mdi Flibsbs y Mbfnlstbjgdrrbtgrbfi mdi jfstfg dl if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg5 (B) jg-lgjdr if dvgiujbl md if supdrstjbd gjupfmf pgr igs sgtgsmd jfstfgs dl if jghfrjf; (BB) rdfibzfr ulf jfrfjtdrbzfjbl

jghpidtf md igs sgtgs qud sbrvf md afsd pfrf if mdstlbjblmd ulf dstrftdnbf nigafi md jglsdrvfjbl; (BBB) blvdltfrbfr

y jfrfjtdrbzfr igs vfigrds juiturfids y hgluhdltfids md igssgtgs y jfstfgs sblnuifrds y (BP) rdfibzfr ul dstumbg sgardif pdrjdpjbl sgjbfi md di prgaidhf mdi jfstfg.

:. HD]GMGIGNF

Dl uljbl md igs juftrg gaedtbvgs mdstlbmgs sd cf difagrfmgif hdtgmgignf md trfafeg (vdr stnurf 6). Dstf hdtgmgignf sdcf dstrujturfmg dl jbljg tdhfs md dstumbg y juftrg dtfpfs.

If prbhdrf dtfpf cf sdrvbmg pfrf mdstlbr ifs prbljbpfids prd-nultfs f jgltdstfr dl di dstumbg. If dtfpf sbnubdltd bltdnrftgmgs igs flibsbs mdi dstumbg, dstf dtfpf sd cf suambvbmbmg dltrds `fsds5 dstumbgs prdvbgs, trfafeg md jfhpg d bltdnrfjbldl ul Zbstdhf md Bl`grhfjbl Ndgnrstjf (ZBN). If dtfpftdrjdrf sd cf jdltrfmg dl if bltdrprdtfjbl y rdprdsdltfjblmd mftgs bltdnrfmgs dl di ZBN. Dl if dtfpf stlfi sd cfl mbs-jutbmg igs rdsuitfmgs y sd cfl mdstlbmg ifs jgljiusbglds. Dldstd mgjuhdltg lg sd cf bljiubmg di dstumbg sgjbgdjglhbjglb igs hgmdigs md ndstbl mdrbvfmgs, lb tfhpgjg di dstumbgfnrgdjginbjg qud fpfrdjdr dl pgstdrbgrds puaibjfjbglds.

@bnurf 6. Hdtgmgignf md trfafeg mdi dstumbg bltdnrfi mdi jfstfg dl Di Abdrzg


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:.6. Hdtgmgignf mdi jdlsg md sgtgs md jfstfg y dstu-mbg md if dvgiujbl cbstrbjf

_frf iidvfr f jfag igs mgs prbhdrgs gaedtbvgs hdljbglfmgssd blvdltfrbfrgl :43 sgtgs jgl ul tgtfi md 64.14>,:> cf, ig qudjgrrdspglmd fi 3?% prgvbljbf md Idl y ul =?% md if supdr-stjbd md Jfstbiif y Idl (vdr stnurf 1). Igs trfafegs md jfhpgsd rdfibzfrgl murfltd di pdrbgmg 1??4-1??3. Jghg mdstlbjblasbjf mdi dstumbg sd jglsbmdr qud ul sgtg jgrrdspglmd f ulfsupdrstjbd jgltbluf pgaifmf pgr jfstfgs jghg dspdjbd prbl-jbpfi (jfmf sgtg dstfr jglstbtubmg pgr ul lbjg pginglg).

Igs sgtgs dstl `grhfmgs pgr ragids bledrtfmgs qud jrdjdldspfjbfmgs pfrf `ghdltfr ifs `grhfs md jgpf ds`rbjf, di audlmdsfrrgiig md stf y, pgr tfltg, ulf hdegr blsgifjbl, qud fu-hdltd if prgmujjbl md rutg. Dl di pfsfmg dstfs hfsfs tdlflulf mgaid grbdltfjbl cfjbf if prgmujjbl md `rutg y hfmdrf.

Di prgjdsg hdtgmginbjg sdnubmg dl di trfafeg sd rdsuhdf jgltblufjbl5

6 `fsd. Igjfibzfjbl blbjbfi5 _frf di mdsfrrgiig md dstf pfr-td sd cfl igjfibzfmg igs sgtgs utbibzflmg dl prbhdrf hdmbmfigs mftgs prgpgrjbglfmgs pgr di Hfpf @grdstfi md Dspffmdi drjdr Blvdltfrbg Lfjbglfi @grdstfi f pfrtbr mdi jufi sdgatuvbdrgl igs pginglgs mglmd di jfstfg fpfrdjf jfrtg-nrfstfmg jghg dspdjbd 6, 1 y :. fhabl dl dstf fsd sd rdvbs

y hfpd if bl`grhfjbl fpgrtfmf pgr H (1??6) rdiftbvf f ifs rdspudstfs ndldrfids mdi Jftfstrg md Dl-

sdlfmf. Dl jgljrdtg, if prdnultf sdbs5 cfy finl pifltg mdragids dl ifs tbdrrfs qud cfl mdjifrfmg, jghg `rutfids, hg-rdrfs, gibvgs, cbnudrfs, fihdlmrgs, pfrrfs, finfrrgags, dtj.7

y if prdnultf sbdtd5 dl juids md ifs tbdrrfs dstl pifltfmgsigs ragids qud sd mdjifrfl7. Di jgleultg md if bl`grhfjblutbibzfmf sdrvbr pfrf jglgjdr if dvgiujbl md dstf dspdjbdmdsmd di sbnig SPBBB cfstf if fjtufibmfm.

1 `fsd. Igjfibzfjbl stlfi d bl`grhd sdivjgif5 Jghg sd-

nulmf fprgxbhfjbl f if mbstrbaujbl md igs sgtgs md jfstfg

sd rdfibzfrgl dltrdvbstfs y rdjgnbdrgl mbstbltgs tdstbhglbgsigjfids. Jgl tgmf if bl`grhfjbl rdjgnbmf sd pfs fi trfafeg

md jfhpg vbsbtflmg jfmf ulg md igs rgmfids susjdptbaids mdhfltdldr ulf mdlsbmfm fprdjbfaid md jfstfg. Murfltd dstf`fsd sd pdrbhdtrfrgl igs rgmfids utbibzflmg N_Z y grtg`gtg-nrf` fs. Di rdsuitfmg stlfi `ud ulf jfrtgnrf`f 656?.???. Dl ifstnurf 1 sd prdsdltf ul hfpf md if igjfibzfjbl md sgtgs jdl-sfmgs. Dl dstf `fsd sd rdfibz ul bl`grhd sdivjgif dl di qudsd mdsjrbadl igs fspdjtgs hs bhpgrtfltds md if sbtufjblfjtufi y if mblhbjf md jfmf sgtg. Dl jgljrdtg if stjcf mdjfhpg rdjgnd bl`grhfjbl sgard jbljg nrflmds fpfrtfmgs5

igjfibzfjbl, dstrujturf, ndstbl, sflbmfm, lbvdi md hglu-hdltfibmfm y vfigrfjbl md if sgstdlbabibmfm. Dl if stnurf :sd rdprdsdltfl ulf jgidjjbl `gtgnrstjf md mb`drdltds tbpg-ignfs md sgtgs md jfstfg mdsjrbtgs.

@bnurf 1. Hfpf md if igjfibzfjbl md sgtgs jdlsfmgs


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Dl jufltg f if igjfibzfjbl sd flgt if djcf md hudstrdg, dilhdrg md bmdltbstjfjbl mdi pginglg, di hulbjbpbg y dltbmfm

hdlgr (eultf vdjblfi) dl if qud sd bljiuyd y if grbdltfjbl jglrdspdjtg f if dltbmfm hdlgr hs jdrjflf. Dl rdifjbl jgl iftbpgignf dstrujturfi sd dstumb if mdlsbmfm md if hfsf (mb`d-rdljbflmg huy fjifrfmfs, fjifrfmfs, sdhbmdlsfs y mdlsfs).

If ndstbl ùd dxprdsfmf jghg jubmfmgs juiturfids rd`d-rbmgs fi sgtg y su ibhpbdzf (mb`drdljbflmg audlf, rdnuifr,pgjf, huy pgjf g luif). Dl dstd fpfrtfmg sd dstumb dl qudhdmbmf dstfs fjtufjbglds drfl g lg jgrrdjtfs blmbjflmg if

utbibzfjbl g lg md cdrabjbmfs dl igs jubmfmgs mdi sgtg. Ifbl`grhfjbl rdiftbvf f if ndstbl sd jghpidhdlt jgl didstumbg md ifs tbpgignfs mdi fprgvdjcfhbdltg5 mdstlbdlmgif mdmbjfjbl prbljbpfi mdi sgtg (mb`drdljbflmg5 fprgvdjcf-hbdltg mdi `rutg tgtfi, hdmbg g fusdljbf mdi hbshg), fprg-

vdjcfhbdltg md if hfmdrf, fprgvdjcfhbdltg `rutg-hfmdrf

y gtrgs. Dl rdifjbl jgl di dstfmg sflbtfrbg sd dvfiu dl ul-jbl md prdsdljbf md mfgs dvbmdltds g nrfmgs md f`djjbl

jfusfmgs pgr finulf dl`drhdmfm (mbstblnubdlmg ?5 fpfrdl-tdhdltd lg f`djtfmgs; 65 idvd, finulgs pbds f`djtfmgs, pgjfsrfhfs bl`djtfmfs; 15 hgmdrfmg, afstfltds pbds f`djtfmgs,pgjfs rfhfs bl`djtfmfs g pgjgs pbds bl`djtfmgs fulqud diftfqud sdf hs sdvdrg dl dstgs; :5 sdvdrg, afstfltds pbdsf`djtfmgs, afstfltds g hujcfs rfhfs f`djtfmfs; =5 huy sd-

vdrg, tgmgs igs pbds f`djtfmgs). Fmdhs, sd dspdjbstj if pf-tgignf g mfg prbljbpfi (jcfljrg, tbltf, ùdng y gtrgs).

Igs mgs itbhgs fpfrtfmgs dvfiufmgs ùdrgl di lbvdi mdhgluhdltfibmfm5 ftdlmbdlmg f jrbtdrbgs dsttbjgs, mdlmrg-htrbjgs g pfbsfestbjgs. Zd mb`drdljbfrgl igs sgtgs md hg-luhdltfibmfm afef, hdmbf g fitf. _frf stlfibzfr sd vfigrfrglifs pdrspdjtbvfs md ùturg md jfmf ulg md igs sgtgs dl ulfdsjfif md ? f 2 (hfif f audlf).

@bnurf :. Mb`drdltds dedhpigs md dstfmg md igs sgtgs md Di Abdrzg

HTLBJB_BG5 HGIBLFZDJFIBH_BDUF5 ?ZFLBMFM5 6

HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 ?

HTLBJB_BG5 JFQTJDMGIBH_BDUF5 6ZFLBMFM5 ?

HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 ?DZQTJTQF5 HTR FJIFQFMF


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6>TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG



HTLBJB_BG5 JFQTJDMGHGLTHDLFIBMFM5 1DZQTJTQF5 MDLZF

HTLBJB_BG5 JGQTIILIBH_BDUF5 1ZFLBMFM5 6HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 ?DZQTJTQF5 FJIFQFMF


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HTLBJB_BG5 JGQTIILIBH_BDUF5 :ZFLBMFM5 :HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 ?DZQTJTQF5 ZDHBMDLZF

HTLBJB_BG5 AFIAGFIBH_BDUF5 =ZFLBMFM5 =HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 6DZQTJTQF5 ZDHBMDLZF

HTLBJB_BG5 GDLJBFIBH_BDUF5 =ZFLBMFM5 :

HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 ?DZQTJTQF5 ZDHBMDLZF

HTLBJB_BG5 JTABIIGZIBH_BDUF5 :ZFLBMFM5 1

HGLTHDLFIBMFM5 ?DZQTJTQF5 FJIFQFMF


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Di jgleultg md if bl`grhfjbl cf sdrvbmg pfrf rdfibzfrmb`drdltds flibsbs dstfmstbjgs rd`drbmgs f mbstbltfs dsjfifs

tdrrbtgrbfids. Dl dstd trfafeg sd prdsdltfl igs rdsuitfmgs rd-iftbvgs f jfmf hulbjbpbg y, pfrf diig, sd cfl difagrfmg ulgslmbjds sblttbjgs qud `fjbibtfl igs trfafegs md mbsdg y dvf-

iufjbl mdi `uturg _ifl md Jglsdrvfjbl. Dl if tfaif 6 sdmdstldl igs gjcg lmbjds sblttbjgs difagrfmgs. Dstgs lmbjds

cfl sbmg difagrfmgs md `grhf gaedtbvf dstfaidjbdlmg ulfrdifjbl supdrstjbfi dltrd ifs jifsds dstumbfmfs y di tgtfi mdif supdrstjbd.

