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CHAPTER 1

Introduction toBasic of Telecommunication

1


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Basic Communication System

1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency,Bandwidth

1.3 Others

now


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What is

COMMUNICATION

?


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communication

4

Communication : To transfer

information from one place to another


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communication

5




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communication

6




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misscommunication

7

Pinguin


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What is

INFORMATION

?


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WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Information is a sequence of symbols that can be

interpreted as a message. Information can berecorded as signs, or transmitted as signals.Conceptually, information is the message (utteranceor expression) being conveyed. The meaning of thisconcept varies in different contexts


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People communicated by

natural senses of hearing

and sight.

10

How do you want to send data/information to someone?


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People communicated by

natural senses of hearing

and sight.

11

How do you want to send data/information to someone?


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12

How do you want to send data/information to someonewho is far from you?


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Now,

COMMUNICATION OVER LONG DISTANCES is very easy.

13


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14

How do you want to send data/information to someonewho is far from you?

NOW.. Various communication technology

are available and ready to help us


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15

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HISTORY 1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.

1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland) 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.

1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic field theory.

1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph.

1906 Radio communication system was invented.

1923 Television was invented.

1938 Radar and microwave was invented for World War II. 1950 TDM was invented.

1956 First telephone cable was installed across Atlantic.

1960 Laser was invented

1962 Satellite communication

1969 Internet DARPA

1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber. 1975 Digital telephone was introduced.

1985 Facsimile machine.

1988 Installation of Pacific-Atlantic fiber optic cable.

1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.

1998 Digital Television.


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TELE.. The words "tele", "phon", and "graph" are derived from

Greek.

Tele means at a distance

Phon means sound or speech

Graph - means writing or drawing

Therefore, telecommunication means communication at a

distance.

This can be done through wires called transmission lines or

through atmosphere by a radio link (wireless). Otherexamples include:

Telephone speaking at a distance

Telegraph writing at a distance

Television seeing at a distance

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(TELE)communication


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CHAPTER

1: INTRODUCTION


1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency,

Bandwidth

1.3 Others

now


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18

Basic Communication System


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19

Input Transducer convert input signal in electrical forms. eg:microphone.

Transmitter involve modulation process and finally transmit thesignal.

Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiverthat enable the modulated signal propagate through the medium.

Receiver receive the modulated signal and then convert the signal tomodulating signal through the process called demodulation.

Output Transducer convert the modulating signal to i ts originalforms (output signal) that is useful to the users. eg: loud speaker.

Components in Basic Communication System

TransmitterTransmission

MediumReceiver

InputTransducer

OutputTransducer

wired / wireless

Sending end Receiving end


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Transmission medium and physical layer


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21

Transmission Medium (Guided)

Twisted pair

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Coaxial

Fiber Optic

Infra red

microwave

Satellite

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (UNGUIDED)

Optical fiber


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Now

Refreshing

22

What is Frequency ?

What is Wavelength ?


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23

Wavelength

Wavelength () = 1 cycle of signal

in meter (m)


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24

Wavelength

0 5m 10m 15m

Wavelength () = 10m

Unit is meter (m)


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25

Wavelength

Wavelength () = 10ms

Unit is meter (m)

?


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26

Wavelength

Wavelength () = 10ms

Unit is meter (m)

?

We knowc = speed of light

= m/s

= m

10ms 10ms x m/s = ( ) ( m/s)

= m

= m


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27

Frequency

Frequency (f) =


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28

Frequency (f) is rate of change of signalor number of cycles per second.

Unit : Hertz (Hz)

.

= .

= =


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29


Unit : Hertz (Hz)

=

=

=


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30


Unit : Hertz (Hz)

( ) = ()

Frequency (f) =

()

Period (T) =

()


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31


Unit : Hertz (Hz)

( ) = ()

= 4ms

f =

=

=


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32

We knowc = speed of light

= m/s

10ms 10ms x m/s

= ( ) ( m/s)

= m

= m1 cycle of signal (in meter) = Wavelength ()

( ) = ()

Recall.

= x c

=

=


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frequency

wavelength

where c = speed of light.

33


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Ramada FM broadcast their discussionin the studio using frequency of 92.2MHz.

Find the wavelength.

