FASE PERTUMBUHAN KUMAN

Dosen : Jatnita Parama Tjita

Apabila kuman ditumbuhkan dalam media cair kemudian diukur jumlah selnya

setiap jam, maka akan didapatkan gambaran pertumbuhan kuman sebagai berikut:

a. Fase penyesuaian (lag fase)

Berlangsung selama 2 jam, kuman belum berkembang biak, fase penyesuaian

dengan lingkungan yang baru.

Persiapan sel membelah, peningkatan volume dan mass, peningkatan sintesa enzim-

protein.

b. Fase pembelahan (fase logaritmik atau eksponensial) Kuman berkembang biak dengan pembelahan secara binner fusion, pembelahan

terjadi secara teratur, jumlah kuman meningkat reguler, kecepatannya geometric ,

umumnya berlangsung 18-24 jam. Pada fase ini pertumbuhan kuman sangat ideal,

eksponensial growth disebut juga GENERATION TIME (doubling time)

Table 7 Generation times for some common bacteria under optimal conditions of

growth.

Bacterium Medium Generation Time (minutes)

Escherichia coli Glucose-salts 17

Bacillus megaterium Sucrose-salts 25

Streptococcus lactis Milk 26

Streptococcus lactis Lactose broth 48

Staphylococcus aureus Heart infusion broth 27-30

Lactobacillus acidophilus Milk 66-87

Rhizobium japonicum Mannitol-salts-yeast extract 344-461

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Synthetic 792-932

Treponema pallidum Rabbit testes 1980

Faktor yang berpengaruh :

- medium pertumbuhan - kondisi inkubasi

c. Fase stationer (Stationary phase) Dengan meningkatnya jumlah kuman, maka terjadi akumulasi jumlah hasil

metabolisme yang bersifat toksik bagi kuman, bekurangnya ketersediaan nutrisi-

biological space , saat ini banyak ditemukan kuman mulai mati, pertumbuhan

terhambat. Pada suatu saat akan terjadi jumlah kuman yang hidup tetap sama.

Dengan kondisi lingkungan yang memburuk

Mulai pembentukan spora

d. Fase kemunduran/penurunan (period of decline) Jumlah kuman yang hidup berkurang dan menurun. Keadaan lingkungan menjadi

sangat jelek. Pada beberapa kuman timbul bentuk-bentuk jelek. (bentuk involusi)

NOMENKLATUR, TAKSONOMI

NOMENKLATUR BINOMIAL

PEMBERIAN NAMA SECARA ILMIAH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN

BINAMIA (2 NAMA) ; LINNAEUS =>INTERNASIONAL

SATU SPESIES : 2 KATA

1. KATA PERTAMA (DULU) GENUS, KATA KE DUA EPITHETON SPECIFICUM

2. KATA PERTAMA DIMULAI HURUF KAPITAL/BESAR , KATA KEDUA HURUF KECIL

3. KATA PERTAMA DAN KE DUA DIRANGKAI MENJADI

4. KE DUA KATA SELALU ITALIC/UNDERLIN TIDAK BOLEH KEDUANYA

5. GENUS BISA DIPAKAI TUNGGAL SEDANGKAN E.S. TIDAK

6. GENUS MENERANGKAN SIFAT : NAMA BARU/PENEMU YANG DILATINKAN

7. GENUS DAPAT DISNGKAT,

TIDAK BOLEH DISINGKAT PERTAMA KALI DALAM PENULISAN

SINGKATAN HARUS DIIKUTI E.S.

CONTOH :

(a) Bacillus cereus (b) Bacillus subtilis (c) Balantidium coli (an amoeba) (d) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (e) Corynebacterium xerosis (f) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (g) Neisseria meningitidis (h) Rickettsia rickettsii (i) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) (j) Shigella dysenteriae (k) Shigella sonnei (l) Staphylococcus epidermidis (m) Streptococcus mutans

TAKSONOMI

ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI TENTANG KLASIFIKASI ORGANISME

KLASIFIKASI : PENGGOLONGAN ORGANISME KE DALAM KELOMPOK

TAKSA/TAXA BERDASARKAN KEMIRIPAN (HUBUNGANNYA)

TAKSA :

A. SATU KELOMPOK/SATU GOLONGAN ORGANISME YANG SALING BERKERABAT

B. TINGKATAN KELOMPOK DARI RENDAH => TINGGI TERENDAH ……SPESIES

TERTINGG…….. DOMAIN

C. KUNCI KARAKTERISTIK TAXA : TAXA TINGKAT YANG LEBIH RENDAH (EX.SPESIES) ANTAR ANGGOTA

DALAM KELMPOK

LEBIH SIMILAR DIBANDINGKAN ANTAR ANGGOTA DALAM

KLELOMPOK PADA TINGKAT TAXA YANG LEBIH TINGGI (EX.