LMBJDZ HTLBJB_FIDZ ZBNIFZ MD@BLBJBL

ZFLBMFM

6. lmbjd md Dstfmg ptbhg BDGQdifjbl md supdrstjbds dltrd igs sgtgs jfibstjfmgs jghg audlg jglrdspdjtg fi tgtfi

1. lmbjd md Dstfmg Fjdptfaid BDFQdifjbl md supdrstjbds dltrd igs sgtgs jfibstjfmgs jghg audlg g rdnuifrjgl rdspdjtg fi tgtfi

HFLDLBHBDLG

:. lmbjd md Hfltdlbhbdltg ptbhg BHGQdifjbl md supdrstjbd dltrd igs sgtgs juyg hfltdlbhbdltg ds audlg jgl

rdspdjtg fi tgtfi=. lmbjd md Hfltdlbhbdltg Fjdptfaids BHF

Qdifjbl md supdrstjbd dltrd igs sgtgs juyg hfltdlbhbdltg ds audlg ghdmbg jgl rdspdjtg fi tgtfi

DZQTJTQF

4. lmbjd md Mdlsbmfm BMQdifjbl md supdrstjbd dltrd igs sgtgs juyg dstrujturf ds mdlsf gsdhbmdlsf jgl rdspdjtg f if supdrstjbd tgtfi

HGLTHDLFIBMFM

0. lmbjd md Hgluhdltfibmfm BHQdifjbl md supdrstjbd dltrd igs sgtgs juyf hgluhdltfibmfm ds hdmbf-fitfjgl rdspdjtg f if supdrstjbd tgtfi

>. L ragids hgluhdltfidsLhdrg md ragids dvfiufmgs jghg hgluhdltfids dl di _ifl mdJglsdrvfjbl md if Jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg

ZGZDLBABIBMFM (pgtdljbfibmfm)

3. lmbjd md Zgstdlbabibmfm BZQdifjbl md supdrstjbd dltrd igs sgtgs juyf sgstdlbabibmfm ds hdmbf-fitf jglrdspdjtg f if supdrstjbd tgtfi

]faif 6. lmbjds sblttbjgs Hulbjbpfids


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1? TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

If dvfiufjbl jgleultf md igs lmbjds sblttbjgs hulbjb-pfids lgs cf pdrhbtbmg jifsbstjfr igs hulbjbpbgs md if jg-

hfrjf dl `uljbl md trds nrflmds tbpgignfs.

: `fsd. Jrdfjbl md ul Zbstdhf md Bl`grhfjbl Ndgnrstjf(ZBN) y flibsbs md if bl`grhfjbl5 If bl`grhfjbl gatdlbmfmbnbtfibzfmf y jgmbstjfmf sd cf bljiubmg dl ulf afsd md mftgsndgdspfjbfi dl if qud sd rdjgndl 1? vfrbfaids mdsjrbptbvfs. Ds-tfs vfrbfaids dl jghablfjbl jgl gtrfs udltds md bl`grhfjbljfrtgnrstjf (stsbgnrf`f, jibhftgignf, dtj.) cfl pdrhbtbmg dx-trfdr bl`grhfjbl mdtfiifmf md jfmf ulf md ifs igjfibzfjbglds.

:.1. Hdtgmgignf mdi blvdltfrbg y jftfignfjbl md igsjfstfgs hgluhdltfids

Mfmf if bhpgrtfljbf md igs jfstfgs sblnuifrds y hg-luhdltfids tfhabl sd prgjdmb f blvdltfrbfr y jftfignfrdstgs blmbvbmugs. Dstd dstumbg sd rdfibz mdltrg mdi _ifl mdJglsdrvfjbl mdi Fragifmg Hgluhdltfi md if Jghfrjf mdiAbdrzg (@-, 1??>). Ifs tfrdfs md blvdltf-

rbg y jftfignfjbl tbdldl pgr gaedtbvg jglsdnubr ul rdnbstrgjbdltstjg mdi pftrbhglbg fragifmg. _frf diig sd cf rdfibzfmgul hblujbgsg trfafeg md jfhpg, ul jghpideg flibsbs md mf-tgs y rdprdsdltfjbl jfrtgnrstjf. Di prgjdsg hdtgmginbjgsdnubmg dl di trfafeg sd rdsuhd f jgltblufjbl5

6 `fsd. Mgjuhdltfjbl5 sd jghpbi tgmf if ibtdrfturf ds-pdjbfibzfmf sgard jfstfgs hgluhdltfids. Jgl fyumf md ifspuaibjfjbglds qud yf dxbstdl, di jglgjbhbdltg md jfhpg y diibstfmg rdfibzfmg pgr if fsgjbfjbl F Hgrtdbrf, sd prgjdmbf difagrfr ulf prbhdrf rdifjbl md ragids pgr jfmf Hulb-jbpbg. Mdspus sd igjfibzfrgl tdid`lbjfhdltd f igs Fijfimds_dmldgs md tgmgs igs hulbjbpbgs qud f prbgrb tdlfl dl supdmflf jfstfgs hgluhdltfids, y sd jgljdrtfrgl jbtfs jgldiigs g jgl igs mudgs md igs prgpbgs ragids.

1 `fsd. rfafeg md jfhpg5 Di rdnbstrg md igs hudstrdgs

md jfhpg sd sbstdhftbz dl ulf stjcf hgmdig, jgl mb`drdl-

tds jfhpgs md bl`grhfjbl fnrupfmgs dl vfrbgs fpfrtfmgs5igjfibzfjbl TH, prgpbdmfm y fjjdsbabibmfm, hdmbmfs mf-

sghtrbjfs, mbfnlstbjg stsbginbjg, dstfmg md jglsdrvfjbl,sudig blhdmbftg y su dltgrlg, fjtufjbglds pfrf su supdrvb-vdljbf y hfrjg sgjbgjuiturfi fsgjbfmg fi ragi g fragidmf.Jghg fpgyg f dstf `fsd sd rdfibz ul jghpidtg rdpgrtfed`gtgnrstjg.

: `fsd. Jrdfjbl md ul Zbstdhf md Bl`grhfjbl Ndgnr-stjf (ZBN) y flibsbs md if bl`grhfjbl5 if bl`grhfjbl gatd-lbmf mbnbtfibzfmf y jgmbstjfmf sd cf bljiubmg dl ulf afsd md

mftgs ndgdspfjbfi dl if qud sd rdjgndl =? vfrbfaids mdsjrbp-tbvfs. Dstfs vfrbfaids dl jghablfjbl jgl gtrfs `udltds mdbl`grhfjbl jfrtgnrstjf (jftfstrg, pifldfhbdltg uraflg,dtj.) cfl pdrhbtbmg dxtrfdr bl`grhfjbl mdtfiifmf md jfmfulg md igs jfstfgs sblnuifrds.

:.:. Hdtgmgignf mdi dstumbg sgjbgdjglhbjg

Dl dstd fpfrtfmg sd cf rdfibzfmg ul jghpidtg dstumbg

sgjbgdjglhbjg hdmbfltd flibsbs ZBN d blmbjfmgrds tdrrb-tgrbfids. Dstd dstumbg sd cf fhpibfmg jgl if rdfibzfjbl mddltrdvbstfs pdrsglfibzfmfs qud cfl pdrhbtbmg jglgjdr ifpdrjdpjbl sgjbfi sgard if dvgiujbl md igs usgs y jgstuh-ards vbljuifmfs fi jfstfg. Dl dstd mgjuhdltg sd rdjgnddxjiusbvdhdltd di sdnulmg fpfrtfmg rd`drdltd fi dstumbg mdusgs y jgstuhards igjfids.

Jhg pdrjbadl igs cfabtfltds igjfids di prgaidhf mdijfstfg mdsmd mb`drdltds fspdjtgs rdidvfltds7 jui cf sbmgmdsmd su pultg md vbstf if dvgiujbl md igs usgs y jgstuh-ards7. Jgl dstd stl sd rdfibzfrgl dltrdvbstfs jgl rdprdsdl-tfltds igjfids y pdrsglfs vbljuifmfs fi jfstfg dl igs pud-aigs md jfmf ulg md igs hulbjbpbgs dstumbfmgs.

_frf dvbtfr if mbspdrsbl md ifs rdspudstfs gatdlbmfs, sdjgljrdtfrgl ifs dltrdvbstfs dl tgrlg f ulf cgef md dljuds-

tf, jgl prdnultfs dl`gjfmfs f ulf rdspudstf jgljrdtf, y fs


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tdldr if pgsbabibmfm md cfjdr ul trftfhbdltg dstfmstbjg mdifs hbshfs. Dl di trfafeg md jfhpg, dstf blbjbftbvf sd trfmu-

eg dl if sdidjjbl ulf hudstrf md bl`grhfltds igjfids qudtuvbdrfl vljuigs mbrdjtgs jgl if jfstfbjuiturf. Dl tgtfi sdrdfibzfrgl dltrdvbstfs dl 10 dltbmfmds igjfids pdrtdldjbdl-tds f 61 hulbjbpbgs.

Dstf bl`grhfjbl sd cf dstrujturfmg dl trds fpfrtfmgs5dvgiujbl md ifs tjlbjfs md jfstfbjuiturf (trftfhbdltg mdisudig, jubmfmgs ragi, dstfmg sflbtfrbg, rdjgidjjbl), dvgiu-jbl md igs fprgvdjcfhbdltgs (fprgvdjcfhbdltg mdi sgtg,

mdstblg md if jfstff, pgstjgsdjcf) y fspdjtgs rdifjbglfmgsjgl di `gikigrd y trfmbjbglds juiturfids.

Dstf rdjgpbifjbl md usgs y jgstuhards lgs cf pdrhbtbmgtdldr bl`grhfjbl md ifs mbstbltfs fjjbglds rdifjbglfmfs jgldi jfstfg sdnl ifs mb`drdltds zglfs dstumbfmfs y mdsmd ulfpdrspdjtbvf mbfjrlbjf5 sbtufjbl mdltrg mdi sbstdhf fnrfrbgtrfmbjbglfi y sbtufjbl fjtufi. Md dstf hfldrf cdhgs pgmb-mg jglgjdr pfrf jfmf ulf md ifs vfrbfaids dstumbfmfs if dvg-

iujbl prgnrdsbvf g rdnrdsbvf dl rdifjbl jgl su sbtufjbl dldi sbstdhf fnrfrbg trfmbjbglfi.

=. QDZTI]FMGZ R MBZJTZBL

Idl ds if prgvbljbf md if Jghulbmfm futlghf mglmd ifjfstfbjuiturf fmqubdrd hfygr rdibdvd, tfltg pgr supdrstjbdgjupfmf jghg pgr prgmujjbl. Jdsd`gr jfijuif qud fjtufi-hdltd igs sgtgs md jfstfgs gjupfl 61.4?? cdjtrdfs prg-mujtbvfs sig dl Di Abdrzg, y qud di 4: pgr jbdltg md if supdr-stjbd tgtfi md jfstfgs md Jfstbiif y Idl sd uabjf dl Idl.

=.6. Dvgiujbl cbstrbjf md igs sgtgs md Di Abdrzg

If prbhdrf prdnultf f rdfibzfrlgs dl di dstumbg md if dvg-iujbl cbstrbjf dl if jghfrjf ds jglgjdr di grbndl y if dx-pflsbl mdi jfstfg dl Di Abdrzg. Tlf bmdf ndldrfibzfmf dl

tgrlg f if bltrgmujjbl mdi Jfstfg dl di rdf gjjbmdltfi mdi

Hdmbtdrrldg y jgljrdtfhdltd dl Di Abdrzg ds if qud sgstbd-ld qud dstf dspdjbd ùd dxtdlmbmf pgr igs rghflgs qubdlds

tghlmgif dl su zglf md grbndl, Fsbf hdlgr y Jfujfsg, iflfturfibzfrgl dl if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg.

Igs prdeubjbgs jgltrf ifs pifltfjbglds cfl iidvfmg f jglsb-mdrfr jghg lg-futjtglfs ifs dspdjbds hs jghlhdltdutbibzfmfs jghg di jfstfg. Zbl dhafrng, di cghard cf md-tdrhblfmg dl nrfl hdmbmf if jghpgsbjbl md igs hgltds,lg sig pifltflmg, sblg prbljbpfihdltd jfhabflmg di rnb-hdl md rdlgvfjbglds; y lg cfy hgtbvgs pfrf dstfaidjdr ulf

mb`drdljbf rfmbjfi dltrd ig qud di cghard cf `fvgrdjbmg mdhfldrf mbrdjtf (rdpgaifjbl), g hs blmbrdjtf, jglùlmbdl-mg igs jgljdptgs md lfturfibmfm y dspgltfldbmfm (Z,1??3). Di jfstfg pgsdd ul vfigr huy pfrtbjuifr, yf qud ngzfmdi rflng md ragi sdhbmghstbjg. _gr ul ifmg, ds ulf dspd-jbd grdstfi futjtglf (blmndlf) y, pgr gtrg, ragi `rutfi quddi cghard, mdsmd if fltbndmfm cf dxtdlmbmg jghg juitbvg;md cdjcg, su lghard jbdltstjg ds Jfstfldf sftbvf (sftbvfsbnlbstjf juitbvfmg).

Dstf fltbnuf bmdf md if lg-futgjtglbmfm dst fsgjbfmff if jglstftfjbl md qud sbl trfafegs juiturfids igs jfstff-rds brrdhbsbaidhdltd sd blvfmdl pgr gtrgs ragids, cfstf dipultg md mdsfpfrdjdr jghg `grhfjbglds y md cfadr dstfmgjudstbglfmf su dspgltfldbmfm jghg dspdjbd. Zbl dhafrng,igs jfstfgs cfl pdrsbstbmg mdjdlfs md hbids md fgs dl if_dllsuif Barbjf (K dt fi., 1??=) jghg jghpgldltdsmd igs agsquds hbxtgs, pfsflmg if murf prudaf md if supdr-

vbvdljbf, ig qud lg ds `jbi md dxpibjfr sb sig sd gasdrvf ifmblhbjf fjtufi md igs jfstffrds, qud sgl rdhfldltds mdisbstdhf fnrfrbg trfmbjbglfi.

Di jglgjbhbdltg sgard ifs rdfs md rdùnbg nifjbfi dl Durg-pf md dspdjbds tdrhstifs jghg di jfstfg cf tdlbmg bhpgr-tfltds prgaidhfs mdabmg f qud su mbstrbaujbl grbnblfi cfsbmg dlhfsjfrfmf pgr ulf bltdlsf fjjbl cuhflf. K

dt fi., 1??= cfl rdfibzfmg ul dstumbg f dsjfif durgpdf md if


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mbstrbaujbl mdi jfstfg dl di pidbstgjdlg, pfrf diig mdsf-rrgiifrgl ul lmbjd md _rgafabibmfm md Qdùnbg mdi Jfstf-

g (B_Q), mdstblfmg f mdtdjtfr igs iunfrds md rdùnbg `rdltdf ifs itbhfs nifjbfjbglds. If jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg, eultgjgl gtrfs zglfs mdi lgrgdstd md _grtunfi y Nfibjbf, ùd jif-sbstjfmf jghg zglf md prgafabibmfm hdmbf. Dstgs rdsuitf-mgs ulbmgs f gtrgs dstumbgs pfiblginbjgs f dsjfif lfjbglfi(N F dt fi., 622?; J dt fi., 6223) pdrhbtdljglsbmdrfr dstf dspdjbd jghg fjghpffltd cfabtufi md igsrgaidmfids barbjgs mdsmd di drjbfrbg, ig qud jglstrhf sujfrjtdr futjtglg dl Di Abdrzg y di pfpdi md if jghfrjf

jghg tdrrbtgrbg rdùnbg fltd ifs mb`jbids jglmbjbglds qud sdprdsdltfrgl f ig ifrng md ifs itbhfs nifjbfjbglds.