Exercise 1


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Bad AnswerIntermezzo


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36

Low and High Frequency =

longerand shorterwavelength


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FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS

37

See this

ILLUSTRATION


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38Need to assign;

specific lane for respective vehicles

Width of road is limited


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39Need to regulate;

only one vehicle in the one lane at a time

Width of lane is limited


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40

Need to assign/define/distribute;Specific frequency for respective purpose

Frequency is limited


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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

It consists of all frequencies contained in

the waveform and their respective

amplitude in the frequency domain.

41

Need to assign/define/distribute;Specific frequency for respective purpose



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42

Frequency Spectrum

Frequency1015Hz1kHz

TelephoneTelegraph

Satellite-satelliteMicrowave relay

Earth-satelliteRadar

Very LowFrequency

VLF

Extra HighFrequency

EHF

Wavelength

VHF TV and FM

MediumFrequency

MF

100MHz

application

? ? ?


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43

Frequency Spectrum

100MHz

WaveguideCoaxial CableTwisted Pair

Cable

Infrared

Visible

Ultraviolet

Optical Fiber

ExtraHigh

Frequency

EHF

SuperHigh

Frequency

SHF

UltraHigh

Frequency

UHF

VeryHigh

Frequency

VHF

High

Frequency

HF

Medium

Frequency

MF

Low

Frequency

LF

VeryLow

Frequency

VLF

Audio

Line-of-sightradio

Skywaveradio

Groundwaveradio

WavelengthFrequency

designations

Transmissionmedia

Propagationmodes

Representativeapplications

Frequency

Laser beam

100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10-6

m

Telephone

Telegraph

Mob

ilradio

VHFTV

andFM

Mobiland

Aeronautical

UH

FTV

CB

radio

Amateurradio

AMbro

adcasting

Aeronautical

Submarinecable

Navigation

Transoceanicradio

Broadb

andPCS

Wirelessco

mmunication

Cellular,Pager

Satellit

e-satellite

Microw

averelay

Earth-satellite

Radar

Wide

banddata

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

1GHz

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz


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Spectrum

Wavelength

Frequency

Another graph


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45

Width of road is l imited

or


Need to assign/define/distribute;Specific lane for respective purpose

orSpecific frequency for respective purpose

OK, DONE.

There is ENAUGH ?


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46

Need to regulate;only one vehicle in the one lane at a time

Width of lane is to be limited,

what is width for every lane?

This lane has been assign for car only, but.


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47

In example,Frequency spectrum of 88-108 MHz has been assignedfor FM broadcasting.

What is width of spectrum for 1 radio station?

Need to assign;Width of lane for specific car

orWidth of frequency spectrum for specific purposes

Width of lane is to be limited,

what is width for every lane?

Width of lane is to be limited,what is width for every lane?


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FM Broadcasting

48

Frequency88-108MHz

Very HighFrequency

VHF

Spectrum frequency is limited.1. Need to assign/define/distribute width specific frequency for eachstation.2. Need to allocate width of spectrum for each radio station, maybe 2MHz for each


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BANDWIDTH

It is the difference between the highest

frequencies and the lowest frequencies.

49

Road; width of lane = lane width

Spectrum; width of spectrum = band width


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Acoustic Spectrum (Analog)

Speech spectrum = 100Hz to 7kHz, bandwidth = 6900 Hz

Telephone spectrum =300Hz to 3400Hz,bandwidth = 3100 Hz


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51

Frequency & Transmission Media

100MHz

WaveguideCoaxial CableTwisted PairCable

Infrared

Visible

Ultraviolet

Optical Fiber

ExtraHigh

Frequency

EHF

SuperHigh

Frequency

SHF

UltraHigh

Frequency

UHF

VeryHigh

Frequency

VHF

High

Frequency

HF

Medium

Frequency

MF

Low

Frequency

LF

VeryLow

Frequency

VLF

Audio

Line-of-sightradio

Skywaveradio

Groundwaveradio

WavelengthFrequency

designations

Transmissionmedia

Propagationmodes


Frequency

Laser beam

100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10-6

m

Telep

hone

Telegraph

Mob

ilradio

VHFTV

andFM

Mobiland

Aeronautical

UH

FTV

CB

radio

Amateurradio

AMbro

adcasting

Aeron

autical

Submarinecable

Navigation

Transoce

anicradio

Broadb

andPCS

Wirelesscommunication

Cellular,Pager

Satellite-satellite

Microw

averelay

Earth-

satellite

Radar

Widebanddata

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

1GHz

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz


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Can you tell a range of wavelength (in nm) of

