cnc jose de jesus gonzawlez ramos

8/18/2019 Cnc Jose de Jesus Gonzawlez Ramos.

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UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE AGUASCALIENTES.

Carrera:

MANTENIMIENTO ÁREA INDUSTRIAL.

ING.VICTOR MANUEL MORA ROMO.

Integrante:

JOSÉ DE JESÚS GONZÁLEZ RAMOS.

Traba!: In"e#t$ga%$&n 'e( CNC

N!)bre 'e (a )ater$a:

AUTOMATIZACIÓN * RO+OTICA.

Gr,-! /C.

012Mar3! 24506.


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Índice de contenido

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C&'$g!# Genera(e#77777777777777777777.44288

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Resumen

L!# !bet$"!# 'e( traba! #!n rea($3ar ,na $n"e#t$ga%$&n #!bre e( CNC %!ntr!(

n,);r$%! %!)-,tar$3a'!.E( CNC t,"! #, !r$gen a -r$n%$-$!# 'e (!# aF!# %$n%,entaen e( In#t$t,t! 'e Te%n!(!g


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Marco teórico.

A.- Fundamentos del CNC.

CONTROL NUMÉRICO COMPUTARIZADO (CNC).

Fundamentos del CNC.

2 Definir las características y aplicaciones de los equipos CNC, y su importanciaen la automatización de procesos de maquinado.2 Re(a%$!nar e( CNC %!n e( @LC $'ent$B$%an'! e( B,n%$!na)$ent! 'e (!##er"!)!t!re# = )!t!re# a -a#!#.E( C!ntr!( N,);r$%! CN ! )?,$na 'e %!ntr!( n,);r$%! -,e'e 'e#$gnar#e %!)!(a )?,$na ?,e e# )an'a'a -!r $n#tr,%%$!ne# 'e (etra# = nK)er!#a(Ban,);r$%!#. E# e( %!ntr!( a,t!)t$%! 'e (a# )?,$na# -!r )e'$! 'e'$#-!#$t$"!# e(;%tr$%!# ?,e re%$ben $n#tr,%%$!ne# 'e !-era%$&n 'e#'e ,n !r'ena'!ren (,gar 'e re%$b$r(a# 'e ,n !-era'!r ,)an!.E( -r!gra)a -r!-!r%$!na en B!r)a 'e %(a"e (! 'at!# '$)en#$!na(e# t!)a'!# 'e,n '$b,! 'e (a -arte a -r!',%$r.Se -,e'e 'e%$r ?,e e( %!ntr!( n,);r$%! e# ,n #$#te)a 'e Babr$%a%$&n )e'$ante e(%,a( (a )?,$na e# %!ntr!(a'a -!r $n#tr,%%$!ne# a(Ban,);r$%a# $ntr!',%$'a#)e'$ante ,n -r!gra)a ?,e -,e'e #er %!)-r!ba'! = e"a(,a'! en e( !r'ena'!r-ara #, -!#ter$!r )e%an$3a'!.C!n ,n CNC -!'e)!# %!)an'ar:

M!"$)$ent!# 'e %abe3a( = ee#. L!# %a)b$!# 'e erra)$enta# = -$e3a#. L!# "a(!re# 'e a"an%e# = re"!(,%$!ne#. Sa($'a 'e (,br$%ante2reBr$gerante.

E( C!ntr!( N,);r$%! C!)-,tar$3a'! #e 'eB$ne %!)! e( %!ntr!( 'e ,na )?,$naerra)$enta ,#an'! nK)er!# = (etra# %&'$g! a(Ban,);r$%!.


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)e'$! 'e entra'a = a,t!)t$%a)ente (e


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CONTROL NUMÉRICO COMPUTARIA!O

E( CNC t,"! #, !r$gen a -r$n%$-$!# 'e (!# aF!# %$n%,enta en e( In#t$t,t! 'eTe%n!(!g


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)?,$na #e ),e"e $n$%$a()ente a )$)a "e(!%$'a' -ara re',%$r (!# t$e)-!#),ert!# -er! 'e#a%e(era %,an'! (a erra)$enta a(%an3a ,na -!#$%$&n 'eB$n$'a.Ent!n%e# en ,na !-era%$&n %!)! ag,erear e( -!#$%$!na)$ent! = %!rte t!)a (,gar#e%,en%$a()ente. L,eg! 'e ?,e #e rea($3& e( ag,er! (a erra)$enta #e retrae #e),e"e r-$'a)ente a !tra -!#$%$&n = re-$te (a !-era%$&n. E( %a)$n! rea($3a'!

