essential oil - universitas lampungstaff.unila.ac.id/sugiharto/files/2015/03/trma-bagian-4.pdf ·...

ESSENTIAL OIL

MINYAK ATSIRI

Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung

VOLATILE OIL

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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


BAHAN BACAAN

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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


DEFINISI dan FUNGSIDEFINISI:• Produk yang berupa campuran bahan-bahan volatil (mudah

menguap) yang dihasilkan oleh organisme hidup dan diisolasi secara fisik (pengepresan atau destilasi). (ISO/DIS 9235.2)

• Produk volatil (mudah menguap) yang menghasilkan bau, dihasilkan secara destilasi (water or steam) atau secara mekanis (pressing), berasal dari satu species. (Gerhard Buchbauer)

KOMPONEN UTAMA:a. Minyak bumi - (hidrokarbon)b. Minyak/lemak pangan - (asam lemak)c. Minyak Atsiri - (terpen; mono-, sesqui-, di-, triterpen)

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FUNGSI (TANAMAN):a. Internal messenger (pembawa pesan) dan growth regulator

(pengatur pertumbuhan).b. Repellent (untuk pertahanan melawan musuh alami;

herbovora, serangga, jamur, dan bakteri).c. Attractive (daya tarik bagi serangga).d. Penyembuh luka (tanaman), mencegah penguapan air,

antioksidan.

FUNGSI (INDUSTRI):a. Odoran - fragrance (kosmetik, parfum, sabun, detergen,

produk industri lainnya).b. Flavor (bakery, cenfectionaries, candies, meat, pickles, soft

drinks, dan produk pangan lainnya).c. Farmasi (obat-obatan).

MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


FUNGSI (MANUSIA):• Mempengaruhi body melalui penghirupan (inhalation),

pengolesan pada kulit (skin application), dan konsumsi (ingestion).

• Menyebabkan: perasaan tenang, relaks, atau terangsang.• Mengurangi rasa nyeri, menyembuhkan luka dan radang, dan

mengehentikan kejang.• Mendukung dan menyeimbangkan banyak sistem dalam tubuh - (peredaran darah, pencernaan, pernapasan, saraf, endokrin, dan reproduksi).

• Antioksidan dengan mengikat radikal bebas - memperlambat proses penuaan dan kanker.

• Skala ini disebut ORAC = Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity. Semakin tinggi skor ORAC, semakin besar kemampuan mengikat radikal bebas.

• Meningkatkan oksigen dalam sel - (menyebabkan peningkatan antibodi, endorfin, dan neurotransmiter)

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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


Antioxidant (ORAC) Scores for Selected Essential OilsSandalwood 160Juniper 250Frankincense 630Cistus (Rose of Sharon) 3,860Cinnamon Bark 10,340Cassia 15,170Balsam Fir 20,500Hyssop 20,900Cypress 24,300Myrtle 25,400Galbanum 26,200Spikenard 54,800Rose 160,400Cedarwood 169,00Myrrh 379,800Clove 1,078,700

From the Essential Oils Desk Reference, 4th Edition

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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


SIFAT FISIK DAN KIMIAKOMPONEN KIMIA:a. Terpen dan turunannya.

• α-terpinene, α-pinene, camphene, limonene, dan phellandrene.

• Memberikan aroma rempah segar, seperti: floral, earthy, piney, sweet, atau spicy.

b. Rantai hidrokarbon mengandung oksigen.• Linalool, citronellol, geraniol, carveol, menthol, borneol,

fenchone, dan tumerone.• Memberikan aroma khas rempah.

c. Benzen dan turunannya.• Alkohol, asam, phenol, ester, dan lactone.• memberikan aroma seperti: sweet, creamy, dan floral.

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KOMPONEN KIMIA:d. Komponen mengandung Nitrogen dan/atau sulfur.

• Indole, hydrogen sulfide, methyl propyl disulfide, dan sinapine hydrogen sulfate.

• Memberikan aroma khas sperti; onion, garlic, mustard, dan citrus.

MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


Minyak Atsiri:• Larut dalam alkohol dan eter, sedikit larut dalam air.• Memberikan intensitas aroma lebih tinggi dibandingkan

dengan rempah segar.• Sangat pekat (concentrated), 75-100 kali pada rempah segar.• Aromanya tidak selengkap rempah segar, tetapi mengandung

komponen utama.• Penggunaannya sangat sedikit (0,01% - 0,05%).

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KIMIA MINYAK ATSIRI . . .