- visible light

- ultraviolet

- infrared


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53

100MHz


Infrared

Visible

Ultraviolet

Optical Fiber

ExtraHigh

Frequency

EHF

SuperHigh

Frequency

SHF

UltraHigh

Frequency

UHF

VeryHigh

Frequency

VHF

High

Frequency

HF

Medium

Frequency

MF

Low

Frequency

LF

VeryLow

Frequency

VLF

Audio

Line-of-sightradio

Skywaveradio

Groundwaveradio

WavelengthFrequency

designations

Transmissionmedia

Propagationmodes


Frequency

Laser beam

100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10-6

m

Telep

hone

Telegraph

Mob

ilradio

VHFTV

andFM

Mobiland

Aeronautical

UH

FTV

CB

radio

Amateurradio

AMbro

adcasting

Aeron

autical

Submarinecable

Navigation

Transoce

anicradio

Broadb

andPCS


Cellular,Pager

Satellite-satellite

Microw

averelay

Earth-satellite

Radar

Widebanddata

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

1GHz

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz

The visib le wavelength region is between 380 nm and 780 nm

Light whose wavelength is shorter than 380nm is called ultraviolet.

Light whose wavelength is longer than 780 nm is called infrared.


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Can you tell a range of wavelength (in nm) of

- visible light

- ultraviolet

- infrared

The visible wavelength region is between380 nm and 780 nm

Light whose wavelength is shorter than

380nm is called ultraviolet.

Light whose wavelength is longer than 780

nm is called infrared.


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Light Used In Fiber Optics

Fiber optic systems transmit using infrared

light, invisible to the human eye, because it

goes further in the optical fiber at those

wavelengths


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56

Transmission Medium (Guided)

Twisted pair

UTP

STP

Coaxial

Fiber Optic

Infra red

microwave

Satellite

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (UNGUIDED)

work at

frequency wavelength

Twisted pair

CoaxialFiber optic

Infrared

Microwave

Satellite


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57

100MHz


Infrared

Visible

Ultraviolet

Optical Fiber

ExtraHigh

Frequency

EHF

SuperHigh

Frequency

SHF

UltraHigh

Frequency

UHF

VeryHigh

Frequency

VHF

High

Frequency

HF

Medium

Frequency

MF

Low

Frequency

LF

VeryLow

Frequency

VLF

Audio

Line-of-sightradio

Skywaveradio

Groundwaveradio

WavelengthFrequency

designations

Transmissionmedia

Propagationmodes


Frequency

Laser beam

100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10-6

m

Telep

hone

Telegraph

Mobilradio

VHFTV

andFM

Mobiland

Aeronautical

UHFTV

CB

radio

Amateurradio

AMbroadcasting

Aeron

autical

Submarinecable

Navi

gation

Transoce

anicradio

Broadb

andPCS


Cellular,Pager

Satellite-satellite

Microw

averelay

Earth-satellite

Ra

dar

Widebanddata

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

1GHz

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz


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58

Frequency & Propagation Modes

100MHz


Infrared

Visible

Ultraviolet

Optical Fiber

ExtraHigh

Frequency

EHF

SuperHigh

Frequency

SHF

UltraHigh

Frequency

UHF

VeryHigh

Frequency

VHF

High

Frequency

HF

Medium

Frequency

MF

Low

Frequency

LF

VeryLow

Frequency

VLF

Audio

Line-of-sightradio

Skywaveradio

Groundwaveradio

WavelengthFrequency

designations

Transmissionmedia

Propagationmodes

Representative

applications

Frequency

Laser beam

100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10-6

m

Telep

hone

Teleg

raph

Mobilradio

VHFTV

andFM

Mobiland

Aeronautical

UHFTV

CB

radio

Amate

urradio

AMbroadcasting

Aeron

autical

Submarinecable

Navi

gation

Transoce

anicradio

Broadb

andPCS


Cellular,Pager

Satellite-satellite

Microw

averelay

Earth-satellite

Ra

dar

Widebanddata

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

1GHz

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz


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A signal can be propagated in 3 ways:

1. Ground-Wave Propagation

Frequency < 2 MHz

2. Sky-Wave Propagation

Frequency = 2 MHz - 30 MHz

3. Line-of-Sight Propagation

Frequency > 30 MHz

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Propagation Modes


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Chapter 1: Introduction


1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency,

Bandwidth

1.3 Othersnow


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BERSNR


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Chapter 1: Introduction


1.2 Transmission Medium, Frequency, Bandwidth

1.3 Others


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Go. Go to Chapter 2

Thank You

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