R, jui ùd di pfpdi mdi jfstfg murfltd if juiturf rghf-lf7, sd jrd dl dstd hghdltg ul pfbsfed juiturfi fsgjbfjgf su juitbvg jghg fibhdltg7 Eultg fi hbtg md lg-futgjtglb-mfm lgs dl`rdltfhgs fi hbtg md if rghflbzfjbl mdi jfs-tfg. Qdjbdltdhdltd (J dt fi., 1??=) dl su dstumbgsgard di grbndl y mbùsbl mdi jfstfg dl Durgpf lgs huds-

trfl qud di usg md if jfstff pfrf if fibhdltfjbl lg ùddi prbljbpfi hgtbvg md if prghgjbl mdi jfstfg dl Durgpfpgr igs rghflgs (pgsbaidhdltd ig ùdrf if vbm). Fpfrtd md ifrdnbl md Blsuarbfl dl di lgrtd md if pdllsuif btfibflf, lgdxbstb gtrg jdltrg md juitbvg md jfstffs dl Durgpf murfltdif pgjf rghflf. Zdnl dstgs futgrds igs rghflgs pudmdlcfadr bltrgmujbmg if bmdf md juitbvfr y utbibzfr sbstdhtb-jfhdltd if jfstff pdrg lg cfy prudafs md qud rdfibzfrflpifltfjbl sbstdhtbjf md jfstfg. Dstgs trfafegs pglmrfldl dltrdmbjcg di grbndl y if dvgiujbl md pfbsfeds juiturfidsjghg Ifs Hmuifs, dl juyf mdjifrfjbl pgr if TLDZJGsd dxprdsf ul pfbsfed jglstrubmg pgr if bhpgrtfltd bltdr-

vdljbl cuhflf y igs pgstdrbgrds prgjdsgs lfturfids, hdl-jbglflmg dl dspdjbfi if bltrgmujjbl mdi jfstfg qud cflpdrvbvbmg sbl jfhabgs mdsmd pgjf rghflf cfstf cgy.

Di hfygr bltdrs dl if utbibzfjbl mdi jfstfg pfrf if prg-

mujjbl md `rutg ig hs prgafaid ds qud sd mdsfrrgiifr dl

Di Abdrzg dl if Dmfm Hdmbf juflmg sd jrdf rdfihdltd ulprbhdr pfbsfed mdi jfstfg jghg `grhf jifrf md fpgyg f if

djglghf md suasbstdljbf. Di sbstdhf md pgaifhbdltg fjtufimd if jghfrjf qudmfrf jglstnurfmg jfsb dl su tgtfibmfm fhdmbfmgs mdi sbnig SBBB. _gmdhgs mdjbr qud dl dstd hg-hdltg sd rdfibzf ul vdrmfmdrg juitbvg bltdlsbvg mdi jfstfg7Dl dstd pdrbgmg sd jglstnurf ul pfbsfed juiturfi7 Mb`drdl-tds dstumbgs rdfibzfmgs dl igs itbhgs fgs mdstfjfl di bh-pgrtfltd pfpdi mdi jfstfg jghg rdjursg djglhbjg dl dihdmbdvg y su sbnlbstjfmg pfbsfestbjg (Q, 1??6; _,1??:; I, 1??3).

Ds dl if Dmfm Hdmbf, juflmg if vdrsftbibmfm md igs abdldsmbrdjtgs qud su fprgvdjcfhbdltg g`rdjf f ifs sgjbdmfmdscuhflfs juflmg sd prgmujd if dxpflsbl mdi jfstfg. Dstf

vdrsftbibmfm iidv f qud ifs hfsfs md jfstfg fmgptfsdl `gr-hfs prbljbpfids tfltg md hgltd fitg jghg md hgltd afeg.Dl di prbhdr jfsg sd cfarfl trftfmg md hfsfs purfs, rd-nuifrds y pgjg mdlsfs, mdmbjfmfs f if prgmujjbl md `rutg,mglmd igs trftfhbdltgs pfrjbfids (huy prxbhgs f if fnrb-

juiturf) eudnfl ul pfpdi huy mdstfjfmg dl su hfldeg. Ifshfsfs md hgltd afeg sgl tfhabl, pgr ig ndldrfi, purfs yrdnuifrds, pdrg jgl lmbjds md dspdsurf sdlsbaidhdltd hsdidvfmgs y mdmbjfmfs f if prgmujjbl md hfmdrf jghg usgprd`drdltd, jgl trftfhbdltg dl jgrtfs f cdjcg y turlg vf-rbfaid dl ùljbl, asbjfhdltd, md ifs mbhdlsbglds mdi prg-mujtg f dxtrfdr.

Di rdf gjupfmf pgr di jfstfg lg cf pdrhfldjbmg dstf-aid mdsmd if Dmfm Hdmbf, dl ndldrfi dl Durgpf dstuvg dldxpflsbl cfstf di sbnig SBS, f pfrtbr mdi jufi dhpbdzf surdnrdsbl, ùlmfhdltfihdltd pgr if jgiglbzfjbl mdi cgl-ng jfusfltd md if tbltf y pgstdrbgrhdltd mdi jcfljrg. Dl ifjghfrjf md Di Abdrzg jgl`grhd fuhdlt if pgaifjbl mdigs pudaigs adrjbflgs sd tuvbdrgl qud fhpibfr ifs supdrst-jbds md tdrrdlg dxpigtfmfs. Dstd fuhdltg md ifs supdrstjbdsfijflz dl if zglf hxbhgs dltrd igs fgs =? y 4? mdi sbnig

SS. If ldjdsbmfm bhpusg qud sd fprgvdjcfsdl tdrrdlgs qud


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lg tdlfl fptbtum fnrjgif, pgr ifs didvfmfs pdlmbdltds y ifbldstfabibmfm md igs sudigs fsgjbfmgs. Dl if tfaif 1 sd cf ds-

tbhfmg if supdrstjbd hxbhf md jfstfg qud sd fijflz dl ifjghfrjf, cbstrbjfhdltd dstf jb`rf sd fijflz dl if mjfmfmd igs 4? mdi sbnig SS. Dl dstd hghdltg cbstrbjg sd dstbhfqud if supdrstjbd tgtfi drf md :1.13:,:> cf.

If dvgiujbl md igs itbhgs 4? fgs cf supudstg qud dijfstfg sdf ulf dspdjbd sdjulmfrbf dl 6:.:0>,:= cf, dl nd-

ldrfi dstgs fltbnugs sgtgs sgl fcgrf rdagiifrds (04,1>%) ydljblfrds (61,>4%). Ifs dl`drhdmfmds, di faflmglg md ifszglfs hdlgs prgmujbmfs y if mblhbjf md if vdndtfjbl lf-turfi cfl rdnuifmg if supdrstjbd md dstf dspdjbd.

Dl if fjtufibmfm Di Abdrzg judltf jgl 62.123,24 cf mdifs jufids fprgxbhfmfhdltd if hbtfm, 3.606,60 cf, tgmfvfhfltbdld jbdrtg lbvdi md juitbvg, di rdstg md if supdrstjbd mdjfstfgs sd dljudltrf faflmglfmf g sdhbfaflmglfmf. g-

mfvf dxbstd ul bhpgrtfltd vljuig dltrd hgmdig tdrrbtgrbfiy if mbstrbaujbl md igs sgtgs pdrg dstfhgs dl ul hghdltgjrtbjg pfrf if dspdjbd dl di qud mdadhgs prdnultfrlgs sb dihgmdig tdrrbtgrbfi cdrfmfmg dl di qud di jfstfg drf ul abdlmd usg pudmf sdrvbr pfrf jglvdrtbrsd dl ul abdl md hdrjfmg.Ds pgsbaid qud di jfstfg y if jfstff sdfl jghpdtbtbvgs dlulf djglghf nigafibzfmf7, ds pgsbaid bltdnrfr if Jftdmrfimd Idl dl ulf djglghf md hdrjfmg7

Ds dl dstd hghdltg md pgsthgmdrlbmfm juflmg mdad-rf jfhabfr if pdrjdpjbl mdi jfstffr, di pfbsfed dhpbdzf fsdr pdrjbabmg mdsmd su mbhdlsbl dsttbjf. Jrddhgs qud cfiidnflmg di hghdltg md if pftrbhglbfibzfjbl mdi pfbsfedmd if jfstff y if juiturf hbidlfrbf fsgjbfmf. Tl hghdltgdi qud if sfivfjbl md dstd pfbsfed mb`jbihdltd if pgmrdhgsdljgltrfr dl di hdrjfmg. Dl if stnurf = sd prdsdltf di hfpfmd igjfibzfjbl md igs sgtgs y di pgaifhbdltg, dl dstd hfpfsd pudmd gasdrvfr jghg jfmf igjfibmfm y mdltrg md diif jfmf

vdjblg tbdld g tdlf ulf rdifjbl mbrdjtf jgl igs sgtgs mdjfstfg. Di hgmdig tdrrbtgrbfi y ifs dstrujturfs grdstfids md-rbvfmfs sd jgljbabdrgl pfrf gatdldr ul abdl md usg y, sigjghpidhdltfrbfhdltd, jghg ul abdl md hdrjfmg.

ZT_DQ@BJBD (cf)DZ_DJBD _QBLJB_FI 62123, 24Juitbvfmg 3606,60Zdhbfaflmglfmg 4323,42Faflmglfmg =340,13DZ_DJBD ZDJTLMFQBF 6::0>,:=Qdagiig 3026, :0Dljblf 602>,3=GFI :113:,:>

@udltd5 Difagrfjbl prgpbf f pfrtbr md igs mftgs jdlsfids y mdi Hfpf@grdstfi md Dspff (1??0)

]faif 1. Zupdrstjbd md sgtgs dl `uljbl mdif dspdjbd prbljbpfi y sdjulmfrbf

If dxpflsbl mdi juitbvg mdsmd prbljbpbgs mdi sbnig SS,pdrg sgard tgmg mdspus md if Nudrrf Jbvbi, iidv fi jfhpd-sblfmg f utbibzfr pdgrds tdrrdlgs y hs fidefmgs, f if rdfib-zfjbl md su juitbvg fsgjbfmf fi jdltdlg y f if gjupfjbl mdtdrrdlgs paibjgs utbibzflmg di mdrdjcg md pgzldrf (mdrd-jcg md vudig sgard di sudig). Dstf rpbmf dxpflsbl mdi jfs-tfg jrd ul pfbsfed bldstfaid y fitfhdltd mdpdlmbdltd mdigs jubmfmgs cuhflgs.


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1= TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

If rdnrdsbl ndldrfi mdi jfstfg dl if jghfrjf sd pudmdfprdjbfr pdr`djtfhdltd, jgl hs mdtfiid, f gtrfs dsjfifs td-rrbtgrbfids. Dl if stnurf 4, difagrfmf f pfrtbr md `gtgnrf`fsfrdfs, sd cf jrdfmg mgs hfpfs md igs usgs mdi sudig md If-aflbdng (Adhabard)5 ulg fltds mdi nrfl xgmg rurfi (624>)

y di gtrg dl if fjtufibmfm (1??:) (A dt fi., 1??=). Md igsrdsuitfmgs gatdlbmgs sd mdmujd if bhpgrtfljbf mdi jfstfgdl 624> juflmg gjupfaf ulf supdrstjbd md =? cf (6?% mdi

tdrrbtgrbg). Dstgs sgtgs sd dljgdltrfafl f ulf fitbtum hdmbfdltgrlg f igs 3?? h, jgl dxpgsbjbl md sgiflf y pdlmbdltdshdmbfs dltrd 14 y :4%. Fjtufihdltd, mdabmg fi faflmglg yif jgljurrdljbf mdi ablghbg jcfljrg-bljdlmbg, dstgs sgtgsprjtbjfhdltd cfl mdsfpfrdjbmg. Dl if stnurf 0 sd pudmd ga-sdrvfr jghg dstgs sgtgs sgl jgiglbzfmgs pgr if vdndtfjbllfturfi, dl dstd jfsg ul rdagiifr. Zgtgs jghg di md Ifaflbd-ng rdprdsdltfl igs prgjdsgs hs dxtrdhgs md rdnrdsbl.

@bnurf =. Hfpf md igjfibzfjbl md igs sgtgs y di pgaifhbdltg


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Dl ulf sbtufjbl mbfhdtrfihdltd gpudstf sd dljudltrf sg-tgs jghg di md Jfltdxdbrf (Afiagf). Fi sur md dstf pgaifjbl

sd dljudltrf ulg md igs sgtgs hdegr jglsdrvfmgs y fprgvd-

jcfmgs md if jghfrjf. Gjupf ulf supdrstjbd md 46,=> cf, sddljudltrf f ulf fitbtum hdmbf dltgrlg f igs 24? h, jgl dx-pgsbjbl md sgiflf y pdlmbdltds hdmbfs dltrd 14 y :4%. If

dstrujturf ds sdhbmdlsf, ig qud mdlgtf if jglsdrvfjbl mdigs pbds md jfstfg f ig ifrng mdi tbdhpg, if mbstfljbf dltrdragids y di tfhfg md su jgpf sgl frhlbjgs pfrf di fprg-

vdjcfhbdltg prbljbpfihdltd md su `rutg.