'e#'e ,na -!#$%$&n a !tra e# $)-!rtante en ,n a#-e%t!: e( t$e)-! re?,er$'!'eber


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@!#$b$($'a' 'e Babr$%a%$&n 'e -$e3a# $)-!#$b(e# ! ),= '$BRe',%%$&n 'e %!ntr!(e# = 'e#e%!#. E#ta re',%%$&n e# 'eb$'a B,n'a)enta()ente

a (a gran B$ab$($'a' = re-et$t$"$'a' 'e ,na )?,$na erra)$enta %!n %!ntr!(n,);r$%!. E#ta re',%%$&n 'e %!ntr!(e# -er)$te -r%t$%a)ente e($)$nar t!'a!-era%$&n ,)ana -!#ter$!r %!n (a #,b#$g,$ente re',%%$&n 'e %!#t!# = t$e)-!# 'eBabr$%a%$&n.* Ma=!r -re%$#$&n = )e!r %a($'a' 'e -r!',%t!#. Ma=!r ,n$B!r)$'a' en (!# -r!',%t!# -r!',%$'!#. Un !-erar$! -,e'e !-erar "ar$a# )?,$na# a (a "e3. %$( -r!%e#a)$ent! 'e -r!',%t!# 'e a-ar$en%$a %!)-($%a'a. (e$b$($'a' -ara e( %a)b$! en e( '$#eF! = en )!'e(!# en ,n t$e)-! %!rt!. %$( %!ntr!( 'e %a($'a'. Re',%%$&n en %!#t!# 'e $n"entar$!. E# -!#$b(e #at$#Ba%er -e'$'!# ,rgente#. N! #e re?,$eren !-era'!re# %!n e-er$en%$a. Se re',%e (a Bat$ga 'e( !-era'!r. Ma=!r #eg,r$'a' en (a# (ab!re#. A,)ent! 'e( t$e)-! 'e traba! en %!rte -!r )a?,$nar$a. %$( %!ntr!( 'e a%,er'! %!n e( -r!gra)a 'e -r!',%%$&n (! %,a( Ba%$($ta (a%!)-eten%$a en e( )er%a'!. %$( a')$n$#tra%$&n 'e (a -r!',%%$&n e $n"entar$! (! %,a( -er)$te (a

'eter)$na%$&n 'e !bet$"!# ! -!(


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E# ne%e#ar$! -r!gra)ar en B!r)a %!rre%ta (a #e(e%%$&n 'e (a# erra)$enta# 'e%!rte = (a #e%,en%$a 'e !-era%$&n -ara ,n eB$%$ente B,n%$!na)$ent!. L!# %!#t!# 'e )anten$)$ent! a,)entan =a ?,e e( #$#te)a 'e %!ntr!( e# )#%!)-($%a'! = #,rge (a ne%e#$'a' 'e entrenar a( -er#!na( 'e #er"$%$! = !-era%$&n. E# ne%e#ar$! )antener ,n gran "!(,)en 'e -r!',%%$&n a B$n 'e (!grar ,na )a=!r

eB$%$en%$a 'e (a %a-a%$'a' $n#ta(a'a.

Control num$rico com"utari+ado.

E( -r$)er 'e#arr!((! en e( rea 'e( %!ntr!( n,);r$%! (! rea($3& e( $n"ent!rn!rtea)er$%an! J!n T. @ar#!n# ,nt! %!n #, e)-(ea'! ran L. St,(en en (a';%a'a 'e 095. E( %!ntr!( n,);r$%! CN e# ,n #$#te)a 'e a,t!)at$3a%$&n -ara

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Parsonshttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_num%C3%A9ricohttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Parsonshttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_num%C3%A9rico


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)?,$na# erra)$enta# en ?,e #e ,t$($3an nK)er!# (etra# = #


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erra)$enta )e'$ante #eFa(e# ! -,(#!# e(;%tr$%!# -ara (,eg! rea($3ar (a#tra=e%t!r$a# = e(ab!rar (a -$e3a 'e#ea'a.

• E#t! %ara%ter$3a (a# )?,$na# CNC. Una #!(a -er#!na -,e'e !-erar ),%a# )?,$na# #$),(tnea)ente !Bre%$en'! %!n e#t! ba!# %!#t!# en

%,ant! a (a )an! 'e !bra %a($B$%a'a )$entra# ?,e en e( #$#te)a tra'$%$!na(e# ne%e#ar$! (!%a($3ar ),%a# %!!r'ena'a# -!r )e'$! 'e ,n -(an! a)e'$'a# = %!n e( '$)en#$!na)$ent! -ara (a ee%,%$&n 'e ,n -r!=e%t! ?,e'ar %!)! Br,t! ,n #!(! -r!',%t!.