KINGDOM, DOMAIN)

D. TAXA : DINAMIC => PENGETAHUAN O DAN PERUBAHAN HUBUNGAN EVOLUSI

KLASIFIKASI (DASAR)

A.STRUKTUR/MORFOLOGI

…….MIKROSKOPIS(PEWARNAAN),MAKROSKOPIS (KOLONI)

B. FISIOLOGI ………….KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN, TEMPERATUR,Ph

C. BIOKIMIA………..SUSUNAN BIOKIMIA, METABOLIT

E.GENETIKA

Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) grouped life forms as either plant or animal. Microscopic organisms were unknown.

Plants Animals

Plants Animals

Fungi

In 1735 Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus formalized the use of two Latin names to identify each organism, a

system called binomial nomenclature. He grouped closely related organisms and introduced the modern classification groups: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Single-celled organisms were

observed but not classified.

Kingdom: Plantae Animalia

Organisms: Plants Animals

Fungi

In 1866 German biologist Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom, Protista, to include all single-celled organisms.

Some taxonomists also placed simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds, in Kingdom Protista. Bacteria, which lack nuclei, were placed in a separate group within Protista called Monera.

Kingdom: Protista Plantae Animalia

Organisms: All single-celled organisms, such as

amoebas and diatoms, and sometimes simple

Plants Animals

multicellular organisms

such as seaweeds.

In 1938 American biologist Herbert Copeland proposed a fourth kingdom, Monera, to include only bacteria. This was the first classification proposal to separate organisms without nuclei, called prokaryotes, from organisms with

nuclei, called eukaryotes, at the kingdom level.

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

Kingdom:

Monera

(Prokaryote) Protista Plantae Animalia

Organisms: Bacteria Amoebas, diatoms, and other single-

celled eukaryotes, and sometimes

simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds.

Plants Fungi

Animals

In 1957 American biologist Robert H. Whittaker proposed a fifth kingdom, Fungi, based on fungi’s unique structure

and method of obtaining food. Fungi do not ingest food as animals do, nor do they make their own food, as plants do; rather, they secrete digestive enzymes around their food and then absorb it into their cells.

Kingdom: Monera (Prokaryote) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Organisms: Bacteria Amoebas, diatoms,

and other single-celled eukaryotes,

Multicellular,

filamentous organisms that

Multicellular

organisms that obtain food

Multicellular

organisms that ingest

and sometimes

simple multicellular organisms, such as

seaweeds.

absorb food through

photosynthesis

food

In 1990 American molecular biologist Carl Woese proposed a new category, called a Domain, to reflect evidence from nucleic acid studies that more precisely reveal evolutionary, or family, relationships. He suggested three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya, based largely on the type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cells.

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

Domain: Archaea Bacteria Eucarya

Kingdom: Crenarchaeota Euryachaeota Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Organisms: Ancient bacteria that produce methane

Ancient bacteria that grow in high temperatures

Diagram of the Modern Classification Scheme:

The information for each kingdom refers to the questions in "Format for Classification," seen below.

KLASIFIKASI BAKTERI BERDASARKAN BERGEY’S MANUAL

Genera Species Category Disease

Treponema pallidum spirochete syphilis

Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete Lyme disease

Campylobacter Aerobic,

motile, helical,

Gram-negative

[campylobacteriosis]

Helicobacter pylori Aerobic,

motile, helical,

Gram-negative

peptic ulcer disease

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-negative

aerobic rods

and cocci

urinary tract

infections, burns,

and wounds

Legionella Gram-negative

aerobic rods

and cocci

pneumonia and

other respiratory

infections

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gram-negative

aerobic rods

and cocci

gonorrhea;

meningitis &

nasopharylngeal

infections by other

species

Moraxella lacunata Gram-negative

aerobic rods

and cocci

conjunctivitis

Bordetella pertussis Gram-negative

aerobic rods

and cocci

whooping cough

(pertussis)