Zu ibhpbdzf dst vfigrfmf jghg audlf (=) y di hfltdlb-hbdltg mdi sudig sd iidvf f jfag hdmbfltd mdsargjds. Dl fi-nulfs zglfs mdi sgtg sd fpibjf cdrabjbmf. Di dstfmg sflbtfrbgndldrfi mdi sgtg ds audlg (=) y lg sd cf mdtdjtfmg prdsdljbfmd jcfljrg dl su jfstfgs. If pgtdljbfibmfm g sgstdlbabib-mfm sd jglsbmdr jgl ul vfigr md 3 sgard ul hxbhg md 2pultgs pgr sdr ulf hfsf abdl jubmfmf, ibhpbf y sfldfmf._gr tfltg jgl audlfs pdrspdjtbvfs md `uturg dl jufltg f sufprgvdjcfhbdltg y tfhabl rdspdjtg f su nrfmg md hglu-hdltfibmfm, jftfignfmg jghg hdmbg (1), pgr if sblnuifrbmfmmd finulg md sus dedhpifrds y pgr di jgleultg agtlbjg md ifhfsf. Dl if stnurf > sd prdsdltf ulf mdsjrbpjbl `gtgnrstjf

mdi sgtg md Jfltdxdbrf.

@bnurf 0. Bhfndl md igs prgjdsgs md mdnrfmfjbl mdi sgtg md Ifaflbdng(fcgrf ul rdagiifr)

@bnurf 4. Dvgiujbl cbstrbjf md igs sgtgs md jfstfg dl Ifaflbdng-Adhabard 624>-1??4


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@bnurf >. Mdsjrbpjbl `gtgnrstjf mdi sgtg md Jfltdxdbrf (Afiagf)


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=.1. Flibsbs tdrrbtgrbfi5 lmbjds y tbpgignfs hulbjb-pfids.

Faulmflmg dl di dstumbg md if mbstrbaujbl dspfjbfi, dijfstfg `grhf ul jrjuig dltgrlg f ifs zglfs jdltrfids mdif jghfrjf dltrd igs 4?? f 6??? h md fitbtum (vdr stnurf 3).Jghg sd pudmd gasdrvfr dl if tfaif : if dspdjbd sd jgljdl-trf jifrfhdltd dl 66 hulbjbpbgs, dl dstgs hulbjbpbgs dstdi 01% md tgmgs igs sgtgs. Mdstfjfl jifrfhdltd Jgruiil(3,?4%), _gl`drrfmf (>,23%), y Gdljbf (0,>0%). If bhpgrtfl-jbf mdi jfstfg ds tgmfvf hs fjusfmf dl finulgs hulbjb-

pbgs sb tdldhgs dl judltf if supdrstjbd gjupfmf dl rdifjbljgl if supdrstjbd hulbjbpfi, igs hs mdstfjfmgs sgl Zgarfmg(13,6=%), Jgruiil (63,3?%) y rfafmdig (60,63%).

Jghg rdsuitfmg mdi jdlsg md igs sgtgs dl dstd fpfrtfmg sd mds-jrbadl tdrrbtgrbfihdltd igs lmbjds hulbjbpfids difagrfmgs. Dlrdifjbl jgl di hfltdlbhbdltg md igs sgtgs, sgifhdltd di 61%md igs sgtgs tbdld ul lmbjd md Hfltdlbhbdltg ptbhg, BHG, ig

qud supgldl 6>22,:: cf. Di lmbjd md Hfltdlbhbdltg Fjdptf-aid, BHF, ds mdi 4>%5 =.:2>,61 cf dstl hfi jubmfmfs y 6.=:=,6:dstl huy hfi jubmfmgs. Fulqud tgmfvf sd sbnudl rdjgnbdlmgifs jfstffs (dl di 04% md igs sgtgs sd rdfibzf dl hfygr g hdlgrhdmbmf su fprgvdjcfhbdltg) if tdlmdljbf jifrf ds if md rdmujbrfi hlbhg g fluifr ifs ifagrds md hfltdlbhbdltg md igs sgtgs ydstd faflmglg dst huy rdifjbglfmg jgl su dstfmg sflbtfrbg. Dlif tfaif = sd pudmd jghprgafr jghg fqudiigs sgtgs hs ibh-pbgs sgl igs qud hdegr dstfmg sflbtfrbg prdsdltfl fulqud rdsui-tf mb`jbi mbsjdrlbr if rdifjbl jfusf-d`djtg md dstf jgrrdifjbl.

If `fitf md hfltdlbhbdltg fjdltf di prgaidhf lutrbjbg-lfi mdi jfstfg. Dl if jghfrjf di jfstfg cf gjupfmg hu-jcgs sudigs pgards dl lutrbdltds g jgl jglsbmdrfaid pdl-mbdltd qud igs cfjfl pgjg fptgs pfrf su juitbvg. Di jfstfgds dxbndltd dl pgtfsbg, ig jufi lg sudid sdr nrfl prgaidhfdl igs sudigs nrfltbjgs (faulmfltd dl Nfibjbf), fulqud s

pudmd sdrig dl igs jfstffrds mdsfrrgiifmgs sgard pbzfrrfs y

HTLBJB_BG ZT_DQ@BJBD (cf) ZT_DQ@BJBD (%)

Adhabard >30,>4 =,?3

Jfstrgpgmfhd 31>,:1 =,12Pdnf md Pfijfrjd 3>6,4: =,41Lgjdmf 3>=,1? =,4:@gingsg md if Qbadrf 21=,66 =,>2Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdrzg 210,1? =,3?Zgarfmg 66:1,40 4,3>grdlg 61:=,44 0,=?Gdljbf 6:?=,=3 0,>0_gl`drrfmf 64:3,0= >,23

Jgruiil 6441,24 3,?4GFI 662>:,12 01,?3

@bnurf 3. Igjfibzfjbl ndgnrstjf md igs sgtgs md Di Abdrzg

@udltd5 Difagrfjbl prgpbf f pfrtbr md igs mftgs jdlsfids y mdi Hfpf@grdstfi md Dspff (1??0)

]faif :. Zupdrstjbds hulbjbpfids mdi jfstfg md Di Abdrzg


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dsqubstgs, jghg ds di jfsg md hujcgs sgtgs md if jghfrjf.Fulqud di jfstfg lg tgidrf di jfraglftg jijbjg fjtbvg, dsrdiftbvfhdltd dxbndltd dl jfijbg. Md fqu sd mdmujd if bh-pgrtfljbf qud tbdld di hfltdlbhbdltg md if `drtbibmfm hd-mbfltd prjtbjfs fmdjufmfs. Dl di pfsfmg if mdstjbdljbf mdlutrbdltds sd pfibfaf hdmbfltd faglfmg, pdrg dl if fjtufib-mfm di faglfmg fpdlfs sd rdfibzf jghg cdhgs jghprgafmgdl di jdlsg g dl ifs dltrdvbstf f igs jfstfbjuitgrds. Ifs rf-zglds prbljbpfids dstl vbljuifmfs f igs jfhabgs sgjbdjg-

lhbjgs md if jghfrjf5 yf lg sd mbspgld md dstbrjgi (pgrfaflmglg md if fjtbvbmfm nflfmdrf) y if jfstfbjuiturf lg sdmdsfrrgiif jgl if hbshf bltdlsbmfm qud dl pgjfs pfsfmfs.

Gtrg md igs nrflmds prgaidhfs rdifjbglfmgs jgl if hblb-hbzfjbl mdi dsùdrzg md hfltdlbhbdltg ds if utbibzfjblmdi ùdng g cdrabjbmfs dl igs trfafegs md hfltdlbhbdltg. Diflibsbs md if vdrmfmdrf hfnlbtum md dstd prgaidhf ds jgh-pideg f dsjfif md sgtg mfmg di didvfmg lhdrg md prgpbdtfrbgs._drg ifs jb`rfs sgl afstfltd dsjifrdjdmgrfs5 sig dl di 64% mdigs sgtgs lg cfy lblnl blmbjbg md utbibzfjbl md cdrabjb-mfs, dl di 0?% dxbstdl prgpbdtfrbgs qud utbibzfl cdrabjbmfs

y dl di 64% rdstfltd dstf prjtbjf ds ndldrfibzfmf. Dstd usgmd cdrabjbmfs, dl hujcgs jfsgs blmbsjrbhblfmg, dst f`dj-tflmg huy ldnftbvfhdltd f igs sgtgs adrjbflgs. Mdstruyddi jghpgldltd abtbjg mdi sudig, jgl ig jufi mbshbluyd su`drtbibmfm y sd mdstruyd su dstrujturf, dstg supgld ulf sdl-

sbaid prmbmf md vbngr md igs ragids. _gr gtrf pfrtd dibhblf

igs cglngs hbjgrrbzndlgs, ig jufi lg sig f`djtf ldnftbvf-hdltd f if vbtfibmfm mdi jfstfg, sblg qud dst dibhblflmgulf pgsbabibmfm md fprgvdjcfhbdltg jghpidhdltfrbg md ifssdtfs. _drg fmdhs, if utbibzfjbl md cdrabjbmfs dst fhpib-stjflmg igs d`djtgs mdstrujtbvgs mdi jcfljrg, qud dljudltrfpbds mdabibtfmgs qud g`rdjdl pgjf rdsbstdljbf f su ftfqud.

Di ùdng f`djtf fi jghpgldltd abtbjg mdi sudig fjtuflmgmd `grhf sbhbifr f igs cdrabjbmfs. Fmdhs mdi rbdsng md bl-

jdlmbgs, ifs qudhfs mdi sgtgagsqud sgl pdreumbjbfids pfrfdi sudig, `fjbibtfl if drgsbl (qud ds huy fjusfmf dl dstfszglfs md didvfmfs pdlmbdltds), jgltfhblfjbl md sudigs yfju`drgs, drgsbl pgr dibhblfjbl md if juabdrtf cdrajdfmd prgtdjjbl y pgr hgmbstjfjbl md if dstrujturf mdi sudig(mdstrujjbl mdi jghpideg rnflg-hbldrfi). Di usg mdi udng

y igs cdrabjbmfs mdadrf drrfmbjfrsd jghpidtfhdltd sustbtu-ylmgsd pgr mdsargjds hdjlbjgs hdmbfltd ifs gpgrtulfsjfhpffs md sdlsbabibzfjbl y jgljbdljbfjbl.

If dstrujturf md if prgpbdmfm (uitrfhblbùlmbshg), di dl-vdedjbhbdltg md if pgaifjbl, di fasdltbshg md igs prgpbdtf-rbgs (hujcfs vdjds cdrdmdrgs uraflgs) sgl finulfs jfusfsqud sd suhfl f if `fitf md rdltfabibmfm md igs sgtgs. Ds pudsldjdsfrbg y urndltd prgjdmdr f if hgmdrlbzfjbl md if ds-trujturf, if prgpbdmfm y md ifs `grhfs md grnflbzfr igs trf-afegs md hfltdlbhbdltg dlsfyflmg rhuifs fjgrmds jgl if

rdfibmfm sgjbg-djglhbjf fjtufi.

LBPDI MD NDZBL (IBH_BDUF)gtfi

Luif Huy pgjf _gjf Qdnuifr Audlf

DZFMGZFLBFQBG

Huy hfig 6 : ? ? ? =Hfig : 60 64 4 ? :2

Hdmbg 4 62 =0 :: 6? 66:

Qdnuifr 3 6 =1 >> 6> 6=4

Audlg ? ? > 1? :? 4>

GFI 6> :2 66? 6:4 4> :43

]faif =. Hftrbz md rdifjbl dltrd di lbvdi md ndstbl y di dstfmg sflbtfrbg

@udltd5 Difagrfjbl prgpbf f pfrtbr md igs mftgs jdlsfids



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Huy vbljuifmg f ifs vfrbfaids fltdrbgrhdltd flfibzfmfsdst if sbtufjbl sflbtfrbf. Jghg sd pudmd jghprgafr dl iftfaif 4 sig di 3% md igs sgtgs (6.1:? cf) tbdld ul lmbjdmd Dstfmg ptbhg, BDG, y di 4>% (3.4?? cf) tbdld ul lmbjdmd Dstfmg Fjdptfaid, BDH. If dl`drhdmfm mdi jcfljrg dsthuy dxtdlmbmf (vdr stnurf 2) y, fmdhs, sd cf jglstftfmgdl mbstbltfs dljudstfs y tdstbhglbgs qud dl hujcgs jfsgsigs prgpbdtfrbgs mdsjglgjdl sus hdjflbshgs md bl`djjbl,pgr ig qud rdfibzf jbdrtfs ifagrds jghg if pgmf g di bledr-tg blfmdjufmfhdltd (`fvgrdjbdlmg di jgltfnbg y dxtdlsblmd if dl`drhdmfm). Zb dstd fspdjtg ds mdsjglgjbmg, tgmfvf

ig ds hs di pdibnrg qud tbdld if bltrgmujjbl md hftdrbfivdndtfi bl`djtfmg pgr jcfljrg y if bltrgmujjbl md ludvfsjdpfs mb`drdltds f ifs dxbstdltds dl if zglf. Zd bhpgld, pgrtfltg, di dstfaidjbhbdltg md ul hflufi md audlfs prjtbjfsjglsdlsufmg pgr tgmgs igs tjlbjgs y jbdltstjgs qud nud figs jfstfbjuitgrds dl if rdfibzfjbl md ifs ifagrds pfrf qudfuhdltd if prgmujjbl y if jfibmfm, y sd dibhbld di rbdsng mdjgltfnbg fi rdfibzfr igs trftfhbdltgs juiturfids.

Dl if stnurf 6? sd prdsdltfl ifs vbstfs :M md if sbtufjblsflbtfrbf md igs sgtgs md jfstfg dl Di Abdrzg. Zd pudmdjghprgafr if mb`drdltd bljbmdljbf md if dl`drhdmfm dltrdifs mb`drdltds zglfs md if jghfrjf. Zbdlmg hujcg hs fju-sfmg dl ifs zglfs afefs mdi dstd.