• En %,ant! a (a )?,$na erra)$enta CNC e( !-erar$! %,enta %!n e(-r!gra)a t$ene t!'! e( %!ntr!( 'e (!# -ar)etr!# a )e'$'a# = %!n e('$)en#$!na)$ent! -ara #er ee%,ta'! n nK)er! 'e "e%e# (,eg! ?,e #eee%,ta e( -r!gra)a "$rt,a()ente #e rea($3a %,a(?,$er traba!.

• E( #$g,$ente %,a'r! ),e#tra (a# %ara%ter


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Inter-reta%$&n 'e -(an!#. Me!ra e( a)b$ente 'e traba!.

G!3ar 'e t!'a (a $ntera%%$&n 'ere%,r#!# tant! B

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0.2 Se a-r!"e%a (a B(e$b$($'a' 'e !-era%$&n ?,e e# (a ab$($'a' 'e -r!',%$rB!r)a# %!)-(ea# %!n b,ena -re%$#$&n '$)en#$!na( re-et$t$"$'a' re',%$'a#-;r'$'a# a(ta# "e(!%$'a'e# 'e -r!',%%$&n -r!',%t$"$'a' = %a($'a'.4.2 L!# %!#t!# 'e (a# erra)$enta# #!n re',%$'!#.8.2 L!# a,#te# 'e (a )?,$na #!n B%$(e# 'e a%er %!n )$%r!%!)-,ta'!ra#.

9.2 M# !-era%$!ne# -,e'en #er e%a# %!n %a'a -r!gra)a%$&n = )en!# t$e)-!e# ne%e#ar$! -ara )a?,$nar %!)-ara'! %!n (!# );t!'!# %!n"en%$!na(e#..2 L!# -r!gra)a# -,e'en #er -re-ara'!# )# r-$'a)ente = -,e'en #erre((ana'!# en %,a(?,$er t$e)-! ,t$($3an'! )$%r!-r!%e#a'!re#.6.2 Men!r re?,er$)$ent! 'e ab$($'a' 'e( !-era'!r N! e# ne%e#ar$! (ae-er$en%$a. en %!)-ara%$&n %!n ,n !B$%$a( t!rner! ! #$)$(ar = e( !-era'!r t$ene)# t$e)-! -ara aten'er !tra# tarea# en e( rea 'e traba!.>.2 Un !-erar$! -,e'e !-erar "ar$a# )?,$na# a (a "e3.1.2 Se re',%e (a Bat$ga 'e( !-era'!r..2 @er)$te #$),(ar e( -r!%e#! 'e %!rte a B$n 'e "er$B$%ar ?,e e#te #ea %!rre%t!.

!es)enta'as%0.2 La )a=!r ($)$ta%$&n e# e( %!#t! $n$%$a( re(at$"! 'e( e?,$-a)$ent! (a ne%e#$'a' =%!#t! 'e -r!gra)a%$&n = e( e#-e%$a( )anten$)$ent! ?,e re?,$ere entrena)$ent!'e( -er#!na(.4.2 C!)! (a# )?,$na# CNC #!n #$#te)a# %!)-(e!# (a# Ba((a# ! r!t,ra# #!n ),=%!#t!#a# e# -!r e#! ?,e e( )anten$)$ent! -re"ent$"! e# e#en%$a(.8.2 E# ne%e#ar$! )antener ,n gran "!(,)en 'e -r!',%%$&n a B$n 'e (!grar ,na)a=!r eB$%$en%$a 'e (a %a-a%$'a' $n#ta(a'a.

CLA/IFICACI5N !E LO/ /I/TEMA/ !E CONTROL NUMÉRICO. Se '$"$'en B,n'a)enta()ente en:

• E?,$-!# 'e %!ntr!( n,);r$%! 'e -!#$%$!na)$ent! ! -,nt! a -,nt!.• E?,$-!# 'e %!ntr!( n,);r$%! 'e %!nt!rne!.• @ara "er e( grB$%! #e(e%%$!ne (a !-%$&n QDe#%argarQ 'e( )enK #,-er$!r

S,-!nga)!# ,na -$e3a %!(!%a'a #!bre (a )e#a "er B$g,ra = ?,e en e( -,nt! A#e ?,$ere rea($3ar ,na -erB!ra%$&n. Sea e( ee e( ee (!ng$t,'$na( 'e (a )e#a = e(ee * e( ee tran#"er#a(. + re-re#enta (a -r!=e%%$&n 'e( ee 'e( Kt$( #!bre (a )e#a.E( -r!b(e)a 'e ((e"ar e( -,nt! A a( -,nt! + #e -,e'e re#!("er 'e (a# #$g,$ente#B!r)a#:

A%%$!nar e( )!t!r 'e( ee * a#ta a(%an3ar e( -,nt! A a%,teP = a %!nt$n,a%$&n e()!t!r 'e( ee a#ta a(%an3ar a( -,nt! +.