Escherichia coli Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

opportunistic

infections of colon

and other sites

Shigella [dysenteriae,

sonnei]

Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

bacillary dysentery

Salmonella typhimurium Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

typhoid fever,

enteritis, and food

poisoning

Klebsiella pneumoniae Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

respiratory and

urinary tract

infections

Enterobacter aerogenes Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

opportunistic

infections

Serratia marcescens Facultatively

anaerobic

opportunistic

infections

http://www.google.com/search?q=genus+treponema&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22treponema-pallidum%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#spirochetes#spirocheteshttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22syphilis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/tre_pall.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/tre_pall.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+helicobacter&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22borrelia+burgdorferi%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#spirochetes#spirocheteshttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22lyme+disease%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bor_burg.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bor_burg.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+campylobacter&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteria#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteriahttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteria#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteriahttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteria#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteriahttp://chemdat1.ehs.colostate.edu/LARmanual/campylob.htmhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/cam_fetu.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/cam_fetu.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+helicobacter&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22helicobacter+pylori%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteria#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteriahttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteria#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteriahttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteria#aerobic_motile_gram_negative_bacteriahttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22peptic+ulcer+disease%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/hel_pylo.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/hel_pylo.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+pseudomonas&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22pseudomonas+aeruginosa%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pse_aeru.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pse_aeru.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+legionella&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/legionel.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/legionel.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+neisseria&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22neisseria+gonorrhoeae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22gonorrhea%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/nei_gono.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/nei_gono.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+moraxella&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22moraxella+lacunata%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22conjunctivitis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/mor_lacu.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/mor_lacu.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+bordetella&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22bordetella+pertussis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_cocci#gram_negative_aerobic_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22whooping+cough%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22pertussis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bor_pert.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bor_pert.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+escherichia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22Escherichia+coli%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/esc_coli.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/esc_coli.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+shigella&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22Shigella+dysenteriae%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22Shigella+sonnei%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/shi_flex.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/shi_flex.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+salmonella&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22salmonella+typhimurium%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22typhoid+fever%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/sal_typh.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/sal_typh.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+klebsiella&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22klebsiella+pneumoniae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/kle_pneu.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/kle_pneu.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+enterobacter&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22enterobacter+aerogenes%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ent_aero.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ent_aero.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+serratia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22serratia+marcescens%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ser_marc.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ser_marc.wav

Gram-negative

rods

Proteus vulgaris Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

urinary tract

infections,

especially

nosocomial

Yersinia pestis Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

plague

Vibrio cholerae Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

cholera

Pasteurella Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

Haemophilus influenzae Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

respiratory

infections,

meningitis,

conjunctivitis

Gardnerella Facultatively

anaerobic

Gram-negative

rods

vaginitis

Bacteroides Anaerobic

Gram-negative

rod

various infections

from fecal

contamination

Rickettsia [prowazekii,

rickettsii]