@bnurf 2. Mbstrbaujbl mdi dstfmg sflbtfrbg md igs sgtgs md jfstfg dl`uljbl md if fitbtum

@bnurf 6?. Pbstfs :M md if sbtufjbl sflbtfrbf md igssgtgs md jfstfg dl Di Abdrzg. (f) Zuajghfrjf Abdrzg

Gdstd; (a) Zuajghfrjf Fqubibflgs y Abdrzg Fitg



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:? TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

If hfygr pfrtd md igs jfstffrds adrjbflgs prdsdltflif `grhf md hgltd fitg y su dstrujturf ds ulf cdrdljbf mdimgaid fprgvdjcfhbdltg fi qud sd dljgltrfafl mdstblfmgs5`rutg y hfmdrf. Hujcfs md ifs jglstrujjbglds trfmbjbglfidsmd if jghfrjf sd rdfibzfafl dl hfmdrf md jfstfg mdabmg fsu nrfl rdsbstdljbf f if bltdhpdrbd.

Dstf mgaid grbdltfjbl sd rdfidef dl igs pgrtds md igs jfs-tfgs qud fpfrdjdl dl igs sgtgs fjtufihdltd, md hfldrfqud lg sd fprgvdjcfl tgtfihdltd igs pgrtds ptbhgs pfrfif prgmujjbl md `rutg; pfrf diig sd mdadrfl fmgptfr pgrtds

hs afegs, hs `jbids md trfafefr, y jgpfs hs fabdrtfs, qudpdrhbtfl ulf hdegr blsgifjbl. Di hdrjfmg md if hfmdrfmdhflmf jfibmfmds hdegrds qud ifs qud pudmdl g`rdjdr igsjfstfgs jgl mgaid grbdltfjbl; ds pgr diig qud pfrf fu-hdltfr if rdltfabibmfm md igs sgtgs sd mdadrfl fmgptfr ifs`grhfs md jgpf y igs tfhfgs md ragids f ifs dxbndljbfsmd hfxbhbzfr if prgmujjbl md `rutg dl jfltbmfm y jfibmfm.Gtrg tbpg md hfsfs, hujcg hdlgs faulmfltds dl Di Abdr-zg, sgl ifs md jfstfgs arfvgs dl hgltd afeg, tfiifrds, pfrf

if dxpigtfjbl hfmdrdrf. Dstd tbpg md hfsfs ds huy dsjfsgmdabmg f qud if ldjdsbmfm md pgjfs pfsfmfs bhpglf mdmb-jfr if tgtfibmfm md igs ragids f if prgmujjbl md `rutg, g dljufiqubdr jfsg f if mgaid grbdltfjbl jghdltfmf (J,1??=).

If mdlsbmfm md igs jfstffrds, dxprdsfmf tfltg dl pbdsjghg dl jdpfs pgr cdjtrdf, ds dlgrhdhdltd vfrbfaid.Gtrg tfltg gjurrd jgl di rdf afsbhtrbjf. Dl fhags jfsgs

cfy qud ftrbaubrig f if mb`drdltd mdmbjfjbl (`rutdrg g hf-mdrdrg) y f if vfrbfabibmfm md ifs pgmfs y mdshgjcds f quddstl sghdtbmgs. Zbl dhafrng, igs jfstffrds mdmbjfmgs f`rutg hudstrfl mdlsbmfmds hs cghgnldfs y, dl ndldrfi,afefs. Zd cf utbibzfmg ul lmbjd md Mdlsbmfm pfrf dstumbfrif sbtufjbl tdrrbtgrbfi (hulbjbpfi) f trfvs md ulf rdifjblsupdrstjbfi dltrd igs sgtgs juyf dstrujturf ds mdlsf g sdhb-mdlsf jgl rdspdjtg f if supdrstjbd tgtfi. Dl if tfaif 4 sd prd-

sdltfl igs vfigrds md dstd lmbjd dl igs mbstbltgs hulbjbpbgs,

sd pudmd jghprgafr jghg std tghf vfigrds fitgs (


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:6TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG


:6TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

prdjbgs md if jfstff, dtj. Zbl dhafrng, lblnulf md diifs pgrsdpfrfmg ds ig sustjbdltdhdltd jgljiuydltd y pudmd dxpib-jfr jgrrdjtfhdltd if mbstrbaujbl dspfjbfi. _drg stf dxbstd

y su bltdrprdtfjbl pfrf jglgjdr ifs rdifjbglds jfusf-d`djtgmdad md sdr di pultg md pfrtbmf pfrf rdfibzfr di gpgrtulg yurndltd _ifl md Jglsdrvfjbl.

@udltd5 Difagrfjbl prgpbf f pfrtbr md igs mftgs jdlsfids

HTLBJB_BG ZFLBMFM HFL]DLBHBDL]G DZ]QTJ]TQF HGLTHD L]FIBMFM ZGZ]DL BABIBMFM

BDG BDF BHG BHF BM BH L QAGIDZ BZ

AFIAGF ?,64 ?,2> ?,61 ?,32 ?,>3 ?,1: = ?,>6

AFQEFZ ?,?? 6,?? ?,?= ?,0= ?,32 ?,=6 : ?,>2

ADHABAQD ?,?4 ?,32 ?,?? ?,:2 ?,1: - 6 ?,?3

JFQTJDMG ?,?? ?,?> ?,1: ?,44 ?,66 ?,41 ? ?,:?

JFZQG_GMFHD ?,?? ?,:: ?,?6 ?,?= ?,64 - 6 ?,?:

JGLNGZG ?,?> ?,:4 ?,?> ?,1> ?,?3 - ? ?,?2

JGQTIIL ?,?? ?,62 ?,62 ?,>? ?,01 ?,=6 1 ?,14

JTABIIGZ ?,?? ?,11 ?,?6 ?,>1 ?,64 ?,1? 1 ?,??

@GINGZG MD IF QBADQF ?,?6 ?,30 ?,?6 ?,:? ?,1= - : ?,=>

BNDF ?,:4 6,?? ?,0> ?,0> ?,:4 - ? ?,=1

HGIBLFZDJF ?,?? ?,61 ?,?? ?,?? ?,1: ?,?0 0 ?,?0LGJDMF ?,:0 ?,42 ?,16 ?,41 ?,=> - 1 ?,=:

GDLJBF ?,?? ?,02 ?,64 ?,00 ?,42 ?,02 > ?,>4

_FIFJBGZ MDI ZBI ?,0= 6,?? ?,4: ?,2: ?,:0 - 0 ?,22

_GL@DQQFMF ?,?> ?,== ?,?= ?,=> ?,0= ?,== 3 ?,=0

_QFHG MDI ZBI ?,4> ?,24 ?,=> ?,>2 ?,:1 - 4 ?,0?

ZFLJDMG ?,?? ?,?? ?,?1 ?,=6 ?,?? ?,?6 6 ?,??

ZGAQFMG ?,?? ?,44 ?,?3 ?,33 ?,61 ?,11 6 ?,44

GQDLG ?,14 ?,30 ?,?2 ?,>6 ?,43 - 4 ?,>?GQQD MDI ABDQUG ?,6= ?,=2 ?,?2 ?,=1 ?,?: - 3 ?,6>

QFAFMDIG ?,?? ?,=: ?,1: ?,0= ?,:: ?,62 1 ?,0=

PDNF MD PFIJFQJD ?,?0 ?,3: ?,?? ?,00 ?,>1 ?,6? 6 ?,0:

GFI NDLDQFI ?,?3 ?,4> ?,61 ?,4> ?,=1 ?,11 0> (6?:) ?,=4

]faif 4. lmbjds Hulbjbpfids



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( )

:1 TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

_frf pgmdr dxprdsfr di sbnlbstjfmg tdrrbtgrbfi md igs lmb-jds Hulbjbpfids sd cf rdfibzfmg ulf fnrupfjbl md igs hulb-jbpbgs dl trds tbpgignfs. Dl if tfaif > sd dspdjbstjfl igs rflngsmd vfigrds md igs lmbjds qud sd cfl utbibzfmg pfrf if mdstlbjblmd ifs tbpgignfs. Igs hulbjbpbgs bljiubmgs dl if tbpgignf 6rdprdsdltfl fqudiigs qud tbdldl ulgs vfigrds hs fitgs dl tg-mgs igs lmbjds y jgrrdspglmdl f igs tdrrbtgrbgs jgl hfygrdspgsbabibmfmds md `uturg5 Dl jgljrdtg dstf tbpgignf if bltdnrfl

> hulbjbpbgs y ulf supdrstjbd md =.6:=,: cf. Dl ulf sbtufjblbltdrhdmbf dst if tbpgignf 1 md if qud `grhfl pfrtd 60hulbjbpbgs jgl ul supdrstjbd md jfstfg md 66.0::,: cf.If tbpgignf : jgrrdspglmd f igs hulbjbpbgs mglmd di jfs-tfg sd dljudltrf dl ulf sbtufjbl hs prdjfrbf y mglmdpdibnrf if suasbstdljbf md dstf dspdjbd, mdltrg md dstf tb-pgignf sd cfl bltdnrfmg 6= hulbjbpbgs y ulf supdrstjbdmd :.6=3,= cf.

HTLBJB_BGZT_DQ@BJBD (cf) GFI

NDLDQFI6 1 : = 4 0 > 3 2

AFIAGF 64,: 6??,? =>,2 1,> 6>2,? 161,2 44>,0AFQEFZ 1=,= 06,2 6:>,2 631,2 =?>,1

ADHABAQD 610,6 664,: 63=,2 6>>,? 60,0 ::,2 04:,2

JFQTJDMG >0,0 6:,= 6=4,= :=,2 61=,2 613,1 =6,6 40=,4

JFZQG_GMFHD 14?,> 1?=,= 132,0 1>=,2 41,= ::,0 66?4,0

JGLNGZG 6?6,: 00,: 1:,0 11,: =,3 132,>

JGQTIIL 134,6 :?6,4 1=4,> 102,3 :6?,> 42,: 6=>1,1

JTABIIGZ =2,= 46,> 666,3 :2,? 6,? 141,2

@GINGZG MD IF QBADQF =4,? >6,= 64>,3 643,? :>>,0 6?,0 31?,:BNDF 1,2 ==,4 0,= 13,4 31,4

HGIBLFZDJF >0,3 :0,0 14,: ==,3 66,4 624,?

LGJDMF :2,0 >>,: 6=:,0 6??,4 666,> 64>,6 012,2

GDLJBF =3,: 602,: 3=,> 043,= 64>,? 6?1,2 611?,0

_FIFJBGZ MDI ZBI 1,6 16,? 64?,: >?,1 04,: :?3,2

_GL@DQQFMF 26,? =6,0 661,6 010,3 :14,0 :=0,= 4>,= 60??,>

_QFHG MDI ZBI 66,? 3?,1 3?,? =6,1 6:=,2 34,0 =:>,=

ZFLJDMG 6,2 >=,: 6>6,= 1,> 14?,:ZGAQFMG 4=,4 10,2 624,: 1:>,? 012,6 2,2 6641,0

GQDLG 664,4 640,? :1=,? 604,: 6?:,1 13,1 321,6

GQQD MDI ABDQUG =3,2 4:,? 12,1 >0,> 3,2 62,3 6:,? 14:,:

QFAFMDIG 623,2 6::,2 00,2 11:,: :02,? 660,= 66?3,:

PDNF MD PFIJFQJD 64,? 6:6,? 11=,0 =22,4 6:1,? 6??6,2

GFI NDLDQFI =?0,? 6?03,: 6>0?,? 1:43,1 1040,2 :>01,3 1622,3 36=,4 64?,2 6414>,=

]faif 0. Pfigrfjbl hulbjbpfi y supdrstjbfi md igs lbvdids md sgstdlbabibmfm



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::TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG ::TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

_drg, qu rdifjbl dxbstd dltrd ifs tbpgignfs y igs mb`d-

rdltds blmbjfmgrds sgjbgdjglhbjgs7, ifs hdegrds zglfsmd jfstfg (tbpgignf 6) dstl rdifjbglfmfs jgl igs hdegrdsblmbjfmgrds sgjbgdjhbjgs7 Dl if tfaif 3 sd pudmd gasdr-

vfr jghg igs pdgrds rdsuitfmgs mdi jgleultg md blmbjfmgrdsdifagrfmgs jgrrdspglmd jgl igs hulbjbpbgs bltdnrfmgs dlif tbpgignf 6 (@- dt fi., 1?6?). Ds prdjbsf-hdltd mglmd di rdjursg-jfstfg tbdld hs vbsgs md sgstdlb-abibmfm fhabdltfi y djglhbjf mglmd di prgaidhf sgjbfi dshs fifrhfltd. Dxbstd ul bhpgrtfltd mdsfjgpifhbdltg td-

rrbtgrbfi dltrd di jfpbtfi jfstfg y di jfpbtfi cuhflg ig qudmbstjuitf ifs pgsbaids fjtufjbglds pfrf su jglsdrvfjbl. Ifafef mdlsbmfm md pgaifjbl, if mblhbjf ndldrfi md if mds-pgaifjbl, igs lbvdids md dlvdedjbhbdltg g md mdpdlmdljbfprdsdltfl dl dstgs hulbjbpbgs ulf sbtufjbl sgjbgdjglhb-jf fifrhfltd.