6 Spice Science and Technology

III. FLAVOR

A. Flavor Components

A spice is a plant composed of fiber, sugar, fat, protein, ash, gum, essential oils, andother components. Among these components, it is the volatile essential oil thatimparts to a spice its particular flavor Essential oils consist not of a single chemicalcompound, but of a number of compounds. Spice aromas and flavors differ subtlyaccording to the amount of essential oil and the proportion of each compoundcontained in it. For this reason there may be delicate differences among differentsamples of the same spice. In general, the flavor characteristics of two spicesbelonging to the same botanical category differ according to where it is grown,harvest timing, and other factors, even if their appearance is similar. Table 1.4 liststhe major components of the essential oils of some spices.

TABLE 1.4 Chemical Compounds Contained in Essential Oils of Spices

Copyright © 1998 by Marcel Dekker


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KOMPONEN KIMIA: TERPEN (TERPENOID) DAN TURUNANNYA

• Merupakan komponen terbanyak dalam minyak atsiri.• Menghasilkan aroma menyenangkan, rasa spicy, dan

mempunyai aktivitas farmasi.

• Hewan (serangga) mensintesis terpen (dari tanaman) untuk produksi hormon dan pheromone.

• Terdapat lebih dari 30 000 jenis terpen sudah diketahui.

• Struktur dasar terpen adalah rantai karbon yang menpunyai 5 atom karbon (5C)n, disebut Isopren atau isoprenoid (2 metil - 1,3 - butadien) - (C5H8)n.

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TERPEN (TERPENOID):➡ Tergantung pada jumlah subunit Isopren (2-methylbutadien),

terpen dap at dibedakan menjadi: Hemiterpen (C5), monoterpen (C10), sesquiterpen (C15), diterpen (C20), sesterterpen (C25), triterpen (C30), tetraterpene (C40), and politerpen bila (C5)n, n > 8.

➡ Terpen ada yang berantai lurus (alifatik) dan membentuk cicin (aromatis).

➡ Secara alami, terpen dalam bentuk alkohol (-OH), eter (-o-), aldehid (-CHO), keton (-CO-), asam karboksilat (-COOH), dan aster (-COO-).

➡ Senyawa terpen lainnya mengandung gugus fungsional: sulfida (-S-S-, -SH).

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2 1 Terpenes: Importance, General Structure, and Biosynthesis

1.2 General Structure: The Isoprene Rule About 30 000 terpenes are known at present in the literature 2-7. Their basic struc-ture follows a general principle: 2-Methylbutane residues, less precisely but usually also referred to as isoprene units, (C5)n , build up the carbon skeleton of terpenes; this is the isoprene rule 1 found by RUZICKA and WALLACH (Table 1). Therefore, terpenes are also denoted as isoprenoids. In nature, terpenes occur predominantly as hydrocarbons, alcohols and their glycosides, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carbox-ylic acids and esters.

Table 1. Parent hydrocarbons of terpenes (isoprenoids).

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene (Isoprene)

Poly-terpenes

Tetra-

Tri-

Sester-

Di-

Sesqui-

Mono-

Hemi-

tail

tail

head

(C5)n

C40

C30

C25

C20

C15

C10

C5

all-trans-Polyisoprene (Guttapercha)n

\,\-Carotene

2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosane (Squalane)

2,6,10,14,18-Pentamethylicosane

2,6,10,14-Tetramethylhexadecane (Phytane)

2,6,10-Trimethyldodecane (Farnesane)

2,6-Dimethyloctane

2-Methylbutane

tail

tail

tail

tailhead

tail

head

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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


METODE EKSTRAKSIPemilihan motode tergantung pada:

• Sifat bahan baku, • Stabilitas kimia bahan penyusun minyak atsiri,• Kharakteristik produk akhir.

Metode untuk mendapatkan minyak atsiri:1. Pengepresan (Expression):

• Digunakan untuk yang sensitif terhadap panas.• Citrus, lemon, orange (peel) oils.

2. Ekstraksi (solvent or supercritical fluid extraction):• Digunakan untuk bunga (kadar M.A. sangat rendah)• Menggunakan alkohol atau pelarut organik.

3. Destilasi (water or steam destillation):• Metode paling ekonomis.

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MINYAK ATSIRI . . .


METODE DESTILASI1. HYDRO- /WATER DISTILLATION.

• Metode distilasi paling murah dan sederhana.• Bahan tanaman dicampurkan ke dalam air, kemudian

dipanaskan hingga mendidih.• Bagian bawah ketel, dilapisi lempeng berlubang, mencegah

bahan kontak langsung dengan dasar ketel.• Mutu minyak atsiri rendah, karena kontak langsung dengan

panas dan air - reaksi hidrolisis ester.• Sebagian komponen larut dalam air (ogygeated

compounds).• Slow proses.• Harga alat murah dan desain sederhana.