Rickettsia and

Chlamydiae

typhus, Rocky

Mountain spotted

fever

Chlamydia [trachomatis] Rickettsia and

Chlamydiae

trachoma,

nongonococcal

urethritis

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasmas walking pneumonia

Staphylococcus aureus Gram-positive

cocci

skin abscesses,

opportunistic

infections such as

toxic shock

syndrome

Streptococcus [pyogenes] Gram-positive

cocci

strep throat and

other infections,

puerperal fever =

childbirth fever

[Micrococcus] [luteus] Gram-positive

cocci

Bacillus anthracis Endospore-

forming Gram-

positive rods

anthrax

http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+proteus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22proteus+vulgaris%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pro_vulg.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pro_vulg.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+yersinia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22yersinia+pestis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=plague&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/yer_pest.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/yer_pest.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+vibrio&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22vibrio+cholerae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=cholera&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/vib_chol.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/vib_chol.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+pasteurella&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pasteure.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/pasteure.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+haemophilus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22haemophilus+influenzae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=meningitis&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=conjunctivitis&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/hae_infl.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/hae_infl.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+gardnerella&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rods#facultatively_anaerobic_gram_neg_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=vaginitis&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/gardnere.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/gardnere.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+bacteroides&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#anaerobic_gram_negative_rods#anaerobic_gram_negative_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#anaerobic_gram_negative_rods#anaerobic_gram_negative_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#anaerobic_gram_negative_rods#anaerobic_gram_negative_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bacteroi.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bacteroi.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+rickettsia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rickettsia+prowazekii%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rickettsia+rickettsii%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#rickettsia#rickettsiahttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#rickettsia#rickettsiahttp://www.google.com/search?q=typhus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rocky+mountain+spotted+fever%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rocky+mountain+spotted+fever%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22rocky+mountain+spotted+fever%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ric_prow.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/ric_prow.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+chlamydia&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22chlamydia+trachomatis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#chlamydiae#chlamydiaehttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#chlamydiae#chlamydiaehttp://www.google.com/search?q=trachoma&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22nongonococcal+urethritis%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22nongonococcal+urethritis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/chl_trac.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/chl_trac.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+mycoplasma&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycoplasma+pneumoniae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#mycoplasmas#mycoplasmashttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22walking+pneumonia%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_pneu.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_pneu.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+staphylococcus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22staphylococcus+aureus%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22toxic+shock+syndrome%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22toxic+shock+syndrome%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/sta_aure.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/sta_aure.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+streptococcus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22streptococcus+pyogenes%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=%22strep+throat%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22puerpera+fever%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22childbirth+fever%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/str_pyog.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/str_pyog.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+micrococcus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22micrococcus+luteus%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#gram_positive_cocci#gram_positive_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/mic_lute.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+bacillus&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22bacillus+anthracis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=anthrax&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bac_anth.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/bac_anth.wav

and cocci

Clostridium [botulinum,

difficile, tetani,

perfringens]

Endospore-

forming Gram-

positive rods

and cocci

botulism, tetanus,

gas gangrene

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Irregular

nonsporing

Gram-positive

rods

diphtheria

Mycobacterium [tuberculosis,

leprae,

paratuberculosis]

Mycobacteria tuberculosis, leprosy

(Hanson's disease)

Streptomyces Streptomyces

I. EUBACTERIA GRAM NEGATIF BERDINDING SEL …..GRACILICUTES

(2) Spirochetes (a) Gram-negative, helical, move by axial filaments (b) [spiral forms] [index]

(3) Aerobic, motile, helical, Gram-negative bacteria (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Move by flagella (i.e., as opposed to axial filaments) (ii) Helical or comma-shaped

(b) (c) [Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Over

50% of the world is infected with H. pylori. It has also been implicated to play a

role in stomach cancer. This bacterium lives deep in the mucous layer of the

stomach but does not invade the gastric mucosa… Campylobacter is the most

common bacterial cause of diarrheal disease in humans in North America. The

most typical form of transmission is food-borne, through chicken products. The

bacterium is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped rod that is flagellated on both ends to

enable it to move through the thick viscid mucosa of the jejunum, allowing it to

invade the instestinal epithelial cells.]

(d) [spiral forms] [index] (4) Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Some are obligate parasites (5) Facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Many can be distinguished by their characteristic fermentation reactions

http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+clostridium&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22clostridium+botulinum%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22clostridium+difficile%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22clostridium+tetani%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&safe=off&q=%22clostridium+perfringens%22http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_cocci#endospore_gram_pos_rods_and_coccihttp://www.google.com/search?q=botulism&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=tetanus&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/clostrid.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/clostrid.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+corynebacterium&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22corynebacterium+diphtheriae%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rods#irregular_nonsporing_gram_positive_rodshttp://www.google.com/search?q=diphtheria=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/cor_diph.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/cor_diph.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+mycobacterium&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+tuberculosis%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+leprae%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+paratuberculosis%22&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22mycobacterium+paratuberculosis%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#mycobacteria#mycobacteriahttp://www.google.com/search?q=tuberculosis&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=leprosy&num=10http://www.google.com/search?q=%22hanson%27s+disease%22&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_lepr.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/myc_lepr.wavhttp://www.google.com/search?q=genus+streptomyces&num=10http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/black09.htm#streptomyces#streptomyceshttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/streptom.wavhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/streptom.wavhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1spiral.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.biotech.ubc.ca/faculty/finlay/other.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1spiral.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htm