]bpgignf 65Afiagf, Afrefs, Gdljbf, ]grdlg, ]rfafmdig, Pdnf md Pfijfrjd, _fifjbgs mdi Zbi.]bpgignf 15 Jgruiil, Zgarfmg, _gl`drrfmf, Lgjdmf mdi Abdrzg, _rfhg mdi Zbi, @gingsg md if Qbadrf, Bndf, Adluzf*, Adriflnf mdi Abdrzg*,Agrrdlds*, Jflml*, @fadrg*, _drflzflds*, _rbfrflzf mdi Abdrzg*, _udltd md Mghblng @irdz*, Pdnf md Dspblfrdmf*, Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdrzg*.]bpgignf :5 Adhabard, Jfrujdmg, Jfstrgpgmfhd, Jglngstg, Juabiigs, Hgiblfsdjf, ]grrd mdi Abdrzg, Jfrrfjdmdig*, Pbiifmdjflds*, Jfjfadigs*,Jfhpglfrfyf*, Frnflzf*, Jfaffs Qfrfs*, Zfljdmg*.Lgtf5 * Dstbhfmg

@bnurf 66. lmbjd md Zgstdlbabibmfm mdi jfstfg dl if Jghfrjf md DiAbdrzg

B_GIGNF 6 B_GIGNF 1 B_GIGNF :

L hulbjbpbgs > 60 6=Zupdrstjbd (cf) =6:=,: 660::,: :6=3,=lmbjd md Zgstdlbabibmfm Fitg (


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:= TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

=.:. Zgtgs y jfstfgs hgluhdltfids md if jghfrjf mdDi Abdrzg

Afeg ul ragi sd rd`unb if pfrdef. Drf di ragi prgtdjtgr hfnlstjg

jfstfg, md hfedstugsf y vfstf jgpf, fabdrtf jgl pghpf jfsb frqub-

tdjturfi sgard di fljcf y strhd jgiuhlf mdi trgljg, qud pfrdjf ifl-

zfrsd frrgnfltdhdltd cfjbf ifs mdsftfmfs luads5 ragi pftrbfrjfi,

md dsgs qud vdl jgl blmb`drdljbf mdsmdgsf sujdmdrsd ndldrfjbglds md

jcbljcds, puinglds, cgrhbnfs y ifrvfs, y ids mfl julf y sdpuijrg dl igssdlgs md su rfefmf jgrtdzf.

If Hfmrd Lfturfidzf.

Dhbibf _frmg Afzl

Tlg md igs fspdjtgs hs bhpgrtfltds mdi jdlsg rdfibzfmg`ud pgmdr dstumbfr di vfigr hgluhdltfi md igs sgtgs. Tlf mdifs prbljbpfids jgljiusbglds md dstd jdlsg ds di bhpgrtfltd

vfigr pftrbhglbfi qud tbdldl hujcgs sgtgs. Dl if tfaif 4 sdprdsdlt di lmbjd md Hgluhdltfibmfm, BH, qud dxprdsf flbvdi hulbjbpfi dstd vfigr. Dltrd igs hulbjbpbgs dstumbfmgsmdstfjfl dspdjbfihdltd Gdljbf, Jfrujdmg, Afrefs, _gl`d-rrfmf, Jgruiil y Afiagf, eultg f dstgs hulbjbpbgs cfarfqud mdstfjfr if bhpgrtfljbf hgluhdltfi md igs sgtgs mdhulbjbpbgs tgmfvf lg jdlsfmgs jghg Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdr-zg, Pdnf md Dspblfrdmf g Jflml.

Fmdhs md igs sgtgs hgluhdltfids mdstfjf dl if jghfr-jf md Di Abdrzg if prdsdljbf md bhpgrtfltds jfstfgs sbl-nuifrds. Md igs hbids md dedhpifrds sd cf blvdltfrbfmg ulfhudstrf md jbdl jfstfgs. If bhpgrtfljbf md finulgs dedh-pifrds jghg di Jfhpflg md Pbiifr md Fjdrg (Pbiif`rfljf mdiAbdrzg) y di mdi Jfrrdbrbngs dl Zusfd mdi Zbi (_fifjbgs mdiZbi) cf supudstg qud sdfl bljiubmgs dl di Jftigng Qdnbglfimd Dspdjhdlds Pdndtfids md Zblnuifr Qdidvfljbf md Jfstbiif

B_GIGNFZ MD IGZ ZGGZ

JFDNGQF BLMBJFMGQ 6 1 :

6. DQQBGQBG R _GAIFHBDLG Mdlsbmfm md pgaifjbl 61.24 :6.13 >4.6:

Mbspdrsbl md if pgaifjbl dl ditdrrbtgrbg

6=.0> 2.03 0.>>

1. MBLHBJF MD IFDZQTJTQF _GAIFJBGLFI

Mblhbjf ndldrfi md ifmdspgaifjbl

-==.?2 -13.04 -:.42

Dqubibarbg dltrd sdxgs 6.?2 6.?= 6.?6

Lbvdi md dlvdedjbhbdltg :2.4= :=.?: 10.4:

Lbvdi md mdpdlmdljbf 34.?2 02.20 4>.11

=. DZQTJTQF _QGMTJBPF

Fjtbvbmfm fnrfrbf 14.00 6:.36 0.21Fjtbvbmfm nflfmdrf :?4.0> 6:>.>= 2?.:3

Pljuig jgl if fjtbvbmfm hbldrf :1.6= =6.=3 4=.6:

Fjtbvbmfm ifagrfi tdrrbtgrbfi 1.64 3.?6 11.03

4. TZGZ R @BZJFIBMFM MDI ZTDIGLbvdi pfrjdifjbl rstbjf ?.14 ?.6> ?.6?

Lbvdi md tbtuifrbmfm 2.=0 2.61 >.4:

0. FJJDZG F BL@QFDZQTJTQFZR ZDQPBJBGZ

Futghgvbibmfm 414.3 1?30.> 660>.>

]faif 3. ]bpgignfs hulbjbpfids d blmbjfmgrds sgjbgdjglhbjgs tdrrbtgrbfids



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:4TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG :4TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

y Idl (E M J R I, 1??4). _drg, tfhablgtrgs hujcgs jfstfgs lg bljiubmgs dl di jftigng rdnbg-lfi tbdldl fitsbhg vfigr pftrbhglbfi. Dl ifs stnurfs 61 y 6:

sd rdprdsdltf if mbstrbaujbl md igs ragids hgluhdltfidsy ifs prbljbpfids vfrbfaids mfsghtrbjfs md dstgs jfstfgshgluhdltfids md if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg.

@bnurf 6:. Dstfmg md jglsdrvfjbl md igs jfstfgs hgluhdltfids mdDi Abdrzg

@bnurf 61. Mbstrbaujbl y prbljbpfids vfrbfaids mfsghtrbjfs md igsjfstfgs hgluhdltfids md if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg

Dl if tfaif 2 sd rdprdsdltf if mbstrbaujbl md igs jfstfgshgluhdltfids dl jfmf hulbjbpbg. Dl dstf hbshf tfaif 2 sd

rdjgnd di dstfmg md jglsdrvfjbl y trfafegs ldjdsfrbgs pfrfsu hfltdlbhbdltg. Jghg sd pudmd jghprgafr 1> ragids sddljudltrfl dl ul dstfmg md jglsdrvfjbl hfig y 1? ldjdsb-tfl urndltds trfafegs md hfltdlbhbdltg.

Dl rdfibzfjbl jgl di jgleultg md ragids hgluhdltfidsmdi Abdrzg sd cf pudstg md hflbstdstg if bhpgrtfljbf md dstfdspdjbd5 ulf pgrjbl sbnlbstjftbvf mdi tgtfi md igs ragidshgluhdltfids md if jghfrjf sgl jfstfgs. Dl rdfibmfm Di

Abdrzg ds ulf sujdsbl md sgtgs grhfmgs dl su hfygrf pgrvbdegs y sblnuifrds jfstfgs g pfrf sdr hs eustgs, ul tfpbzmd nrflmds sgtgs hgluhdltfids.

Igs sgtgs md jfstfgs jglstbtuydl di pfbsfed hs dltrff-aid mdi Abdrzg, dsdljbf md su bmdltbmfm, dxprdsflmg if frhg-lf y di dqubibarbg dltrd igs cuhflgs y if lfturfidzf, jgl`gr-hflmg if bhfndl bmibjf md ulf fimdf rgmdfmf md nrflmdsjfstfgs mgrfmgs.



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HTLBJB_BG DZFMG MD JGLZDQPFJBL HFLDLBHBDLG* QAGIDZ

Audlg Hfig Hdmbg Huy audlg

AFIAGF 6 1 6 =

AFQEFZ 1 6 :

ADHABAQD 6 6

ADLTUF 6 6 6

ADQIFLNF MDI ABDQUG 6 6

AGQQDLDZ 6 6 6 :

JFLML 4 1 6 6 3

JFZQG_GMFHD 6 6JGQTIIL 6 1 6 :

JTABIIGZ MDI ZBI 6 6 6 1

@FADQG 6 6 6 1

@GINGZG MD IF QBADQF : :

HGIBLFZDJF : 6 6 6 : 0

LGJDMF MDI ABDQUG 6 6 1

GDLJBF 6 : : >

_FIFJBGZ MDI ZBI 6 1 : 6 0_QFHG MDI ZBI 6 : 6 1 4

_DQFLUFLDZ : 6 =

_GL@DQQFMF : : 6 6 6 3

_QBFQFLUF MDI ABDQUG : 1 1 4_TDLD MD MGHBLNG@IQDU

6 6

ZFLJDMG 6 6

ZGAQFMG 1 1 =

GQDLG 1 : 6 0

GQQD MDI ABDQUG = 6 1 6 1 3

QFAFMDIG 6 6 1

PDNF MD DZ_BLFQDMF 6 6 6 1

PDNF MD PFIJFQJD 6 6 1PBIIF@QFLJF MDIABDQUG

= 1 1 0

]faif 2. Dstfmg md jglsdrvfjbl y trfafegs ldjdsfrbgs pfrf su hfltdlbhbdltg

*Lgtf5 igs tbpgs md trfafegs ldjdsfrbgs prgpudstgs sgl mdsargjd, pgmf, sfldfhbdltg y gxbndlfjbl



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:>TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG :>TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

Di jfstfg ds di ragi ttdh mdi Abdrzg, ltbhfhdltd ibnf-mg f if vbmf, jgstuhards y trfmbjbglds. Zu `rutg, if jfstff,cf sbmg if afsd md if fibhdltfjbl dl pgjfs md suasbstdljbf

y su dxjdidltd y adiif hfmdrf cf sdrvbmg pfrf jfsb tgmg.

_frf jglgjdr hs dl mdtfiid ulf hudstrf md dstd didljg

md jfstfgs hgluhdltfids sd cfl tghfmg jghg dedhpig 66ragids. Dl if tfaif 6? sd rdjgndl igs prbljbpfids mftgs md ifhudstrf sdidjjbglfmf. Dl dstf tfaif 6? sd pudmd jghprgafr

if rdidvfljbf md dedhpifrds jghg G Jfhpflg g di Jfstf-dbrg mg Jfltl qud sd dljudltrfl dltrd igs ragids hsbhpgrtfltds md dstfmg dspfgi.

IGJFIBMFM HTLBJB_BG LGHAQD IGJFI_DQHD]QG

LGQHFI(h)

_DQHD]QGAFZD(h)

FI]TQF(h)

DZ]FMGMD

JGLZDQPFJBL

Pbiifsuhbi Jflml Jfstfdbrg mg Jfltl 6=,:? 61,0? 11,?? Hfig

_grjfrbzfsPbiif`rfljf mdiAbdrzg

Jfstfdbrg 2,6? 16,?? Audlg

Pbiifr md FjdrgPbiif`rfljf mdiAbdrzg

G Jfhpflg 6=,>? 10,?? Audlg

_frfmf md Zgutg rfafmdig Jfstfdbrg mf Jfsglf 2,=? 6?,2? 16,?? Hdmbg

Ibarl grdlg Jfstffi md if @ginudrf 6?,0? 64,:? 1?,?? Audlg

_gaifmurf mdZghgzf

Pbiif`rfljf mdiAbdrzg

Hbrflmdig 3,?? :6,?? Hdmbg

_drdmf mdFljfrds

Jflml Jfstfdbrg mg hfdstrg 2.1? 1=.1? Audlg

Jghpiumg _gl`drrfmf Jfstffi >,41 11,?? Hdmbg

Zusfd mdi Zbi _fifjbgs mdi Zbi Jfstffi md Jfrrdbrbngs 2,:4 3,2? 60,4? Hdmbg

Qgaidmg mdZgardjfstrg

_udltd mdMghblng @irdz

Jfstffi 3,24 16,?? Hdmbg

Afiagf Afiagf G @bflnudbrg 2,?? 14,?? Audlg

]faif 6?. Hudstrf rdprdsdltftbvf md igs jfstfgs hgluhdltfids md Di Abdrzg



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Jfstfdbrg mg Jfltl, Pbiifsuhbi (Jflml) If Jfstffi md Qgaidmg md Zgardjfstrg(_udltd md Mghblng @irdz)

Tlg md igs hfygrds jfstfgs mdi Abdrzg y md if _dllsuif,tdstbng sbidljbgsg mdi pfsg md hitbpids ndldrfjbglds. Zbtufmgdl ifs prgxbhbmfmds md if bnidsbf y fi ifmg md igs rdstgs md mgsifnfrds md jdrf, blmustrbf trfmbjbglfi mdi Pfiid md Fljfrds.

Zbtufmg dl su _ifzf Hfygr, ds ulg md igs `rdjudltds dedh-pigs mdi igfaid bltdrs vdjblfi pgr jglsdrvfr igs nrflmds rag-ids y di pgjg fjbdrtg dl if `grhf md cfjdrig, pudstg qud if ur-aflbzfjbl f afsd md jdhdltg y agrmbiig ds ulf md ifs jfusfsmdi mdtdrbgrg prgnrdsbvg md igs nrflmds ragids md pifzf.

_frf jglgjdr if sblnuifrbmfm md dstgs 66 dedhpifrds, sdprdsdltf dl dstd trfafeg ul jftigng `gtgnrstjg y ulf ardvdmdsjrbpjbl md jfmf dedhpifr.



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:2TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG :2TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

Jfstfdbrg mf Jfsglf, _frfmf md Zgutg (]rfafmdig) If Jfstffi md if @ginudrf, Ibarl (]grdlg)

Zd fizf sgard di jfhblg qud jglmujd fi afrrbg md Frrb-af, blhdrsg dl hdmbg mdi nrfl hfr md jfstfgs jdltdlfrbgsmdi Abdrzg Gdstd fi qud cfjd fiusbl, jghg dl dstd jfsg, iffaulmfltd tgpglbhbf.