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An(!g! a( anter$!r -er! a%%$!nan'! -r$)er! e( )!t!r 'e( ee (!ng$t,'$na( ='e#-,;# e( 'e( tran#"er#a(. E#t!# '!# )!'!# 'e -!#$%$!na)$ent! re%$ben e(n!)bre 'e -!#$%$!na)$ent! #e%,en%$a( = #e rea($3a n!r)a()ente a (a )$)a"e(!%$'a' ?,e #!-!rta (a )?,$na.

A%%$!nar a)b!# )!t!re# a (a "e3 = a (a )$#)a "e(!%$'a'. En e#te %a#! (atra=e%t!r$a #eg,$'a #er ,na re%ta 'e 9!r')P. Una "e3 ((ega'! (a a(t,ra 'e(-,nt! + e( )!t!r 'e( ee * #er -ara'! -ara %!nt$n,ar e%(,#$"a)ente e( )!t!r 'e(ee a#ta ((egar a( -,nt! +. E#te t$-! 'e -!#$%$!na)$ent! re%$be e( n!)bre 'e-!#$%$!na)$ent! #$),(tne! -,nt! a -,nt!.

A%%$!na)$ent! #e%,en%$a( 'e (!# )!t!re# -er! rea($3an'! (a a-r!$)a%$&n a ,n-,nt! #$e)-re en e( )$#)! #ent$'!. E#te t$-! 'e a-r!$)a%$&n re%$be e( n!)bre 'ea-r!$)a%$&n ,n$'$re%%$!na( = e# ,t$($3a'! e%(,#$"a)ente en (!# -!#$%$!na)$ent!#-,nt! a -,nt!.

L!# e?,$-!# ?,e -er)$ten generar %,r"a# re%$ben e( n!)bre 'e e?,$-!# 'e%!nt!rne!.

@!r K(t$)! #e -,e'e 'e%$r ?,e ,n e?,$-! 'e %!ntr!( n,);r$%! -ara$a( -,e'eeBe%t,ar (!# traba!# ?,e rea($3a ,n e?,$-! -,nt! a -,nt! = ,n e?,$-! 'e %!nt!rne!-!'r rea($3ar (!# traba!# -r!-$!# 'e (!# e?,$-!# -,nt! a -,nt! = -ara$a(.

AR6UITECTURA 7ENERAL !E UN CONTROL NUMÉRICO.

@!'e)!# '$#t$ng,$r %,atr! #,b%!n,nt!# B,n%$!na(e#:

• Un$'a' 'e entra'a #a($'a 'e 'at!#.• Un$'a' 'e )e)!r$a $nterna e $nter-reta%$&n 'e &r'ene#.• Un$'a' 'e %(%,(!.• Un$'a' 'e en(a%e %!n (a )?,$na erra)$enta = #er"!)e%an$#)!#.

UNI!A! !E ENTRA!A 8 /ALI!A !E !ATO/

La ,n$'a' entra'a 'e 'at!# #$r"e -ara $ntr!',%$r (!# -r!gra)a# 'e )e%an$3a'! en

e( e?,$-! 'e %!ntr!( n,);r$%! ,t$($3an'! ,n (eng,ae $nte($g$b(e -ara ;#te.

En (!# #$#te)a# ant$g,!# #e ,t$($3ar!n -ara (a $ntr!',%%$&n 'e 'at!# #$#te)a# t$-!B$%a Data M!',(! ! -re#e(e%t!re# %!n),ta'!re# r!tat$"!# %!'$B$%a'!#P (!#gran'e# $n%!n"en$ente# ?,e -re#entar!n e#t!# );t!'!# #!bre t!'! en -r!gra)a#eten#!# -r!"!%& #, t!ta( e($)$na%$&n.

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@!#ter$!r)ente #e ,t$($3aba -ara '$%! -r!-$t! (a %$nta -erB!ra'a 'e -a-e( )$(ar ! a(,)$n$! -!r (! ?,e e( (e%t!r 'e %$nta #e %!n#t$t,


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rea( -!r )e'$! 'e ,n %a-ta'!r 'e -!#$%$&n genera()ente ,n en%!'er = ,n! 'e)e'$'a 'e (a "e(!%$'a' rea( ta%&)etr! )!nta'!# a)b!# #!bre (a )?,$na.