(b) [the E. coli index (The University of Birmingham)] [frequently asked questions about plague] [index]

(6) Anaerobic Gram-negative rods (7) Rickettsia and Chlamydiae (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Intracellular parasites (b) [Rickettia literature] [index] II. EUBAKTERIA TIDAK BERDINDING/SEDIKIT BERDINDING

….TENERICUTES

(8) Mycoplasmas (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Lack cell walls (ii) Extremely small

III. EUBAKTERIA GRAM POSITIF BERDINDING SEL…….FURMICUTES

(9) Gram-positive cocci (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Non-spore forming (ii) Pyogenic (pus-forming)

(10) Endospore-forming Gram-positive rods and cocci (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Aerobic to strictly anaerobic (b) [endospore stain of genus Bacillus] [endospore stain of Clostridium tetani]

[index]

(11) Irregular nonsporing Gram-positive rods (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Pleomorphic or club-shaped (12) Mycobacteria/Molicutes (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Gram-positive (evolutionary relationship) (ii) Acid fast (staining characteristic)

(b) [acid-fast cell wall] [index] (13) Streptomyces…..Actinomycetes (a) Additional characteristics:

(i) Gram-positive (ii) Filamentous [image, filamentous bacterium] (iii) Antibiotic producer

KLASIFIKASI GENETIK ……….HOMOLOGI GENETIK ANTAR ORGANISME

HUBUNGAN EVOLUSI =>FILOGENETIK

- BASE COMPOSITION - DNA& RNA SEQUENCING - DNA HYBRIDIZATION

http://sun1.bham.ac.uk/bcm4ght6/res.htmlhttp://www.bham.ac.uk/http://www.outbreak.org/cgi-unreg/dynaserve.exe/Plague/faq.htmlhttp://www.outbreak.org/cgi-unreg/dynaserve.exe/Plague/faq.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.pedid.uthscsa.edu/Rickettsia.htmhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/endobacd.htmlhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/endoclos.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1fig11.htmlhttp://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/microbiology.htmhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/actino.html

TAKSONOMI NUMERIK (KOMPUTER, FENETIK , TAKSOMETRIK)

-MENGEMBANGKAN PERSAMAAN, KEMIRIPAN, DAN PERBEDAAN

KARAKTERISTIK ANTAR STRAIN DALAM

SATU SPESIES

-MENGGUNAKAN KOMPUTER

-DASAR KARAKTERISTIK SECARA GENETIKA

- PHILOGENETIC TREE /DICHOTMOUS TREE

- JACCARD SIMILARITY COEFFICIENT (SJ)

Sj = _______A_________

A + B + C

- SIMPLE MATCHING COEFFICIENT (Ssm) Ssm = _______A_________

A + B + C + D

A JUMLAH SIFAT* YANG ADA PD KE 2 STRAIN

B ----------------,,------------------ PD STRAIN I SAJA

C ----------------,,------------------ PD STRAIN 2 SAJA

D ---------------,,--------------TIDAK ADA PD KE 2 STRAIN

-TEHNIK : PHAGA TYPING

PROTEIN PROFILE (SDS PAGE : ELEKTROPHORESIS AKRILAMID

GEL NATRIUM DUODESIL SULFAT)

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION (EX; REAKTIVITAS ANTIBODI

MONOKLONAK DGN EPITOP LPS)

PFGE (PULSE FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS)

SOUTHERN BLOT (ENDONUKLEASE=> AGAROSE GEL

ELEK.=>SELAPUT NITROSELULOSE/NILON

RFLPs (RESTRICTION FRAGMEN LENGT POLIMORFISM)=>

PENANDA 16s, 23 s RNA

TIPE STRAIN …..AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION /ATCC

NOMENKLATUR, TAKSONOMINOMENKLATUR BINOMIALTAKSONOMIKLASIFIKASI GENETIK ……….HOMOLOGI GENETIK ANTAR ORGANISMEHUBUNGAN EVOLUSI =>FILOGENETIK

TAKSONOMI NUMERIK (KOMPUTER, FENETIK , TAKSOMETRIK)- JACCARD SIMILARITY COEFFICIENT (SJ)Sj = _______A_________