_rdsbmbdlmg di fltbnug iunfr md rdulbglds y jdidarfjbgldsjghulfids, pfrdjd justgmbfr jghg ul nufrmbl if dltrfmfmdi Austbiig, di htbjg mdsstifmdrg mdi rg _rbhgut, ul pfrf-

ed md nrfl vfigr lfturfi y juiturfi.



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=? TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

G Hbrflmdig md _gaifmurf md Zghgzf(Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdrzg) Jfstfdbrg mg Hfdstrg, _drdmf md Fljfrds (Jflml)

Ds sbl mumf di jfstfg hs jglgjbmg y pgpuifr mdi Abdrzg, yfqud mdabmg f su sbtufjbl dl ul prbvbidnbfmg hbrfmgr lfturfi,su dspdjtfjuifr jgpf ds vbsbaid mdsmd tgmf if cgyf adrjbflf.

Dl _drdmf igs jfstfgs dstl pdr`djtfhdltd bltdnrfmgs dldi jfsdrg, jglvbvbdlmg jgl sus vdjblgs cuhflgs f igs qudg`rdjdl sgharf y jfstffs. Di lghard sd ig mdad f su hsjglgjbmg jubmfmgr y prgpbdtfrbg, ul fltbnug hfdstrg md ds-judif huy fprdjbfmg pgr ifs ndltds mdi iunfr.



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=6TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG =6TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

If Jfstffi md Jcflbiigs, Jghpiumg (_gl`drrfmf) Jfstfdbrg vdrrungsg md _grjfrbzfs(Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdrzg)

Zd fizf hfedstugsf jufi vbnf sgard di sgtg md jfstfgs mdi`rglmgsg vfiid md Jghpiumg. Ds ulg md igs jfstfgs hs fi-tgs md if jghfrjf. Zu vgiuhblgsf jgpf dst su`rbdlmg nrflmdsmdsnfrrgs pgr if prmbmf md finulf md sus nrudsfs rfhfs.

_frdjd hbhdtbzfrsd, jgl if fyumf md sus vdrrunfs y dihusng, dltrd ifs pdlfs y pdldmgs md nrflg, rdstgs md igsaigquds drrtbjgs md nrflbtg qud if hgrrdlf nifjbfr sdharpgr tgmg di vfiid. Di hgvbhbdltg djgignbstf adrjbflg sfiv fdstd ragi md su tfif y trbstd mdstblg, puds baf f sdr jglvdrtb-mg dl didhdltgs mdjgrftbvgs pfrf jgjcds md iueg.



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=1 TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

G @bflnudbrg (Afiagf)If Jfstffi md Jfrrdbrbngs, Zusfd (_fifjbgs mdi Zbi)

Ds ul hfi dedhpig md jhg if uraflbzfjbl md pfrfeds ru-

rfids, dl ul f`l md bhbtfjbl md ifs urads, jgliidvf di su`rb-hbdltg y prxbhf prmbmf md hfnlstjgs dedhpifrds jghgstd. Di fs`fitfmg md if tbdrrf dl tgrlg fi ragi, dstrflnuil-mgig, mff su sbstdhf rfmbjuifr. If jghpfjtfjbl mdi tdrrd-lg y if `rfjturf md finulf md sus rfjds pgr if hfqublfrbffjfafl prgvgjflmg if fsstxbf mdi ragi. If mdjifrfjbl jghgdedhpifr prgtdnbmg pgr pfrtd md if Eultf md Jfstbiif y Idllg cf sbnlbstjfmg lblnulf hdegrf dl su pdlgsf sbtufjbl.

Jfstfg vfrbfs vdjds jdltdlfrbg, huy fprdjbfmg pgr igs

vdjblgs md Afiagf, qud dl ul hfngstg rbtufi, ig cfl cgl-rfmg y mbstblnubmg jghg fi vdjblg hs vbdeg y ndldrgsg mdipudaig, su pftrbfrjf.



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=:TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG =:TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

Jfstfdbrg mg Jfhpflg, Pbiifr md Fjdrg (Pbiif`rfljf mdi Abdrzg)

Ds di jgigsfi pftrbfrjf md igs jfstfgs adrjbflgs. Jgl-sbmdrfmg jghg di dedhpifr md hfygr dmfm y mbhdlsbgldsmd Dspff, rdsuitf mb`jbi fafrjfrig jgl if hbrfmf. gmg uldedhpig md supdrvbvdljbf fltd di `udng, qud mdstruy mgs

md sus dlgrhds arfzgs, ds fmdhs mdpgsbtfrbg md ul nrflf`djtg pgr pfrtd md sus prgpbdtfrbgs y vdjblgs, dhpdfmgsdl jubmfr y jglsdrvfr std vfibgsg idnfmg pfrf ifs ndldrf-jbglds `uturfs.



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== TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

=.=. Dvgiujbl md igs usgs y jgstuhards vbljuifmfs fijfstfg

If tfrmd mdi prbhdrg md Lgvbdhard, vspdrf md igs mbùltgs, ds if prg-pbf mdi hfngstg. _gr dsd tbdhpg ifs jfstffs dstl hfmurfs, pblnfl,

jghg mbjdl dl di pfs, y rfpfzfs y rfpfjds cfjdl di hfngstg. ]gmgs

eultgs vfl md if fimdf fi jgtg g jfstffr iidvflmg ulf audlf agtf jgl

vblg tbltg md if tbdrrf, y iidnfmgs, igs cghards jgndl if idf qud trfdl

fi sbtbg dl cfjdjbiigs pdqudgs, y ifs huedrds ifs jfstffs qud mdspgefl

md igs drbzgs. Dl jufiqubdr iunfr mdi jgtg fhgltglfl dl di sudig ifs

jfstffs rdjgnbmfs y pgldl sgard diifs if idf prdlmblmgid udng pfrf

qud ifs tudstd. Frmd if idf, idvfltf if iifhf, y firdmdmgr md diif hgzgs

y hgzfs afbifl dl tfltg qud sd fsfl ifs jfstffs. Mdspus f jghdrifs

y adadr di vblg y jgl diifs jgljiuyd di hfngstg. If jgstuhard ds ndldrfi

y mbjdl qud di ùdng qud frmd sgard ifs jfstffs ds hfig dsjupbr dl i, y

qud tfhpgjg pudmd fpfnfrsd vbgidltfhdltd; if idf sd cf md jglsuhbr

pgjg f pgjg, y sb qudmf ùdng juflmg jgljiuyd di hfngstg, sd mdef fr-

mbdlmg, qud ds if lgjcd md ifs lbhfs y vbdldl f jfidltfrsd.

Lbjgis ]dlgrbg (fmfptfmg).

If fimdf nfiidnf. 62??

Ifs dltrdvbstfs sgard igs usgs y jgstuhards lgs cfl prg-pgrjbglfmg ulf bl`grhfjbl huy rdidvfltd fjdrjf md ifs mb-`drdltds fjjbglds rdifjbglfmfs jgl di jubmfmg md igs jfstfgs

y lgs cfl sdrvbmg pfrf jgltdstfr ifs prdnultfs5 jhg pdr-jbadl igs cfabtfltds igjfids di prgaidhf mdi jfstfg mdsmdmb`drdltds fspdjtg rdidvfltds7, jui cf sbmg mdsmd su pultgmd vbstf if dvgiujbl md igs usgs y jgstuhards7

Dl if tfaif 66 sd dxprdsf jifrfhdltd jhg sd cfl fafl-mglfmg ifagrds trfmbjbglfids md trftfhbdltg mdi sudig jghgsgl di ifarfmg (-4>.64%) y if drtbibzfjbl (-0=.13%), sbdlmg dimdsargjd, tfltg hflufi jghg hdjflbzfmg, if tfrdf hs dx-tdlmbmf fjtufihdltd. Igs cdrabjbmfs, qud trfmbjbglfihdltdlg sd utbibzfafl, cgy dl mf dstl prdsdltds dl if hbtfm mdigs sgtgs. Dl jfhabg, lg cf cfabmg nrflmds vfrbfjbglds f igifrng mdi tbdhpg dl jufltg fi usg mdi ùdng pfrf dibhblfr ifcgefrfsjf y igs rdstgs md pgmf, ibhbtlmgsd su usg dl tgrlgf ul 14-:?% md igs sgtgs.

Qdspdjtg f igs jubmfmgs rdfibzfmgs fi ragi, if dljudstf

lgs hudstrf jghg mftg hs rdidvfltd qud ifs pgmfs dvdl-

MDZJQB_JBL QFMBJBGLFI ( %) FJTFI (%) JFHABGZ (%)

QFFHBDLG MDI ZTDIG

Mdsargjd 0=.12 >3.4> 6=.13Ifarfmg 32.12 :1.6= -4>.64@drtbibzfjbl >3.4> 6=.12 -0=.13Cdrabjbmfs ?.?? 4?.?? 4?.??Vudhf rfstrgegs 14.?? 13.4> :.4>

JTBMFMGZ QAGI _gmfs flufids :.4> :.4> ?.??_gmfs dvdltufids 21.30 =0.=: -=0.=:Vudhfmgs :.4> ?.?? -:.4>

DZFMG ZFLBFQBG

Jcfljrg :.4> >4.?? >6.=:bltf >.6= >.6= ?.??

QDJGIDJJBL

Hflufi 6??.?? 6??.?? ?.??Hdjflbzfmf ?.?? 13.4> 13.4>Pfrdg >3.4> :.4> ->4.??Egrlfidrgs 14.?? 6>.30 ->.6=@fhbibfrds 6??.?? 6??.?? ?.??

]faif 66. Dvgiujbl md ifs `grhfs md juitbvg mdi Jfstfg



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=4TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG =4TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

tufids, fqudiifs qud sd rdfibzfl jfmf 1-: fgs, sd cfl rdmu-jbmg mrstbjfhdltd dl ul 4?%. _gr gtrf pfrtd, di qudhfmgbltdrbgr mdi ragi qud fltds sd utbibzfaf dl ul afeg pgrjdl-

tfed, cgy dl mf lg sd prfjtbjf.

Di flibsbs md dstgs mftgs jgljiuyd dl hgstrfr ul pfuif-tblg faflmglg md ifs fjtbvbmfmds trfmbjbglfids f jfusf mdidlvdedjbhbdltg md if pgaifjbl qud fltds ifs d`djtufaf, sblqud sd cfyf prgmujbmg di rdidvg ndldrfjbglfi ldjdsfrbg pfrfjgltblufr jgl diifs, mdrbvflmg stlfihdltd dl ul `rfljg md-tdrbgrg md igs sgtgs md jfstfgs.

Dl`drhdmfmds jghg if tbltf y di jcfljrg sbdhprd dstu-vbdrgl prdsdltds dl huy afeg pgrjdltfed, pdrg igs mftgs rd-`drdltds fi dstfmg sflbtfrbg md igs sgtgs lgs mfl rdsuitfmgsdspdrfmgs y jbdrtfhdltd pgjg gptbhbstfs dl jufltg f if dl-`drhdmfm mdi jcfljrg, dxtdlmbmf dl trds jufrtfs pfrtds mdigs jfstfgs md if Jghfrjf mdi Abdrzg.

Dl jufltg f if rdjgidjjbl mdi `rutg sbnud sbdlmg hfyg-

rbtfrbfhdltd hflufi, fulqud sd cf hdjflbzfmg dl jfsb ultdrjbg md igs sgtgs y sd hfltbdld if trfmbjbl `fhbibfr. Di

mftg hs sbnlbstjftbvg ds if prjtbjf mdsfpfrbjbl md if rdjg-idjjbl hdmbfltd vfrdg.

Dl if tfaif 61 sd rdjgnd di jgleultg md ifs rdspudstfs fifs prdnultfs pifltdfmfs dl rdifjbl f igs fprgvdjcfhbdl-tgs md igs sgtgs md jfstfgs. Dstgs mftgs lgs blmbjfl qud ifjfstff jgltblf sbdlmg di prbljbpfi fprgvdjcfhbdltg dl iffjtufibmfm. Ttbibzfmf prbljbpfihdltd pfrf futgjglsuhg, if

vdltf dl `rdsjg cf su`rbmg ul rdidvfltd bljrdhdltg pgr iffpdrturf md ludvgs hdrjfmgs.

_frfidifhdltd, di jglsuhg dl sdjg md if jfstff cf mbs-hblubmg lgtfaidhdltd mdabmg, md ludvg, fi dlvdedjbhbdltgmd if pgaifjbl qud trfmbjbglfihdltd rdfibzfaf di prgjdsgmd sdjfmg, fi bnufi qud if hdrhf mdi pgrjdltfed md prgmujtgmdstblfmg f jglsuhg flbhfi pgr di faflmglg md if jfaffnflfmdrf.

If utbibzfjbl md igs sgtgs pfrf di fprgvdjcfhbdltg hf-mdrdrg, tfltg md idfs jghg pfrf jfrpbltdrf, sd cf rdmujbmg

mrstbjfhdltd, fuhdltflmg if bltrgmujjbl md ludvgs usgsjghg sgl if rdjgidjjbl md sdtfs y igs jgtgs md jfzf.

QFMBJBGLFI ( %) FJTFI (%) JFHABGZ (%)F_QGPDJCFHBDLG MDIZGG @rutg 6??.?? 6??.?? ?.??

Hfmdrf idfs 34.>6 =1.30 -=1.34

Hfmdrf jfrpbltdrf 34.>6 16.=: -0=.13

Zdtfs >.6= 14.?? 6>.30

Jgtgs jfzf 6?.>6 >6.=: 0?.>1

Jgihdlfs 13.4> 14.?? -:.4>

MDZBLG MD IF JFZFF Futgjglsuhg 6??.?? 6??.?? ?.??