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METODE DISTILASI …


x� Water distillation is a slower extraction process than the other two distillation tyefficient.

pes and therefore less energy

suspended in the water.

he water-distilled oils are nly darker in colour and have stronger still ‘off-note’ dours than oils produced the other meth nd therefore tend to be of the lowest alue. The disadvantages of the water distillation method would generally outweigh the dvantages except for local t use.

steam-and-water distill e basic st ar to that of water istillation (Figure 8). The plant material is packed into the still pot sitting on a grill or erforated plate above the boiling water. The capacity of the still pot volume is reduced but may le to achieve a high packing density because the plant material is not uspen e water. The advantages of steam and water distillat r istillation are as follows:

of the still fr

x� The effect of refluxing is minimised. x� Oil quality more reproducible. x� Faster process so more energy efficient.

x� The only advantage of water distillation is the cost of the equipment tends to be extremely low and the designs of the stills, condensers and oil separator are simple so they can operate and be maintained in very remote locations.

Figure 7: Diagrammatic representation of water distillation unit where the plant material is

T commoo by ods, ava marke In ation th ill design is very simildpit be possib

d ths ed in ion over wated

x� Higher oil yield. x� Oil component less susceptible to change due to wetness and thermal conductivity

om the heat source.

Still pot

Plant Material & Water

Oil Separator

(For oils lighter than water)

Condenser

water

Oil

Condensate water

Fir

PerforatedGrid

e

Still pot

Removable lid

Material & Water

OilSeparator

(For oils lighter than water)

(coiled tubular) CoolingPlant

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HYDRO- /WATER DISTILLATION.

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2. WATER AND STEAM DISTILATTION.• Bahan tanaman diletakan pada permukaan yang

berlubang (perforated surface) di atas air dalam ketel.• Air dan bahan tidak kontak langsung.• Keuntungan:

➡ Rendemen lebih tinggi.➡ Kerusakan minyak atsiri berkurang - hidrolisis dan

komponen terlarut berkurang.➡ Mutu minyak lebih baik dan konstan (reproducible).➡ Proses lebih cepat.➡ Penggunaan energi lebih effisien.

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WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION.

Figure 8: Diagrammatic representation of a steam and water distillation unit with a baffle to prevent

Ste tside the ll

Figure 9: Diagrammatic representation of steam distillation unit.

direct water contact with the plant material on the perforated grid.

am distillation is the process of distilling plant material with the steam generated ou sti in a stand-alone boiler (Figure 9).

Removable lid

Plant Condenser

Material(Multi Tube)

Coolingwater

Oil

Condensate water

Direct Steam

Steam oileB

Heating jacket Oil separator

than water) (for oils lighter

Removable lid

Plant Condenser


Coolingwater

Oil

Condensate water

Direct Steam

Steam Boiler


than water)

Condensate water

Plant Material &

Oil

Condenser (Coiled tubular)

Separator

Cooling water

Oil

Fire

Wate

Stea

Ball Cock Water level

Control

Baffle orAnti-splash grid

Removable lid

Water

Steam

Water &

(for oils lighter

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3. DIRECT STEAM DISTILATTION.• Sistem destilasi yang menggunakan steam dari luar

ketel (ketel tidak menghasilkan uap).• Bahan tanaman diletakan pada permukaan berlubang,

sama dengan water and steam destillation.• Keuntungan dan kerugian:

➡ Jumlah dan kondisi steam mudah diatur.➡ Kerusakan akibat over heating dapat dicegah

(<100oC).➡ Dapat dalam skala besar - lebih ekonomis.➡ Biaya investasi besar.➡ Diperlukan tenaga kerga terlatih dan terampil.

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DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATTION.

Figure 8: Diagrammatic representation of a steam and water distillation unit with a baffle to prevent

Ste tside the ll

Figure 9: Diagrammatic representation of steam distillation unit.

direct water contact with the plant material on the perforated grid.

am distillation is the process of distilling plant material with the steam generated ou sti in a stand-alone boiler (Figure 9).

Removable lid

Plant Condenser


Coolingwater

Oil

Condensate water

Direct Steam

Steam oileB


than water) (for oils lighter

Removable lid

Plant Condenser


Coolingwater

Oil

Condensate water

Direct Steam

Steam Boiler


than water)

Condensate water

Plant Material &

Oil

Condenser (Coiled tubular)

Separator

Cooling water

Oil

Fire

Wate

Stea

Ball Cock Water level

Control

Baffle orAnti-splash grid

Removable lid

Water

Steam

Water &

(for oils lighter

29

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essential oil - universitas lampungstaff.unila.ac.id/sugiharto/files/2015/03/trma-bagian-4.pdf ·...

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