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Anonimous. 2008. Budidaya Ternak Unggas. http://pustaka.ut.ac.id/ puslata/ online. php?menu=bmpshort_detail2&ID=17 . Diakses 8 Oktober 2009. Anonimous. 2013. https://www.bps.go.id/rata-rata- konsumsi- protein-(gram)-per-kapita-menurut-kelompok-makanan.html diakses pada tanggal 24 April 2014 Anonimous. 2013. https://www.bps.go.id/rata-rata-konsumsi- kalori-(kkal)-per-kapita-menurut-kelompok-makanan.html diakses pada tanggal 24 April 2014 Attia, Y. A., R. A. Hassan, M. H. Shehatta and S. B. Abd-El- Hady. 2005. Growth, carcass quality and serum constituent of slow growing chicks as affected by betaine addition to diets containing 2. Different Levels of Methionine. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4:856-865. Barak, A. J., H.C. Beckenhauer and D.J. Tuma. 1996. Betaine, Ethanol, and the Liver : a Review. Alcohol. Vol.13. 4:395-398 Clow, K. A., J. Treberg, M. E. Brosnan and J.T. Brosnan. 2008. Elevated tissue betaine contents in developing rats are due to dietary betaine, not to synthesis. J. Nutr., 138:1641-1646 Eklund, M., E. Bauer, J. Wamatu and R. Mosenthin. 2005. Potential Nutrition and physiological function of betaine in livestock. Nutr. Res. Rev. 18:31-48 Eklund, M., R. Mosenthin, M. Tafaj and J. Wamatu. 2006 a . Effect of betaine and condonsed molasses solubles on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility in piglets feed diets sdeficient in methionin and low in compatible osmolytes. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 60:289-300. Eklund, M., R. Mosenthin and H.P. Piepho. 2006 b . Effect of betaine and condonsed molasses solubles on ileal and

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Anonimous. 2008. Budidaya Ternak Unggas. http://pustaka.ut.ac.id/ puslata/ online. php?menu=bmpshort_detail2&ID=17. Diakses 8 Oktober 2009.

Anonimous. 2013. https://www.bps.go.id/rata-rata- konsumsi-protein-(gram)-per-kapita-menurut-kelompok-makanan.html diakses pada tanggal 24 April 2014Anonimous. 2013. https://www.bps.go.id/rata-rata-konsumsi-kalori-(kkal)-per-kapita-menurut-kelompok-makanan.html diakses pada tanggal 24 April 2014

Attia, Y. A., R. A. Hassan, M. H. Shehatta and S. B. Abd-El-Hady. 2005. Growth, carcass quality and serum constituent of slow growing chicks as affected by betaine addition to diets containing 2. Different Levels of Methionine. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4:856-865.Barak, A. J., H.C. Beckenhauer and D.J. Tuma. 1996. Betaine, Ethanol, and the Liver : a Review. Alcohol. Vol.13. 4:395-398Clow, K. A., J. Treberg, M. E. Brosnan and J.T. Brosnan. 2008. Elevated tissue betaine contents in developing rats are due to dietary betaine, not to synthesis. J. Nutr., 138:1641-1646Eklund, M., E. Bauer, J. Wamatu and R. Mosenthin. 2005. Potential Nutrition and physiological function of betaine in livestock. Nutr. Res. Rev. 18:31-48 Eklund, M., R. Mosenthin, M. Tafaj and J. Wamatu. 2006a. Effect of betaine and condonsed molasses solubles on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility in piglets feed diets sdeficient in methionin and low in compatible osmolytes. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 60:289-300.

Eklund, M., R. Mosenthin and H.P. Piepho. 2006b. Effect of betaine and condonsed molasses solubles on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities in piglets. Acta. Agric. Scand. Section A 56:83-90.

Ezza, W., M.S. Shoeib, S.M.M. Mousa, A.M.A. Bealish and Zenat, A. Ibrahiem., 2011. Impact Of betaine, vitamin c nd folic acid supplementations to the diet on productive and reproductive performance of matrouh poultry strain under egyptian summer condition. Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol. 31. 2:521-537.Febrianto. 2004. Potensi Bahan Baku Lokal untuk Pakan Ternak Unggas. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Bengkulu.

Gudev D., S. Popova R., I. Yanchev, P. Moneva, E. Petkov and M. Ignatova. 2011. Effect Of Betaine On Eg Performancwe And Some Blood Constituents In Laing Hens Reared Indoor Under Natural Summer Temperatures And Varying Levels Of Air Ammonia. Bulgarian Journal Of Agricultural Science, 17.6, 2011, 859-866. Agricultural Academy. Kidd, M. T., P. R. Ferket and J. D. Garlich. 1997. Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 53:125-139Overland, M., K.A. Rorvik and A. Skrede. 1999. Effect of trimethylamine oxide and betaine in swine diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and sensory quality of pork. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2143-2153

Park, J. H., C. W. Kang and K.S. Ryu. 2006. Effect of feeding betaine on performance and blood hormone in laying hens. Kor. J. Poult. Sci. 33:323-328 Rafique, M., T.N. Pasha, A. Khalique and A. Mahmud. 2000. Biological avaibility of betaine for methionine sparing in broiler chickens. Int. J. Agri. Biol. 2.1-2:165-166Ratriyanto, A., Mosenthin, R., Bauer, E. And Eklund, M. 2009. Metabolic, osmoregulatory and nutritional functins of betaine in monogastric animal. J. Anim. Sci., 22:1461-1467Sayed, M.A.M and Downing. 2011. Tehe effect of water replcement by oral rehydration fluids with or without betaine supplementation on performance, acid- base balance, and water retention of heat stressed broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 90:157-167.Scharma, J.W. and W.J.J. Gerrits. 2000. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on energy partitioning in pigs. Internal Report, wagering en Agricultural University, the Netherlands 24p.Schwahn, B.C., et al. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria. Br J Clin Pharmacol,. 55(1)p. 6-13Siljander R., H., Speuranen, K. Tiihonen, E. Virtanen, H. Kettunen, T. Alaviuhkola and P. H. Simmins. 2003. Effect of equi-molar dietary betaine and choline addition on performance, carcas quality and physiological prameters of pigs. Anim. Sci. 76:55-62Steel, R.G dan J.H. Torrie. 1993. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika, suatu PendekatanGeometri. PT. Gramedia. Jakarta.Susilorini TE, M Eirry Sawitri, Muharlien. 2007. Budidaya 22 Ternak Potensial. Penebar Swadaya. JakartaUeland, P.M., Choline and betaine in health and disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 34(1) p. 3-15.Waldroup, P.W., M.A. Motl., F. Yan and C.A. Fritts. 2006. Effect of betaine and choline on response to methionine supplementation to broiler diets formulated to industry standards. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:58-71Yuwanta, T. 2008. Dasar ternak unggas. Cetakan ke-5 Universitas Gadjah Mada Press. YogyakartaTeng Y. J. Biol . Chem . 2011

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