Pdltf 0>.30 31.6= 6=.13

Jglsuhg flbhfi 20.=: :4.>6 -0?.>1

_GZJGZDJCF Dl `rdsjg 6??.?? 34.>6 -6=.12

Zdjfs >3.4> :2.12 -:2.13

]faif 61. Dvgiujbl md ifs `grhfs md fprgvdjcfhbdltg mdi jfstfg



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Di faflmglg mdi hdmbg rurfi iidvf fsgjbfmg ulf prmbmfmd juiturf y jgstuhards trfmbjbglfids. Dl if tfaif 6: sd dx-prdsf jghg ulf md ifs trfmbjbglds hs rdifjbglfmfs jgl ifjfstff sbdhprd cf sbmg if jdidarfjbl md hfngstgs, qudfltfg sd rdfibzfafl md hfldrf pdrbmbjf murfltd di gtggdl tgmfs ifs igjfibmfmds y qud fjtufihdltd g cfl mdsfpfrd-jbmg g sd cf rdmujbmg f ulg, ndldrfihdltd grnflbzfmgs pgrfsgjbfjbglds g igs prgpbgs fyultfhbdltgs.

Igs rdsuitfmgs md dstd dstumbg sgjbginbjg sgl huy ds-jifrdjdmgrds y fpgyfl igs rdsuitfmgs gatdlbmgs dl di jdlsgmd igs sgtgs. If fjtbvbmfm fnrfrbf prdsdltf, jfmf vdz hs,ul jfrjtdr ùlmfhdltfihdltd hfrnblfi; sd dstl mdeflmgmd cfjdr ifs ifagrds qud hfltdlfl if prgmujtbvbmfm md igssudigs dl ifs murfs jglmbjbglds md if fnrbjuiturf md hgltf-f, igs pfstgs sd vfl iidlflmg md hgltd y, dl ndldrfi, sddst pdrmbdlmg di frtd y if juiturf fnrjgif.

4. JGLJITZBGLDZ

Di prgjdsg md rdnrdsbl md igs sgtgs md jfstfg jgltblf yjgl diig if sgstdlbabibmfm md dstf dspdjbd dl hs mdi 4?% mdif supdrstjbd fjtufi. If dxpibjfjbl ds jghpidef, ul jgleul-tg md jrjuigs vbjbgsgs sd dltrdjruzfl mbstjuitflmg hujcfs

vdjds if bltdrprdtfjbl md ifs rdifjbglds jfusf-d`djtg dl diflibsbs md igs prgaidhfs.

Jghg sltdsbs md dstd dstumbg sd cfl mdtdjtfmg trds nrfl-mds sbstdhfs md prgaidhfs5 igs prgaidhfs djglhbjgs, igsprgaidhfs mdi jfstfbjuitgr (prgpbdtfrbg) y igs prgaidhfsmd if jfstfbjuiturf. Igs trds sbstdhfs sd bltdrrdifjbglfl

y dlhfrffl pdrg di dstumbg pgr sdpfrfmg fyumf f dltdl-mdrigs. Dl hujcgs md dstgs prgaidhfs sus jfusfs lg dstl

vbljuifmfs fi jfstfg sblg qud sgl ulf dxprdsbl md if ds-trujturfjbl sgjbgdjglhbjf mdi tdrrbtgrbg g md if blsdr-jbl md if fjtbvbmfm dl ul hgmdig md djglghf md hdrjfmg

fsgjbfmg f if nigafibzfjbl. Dstg pifltdf ulf nrfl prdnultfdl qu hdmbmf ifs fjjbglds pfrf pfibfr igs prgaidhfs sg-jbgdjlghbjgs rdifjbglfmgs jgl di jfstfg sdrl ulf ùdr-zf md jcgqud jgltrf igs prgaidhfs ndldrfids7 Dl mdstlbtbvf,sd pudmd sfivfr di jfstfg fjtuflmg sdjtgrbfihdltd7, sdpudmd jfhabfr ul hgmdig tdrrbtgrbfi afsfmg dl abdlds mdusg f gtrg afsfmg dl abdlds md hdrjfmg7. Flfibjdhgs prb-hdrfhdltd dstgs jrjuigs vbjbgsgs.

6. Di jrjuig vbjbgsg md igs prgaidhfs djglhbjgs. Dstgs prg-aidhfs sd pudmdl jifsbstjfr dl mgs nrflmds fpfrtfmgs5 Igs prg-aidhfs mdi hdrjfmg y if jghdrjbfibzfjbl y di prgaidhf md ifrdltfabibmfm. Igs prgaidhfs mdi hdrjfmg y if jghdrjbfibzfjbldstl vbljuifmgs f if brrdnuifrbmfm mdi hdrjfmg (igs prdjbgs sdstefl md grhf ulbiftdrfi pgr ifs dhprdsfs fihfjdlbstfs), if nrfl

vfrbfjbl bltdrflufi md prdjbgs (ùdrtdhdltd blfiudljbfmgspgr if mdpdlmdljbf mdi hdrjfmg dxtdrbgr y ifs prgmujjbglds

QFMBJBGLFI (%) FJTFI (%) JFHABGZ (%)@GIJIGQD Hfngstg 20.=: =0.=: -4?.??

QBGZ Qbtgs rdibnbgsgs (rfhgs) :.4> ?.?? -:.4>

Qbtgs rdibnbgsgs (g`rdlmfs) ?.?? ?.?? ?.??

]faif 6:. Dvgiujbl md if jgstuhard y rbtgs trfmbjbglfids vbljuifmgs fi jfstfg



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=>TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG =>TL @T]TQG _FQF DI JFZ]FG

flufids dl if jghfrjf) y igs prdjbgs ndldrfihdltd afegs. Igsprgaidhfs md rdltfabibmfm dstl vbljuifmgs f igs afegs prdjbgsqud jglmbjbglfl ulf dsjfsf rdltfabibmfm md if fjtbvbmfm ig qud

cf iidvfmg f if mdsftdljbl y faflmglg md igs sgtgs. Tlf nrflpfrtd md igs sgtgs dstl mdsftdlmbmgs (sig sd rdjgndl ifs jfstf-fs) g dstl tgtfihdltd faflmglfmgs. rds jfusfs prbljbpfidsiidvfl f dstf sbtufjbl5 if afef rdltfabibmfm, hbjrgprgpbdmfm ymbspdrsbl md igs ragids dl di tdrrbtgrbg y fasdltbshg md igsprgpbdtfrbgs qud cfl cdrdmfmg igs jfstfgs. Fsgjbfmg f dstdfaflmglg dst if prmbmf md pgrtds prgmujtbvgs md igs rag-ids, hujcfs vdjds brrdvdrsbaid, fltd if jfsb ndldrfi fusdljbf mdpgmfs. Ig qud dl itbhf blstfljbf dst fjfaflmg blmbsjrbhblf-mfhdltd lg sig jgl if jfpfjbmfm prgmujtbvf md igs sgtgs sblgtfhabl jgl di sdltbmg pftrbhglbfi.

1. Di jrjuig vbjbgsg md igs prgaidhfs mdi jfstfbjuitgr (prg-pbdtfrbg). Zgl jfmf vdz hdlgs igs pgaifmgrds md igs dspfjbgsmglmd sd mdsfrrgiifl igs sgtgs y fmdhs su dlvdedjbhbdltgds fifrhfltd. Dstd dlvdedjbhbdltg fjdltf prgaidhfs sgjbg-inbjgs fsgjbfmgs f if bmbgsbljrfsbf md if pgaifjbl jghg mdi

blmbvbmufibshg g if `fitf md pdrsglfs dhprdlmdmgrfs d bllg-vfmgrfs. If fusdljbf md fsgjbfjbglbshg (pfrf md dlmdr prd-jbgs d bltdrdsds), if fitf md prg`dsbglfibzfjbl (sig jghg ulfpgrtd md rdltfs sdjulmfrbg) sgl prgaidhfs jfsb brrdsgiuaidsqud jglmujdl fi faflmglg. Dl finulfs zglfs di jfstfg sdcf dl`rdltfmg djglhbjfhdltd f ifs fjtbvbmfmds hbldrfs g fifs prdeuabifjbglds ig qud cf cdjcg qud igs blnrdsgs mdi jfs-tfg sd jglsbmdrdl jghg rbmjuigs. Dstg lgs iidvf md ludvg fulf fitf md jufibstjfjbl qud f if vdz rdpdrjutd, pgr dedhpig,

dl if `grhf md jglvbvdljbf jgl di jcfljrg.

:. Di jrjuig vbjbgsg md igs prgaidhfs md if jfstfbjui-turf. Di prgpbdtfrbg sd cf fmfptfmg f ifs jglmbjbglds mdrdltfabibmfm bhpudstfs pgr di hdrjfmg suprbhbdlmg ifs if-agrds md juitbvg g fpibjflmg cdrabjbmfs y ùdng pfrf fcg-rrfr tbdhpg. Dstf hfif jfstfbjuiturf iidvf f ul mdtdrbgrgfhabdltfi md igs sgtgs y f if prmbmf dl jfltbmfm y jfibmfmmd ifs jgsdjcfs (hdlgrds jfibards). Dstf mdnrfmfjbl fh-

abdltfi iidvf fpfrdefmf ulf prmbmf md usgs jghpidhdltf-rbgs jghg if rdjgnbmf md sdtfs g if prgmujjbl md hbdids.Ifs ùdrtds pdlmbdltds qud iidvfl f mbstjuitfr igs trfafegs

y f ulf mb` jbi hdjflbzfjbl md igs trfafegs y if dstrujturfmd if prgpbdmfm dxjdsbvfhdltd ftghbzfmf fhpibstjfl igsprgaidhfs.

Zd pudmdl rdsgivdr dstgs prgaidhfs7 Jrddhgs qud huymb`jbihdltd pgr ifs vfs mdi hdrjfmg y if prgmujjbl. Jghgsd cf mdhgstrfmg dl di dstumbg ifs rdfs md Di Abdrzg mglmddi rdjursg-jfstfg tbdld hs vbsgs md sgstdlbabibmfm fhabdl-tfi y djglhbjf ds mglmd di prgaidhf sgjbfi ds hs fifrhfl-td. Dxbstd ul bhpgrtfltd mdsfjgpifhbdltg tdrrbtgrbfi dltrd dijfpbtfi jfstfg y di jfpbtfi cuhflg ig qud mbstjuitf ifs bltdr-

vdljbglds md `grhf sdjtgrbfi.

Zdr ldjdsfrbg prgùlmbzfr dl if utbibzfjbl md cdrrfhbdl-tfs jghg if justgmbf tdrrbtgrbfi pfrf blvdrtbr y tutdifr tgmf dstfabgmbvdrsbmfm y tgmf dstf juiturf. Zig mdsmd ulf pdrspdjtbvfpftrbhglbfi pgmr pdlsfrsd dl sfivfr dstd pfbsfed. Dl mdstlbtb-

vf pdlsfhgs qud di fitsbhg vfigr pftrbhglbfi (lfturfi, juitu-rfi d cbstrbjg) md igs sgtgs md jfstfg cfjd ldjdsfrbg jfhabfrifs afsds md su jglsdrvfjbl. Qdbtdrfhgs qud ds huy mb`jbibltdltfr, jghg sd rdjgnd dl finulgs mgjuhdltgs blstbtujbglf-ids, jglsdrvfr igs sgtgs mdsmd ulf vbsbl prgmujtbvf y fnrgl-hbjf, ds ldjdsfrbg jglsdrvfr su afsd pftrbhglbfi, ds ldjdsfrbgpftrbhglbfibzfr ifs dstrftdnbfs.

Di pfbsfed md Di Abdrzg y sus jgstuhards dstl huy vbl-

juifmgs f if dxbstdljbf md dstf dspdjbd. Di jfstfg prgpgr-jbglf ul didvfmg lhdrg md brrdluljbfaids dxtdrlfibmfmdspgsbtbvfs. Vu sdrf md if jghfrjf md Di Abdrzg sbl di cdjcgmb`drdljbfi mdi jfstfg7, lg sdrf ulf jghfrjf dltrd hu-jcfs7. Di jfstfg dlvudivd y jgltdxtufibzf if bmbsbljrfjbf y ifmb`drdljbfabibmfm md if jghfrjf ig qud dl s hbshg eustbstjf-rf sgjbfi, fhabdltfi y djglhbjfhdltd su jglsdrvfjbl. Dijdlsg rdfibzfmg jftfignf y dvfif dstd pftrbhglbg iidnflmg fjglsbmdrfr f igs sgtgs md Di Abdrzg jghg ulf md ifs hdegrds



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rdprdsdltfjbglds md fragifmg hgluhdltfi md if Tlbl Du-rgpdf y ulg md sus pfbsfeds juiturfids hs rdidvfltds.

Ds ldjdsfrbf y urndltd if rdmfjjbl md ul _ifl md Jglsdr-vfjbl d`djtbvg y jggrmblfmg mdsmd ulf pdrspdjtbvf pftrb-hglbfi, afsfmg dl rbnurgsgs flibsbs lg dl bmdfs prdjgljd-abmfs. Dl dstd sdltbmg di jdlsg difagrfmg qud lg cf pgmbmgjgljiubrsd mdabmg f if `fitf md hdmbgs djglhbjgs, fpgrtfifs afsds tdrrbtgrbfids (jbdltstjfs y tjlbjfs) pfrf jglgjdr y

vfigrfr hdegr di pftrbhglbg jfstfg.

0. FNQFMDJBHBDL]GZ

gmg dstd trfafeg lg cuabdrf sbmg pgsbaid sbl if jgifagrf-jbl pdrsglfi d blstbtujbglfi. Mdsmd dstd pultg md vbstf, di

Jglsdeg Jghfrjfi mdi Abdrzg, if Fsgjbfjbl F Hgrtdbrf,y if @ulmfjbl Ndldrfi md if Tlbvdrsbmfm md Idl y md ifDhprdsf (@NTIDH) cfl mdsfrrgiifmg mdsmd 1??4 ul jgl-

vdlbg hfrjg md trfafeg qud cf sdrvbmg md sgpgrtd cuhflgy stlfljbdrg pfrf dstgs trfafegs. If jglt

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