INTRO!UCCI5N A LA AUTOMATIACI5N !E PROCE/O/.

Antecedentes de la automatizacin.

/a-er% 2 Describir los antecedentes históricos de la palabra autómata y elconcepto de automatización.2 Identificar los tipos de automatización en un proceso de producción:

utomatización fi!a, utomatización pro"ramable y utomatización fle#ible.

La automati+ación e# e( ,#! 'e #$#te)a# ! e(e)ent!# %!)-,tar$3a'!# -ara%!ntr!(ar )a?,$nar$a# =! -r!%e#!# $n',#tr$a(e# #,b#t$t,=en'! a !-era'!re#,)an!#.E( o-'eti)o 'e (a a,t!)at$3a%$&n e#:

Me!rar (a %a($'a' = ,n$B!r)$'a' 'e( -r!',%t! )e'$ante -r!%e#!# re-et$t$"!# M$n$)$3ar e( e#B,er3! = (!# t$e)-!# 'e -r!',%%$&n Re',%$r (a $nter"en%$&n ,)ana e( ab,rr$)$ent! = -!#$b$($'a' 'e err!r ,)an! Re',%$r e( 'aF! en (a# -$e3a# ?,e re#,(tar5 %,an'! #,rge (are"!(,%$&n $n',#tr$a(.0>9: M?,$na# 'e te$'! %!ntr!(a'a# -!r tareta# -erB!ra'a#.01>5: @r$)er t!rn! a,t!)t$%! $n"enta'! -!r Cr$#t!-er S-en%er095: S,rgen (!# %!ntr!(e# $'r,($%!# ne,)t$%!# -ara )?,$na# 'e %!rte09: J!n @ar#!n# %!)$en3a $n"e#t$ga%$&n #!bre %!ntr!( n,);r$%!05: C!ntr!( ba#a'! en re(e"a'!re# e(e%tr!)e%n$%!#065: Se 'e#arr!((an t;%n$%a# 'e %!ntr!( n,);r$%! '$re%t! = )an,Ba%t,ra%!)-,tar$3a'a.

0>5: Se %!)er%$a($3a e( )$%r! -r!%e#a'!r = %!n e( #,rgen (!# @LC#015: Se %!)er%$a($3a (a @C = %!n e((a #,rge e( %!ntr!( ba#a'! en @C05: S,rge e( @AC C!)b$na%$&n 'e ,na @C = ,n @LC .


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L!# ti"os de automati+ación #!n: Automati+ación Fi'a:2 A-($%a'a a "!(,)en 'e -r!',%%$&n a(t!2 E?,$-! e#-e%$a($3a'! a(t! %!#t! 'e '$#eF!2 C$%(! 'e "$'a 'e (a )an! %!n (a "$gen%$a 'e( -r!',%t! en e( )er%a'!

Automati+ación Pro1rama-le:

2 A-($%a'a a "!(,)en 'e -r!',%%$&n ba! = '$"er#$'a' 'e -r!',%t!#2 E?,$-! '$#eFa'! -ara a'a-tar#e a (!# %a)b$!# 'e( -r!',%t! -!r )e'$! 'e#!Btare Automati+ación Fle9i-le:

2 A-($%a'a a "!(,)en 'e -r!',%%$&n )e'$a2 S$#te)a# $ntegra'!# -!r e#ta%$!ne# 'e traba! $nter%!ne%ta'a# -!r #$#te)a# 'ea()a%ena)$ent! = )an$-,(a%$&n 'e )ater$a(e# %!ntr!(a'!r -!r ,na %!)-,ta'!ra2 E# (a %!)b$na%$&n 'e e(e)ent!# 'e a,t!)at$3a%$&n B$a = -r!gra)ab(e

Conce"tos -2sicos de la automati+ación

+a#a'!# en (a 'eB$n$%$&n #e -(antea (a B$(!#!B


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A e#ta )anera 'e trabaar #e (e %!n!%e != en '


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Im"ortancia en "rocesos de ma3uinado

L!# a"an%e# te%n!(&g$%!# en e( %a)-! 'e (a )$%r!e(e%tr&n$%a e#tn a%$en'!-!#$b(e e( 'e#arr!((! 'e CNC 'e ,na ra-$'e3 = -!ten%$a #$n -re%e'ente#. UnnK)er! %re%$ente 'e B,n%$!ne# $ntegra'a# #$)-($B$%a $n%(,#! (!# -r!%e#!# 'e

)e%an$3a'! )# %!)-(e!#. A( )$#)! t$e)-! e#t!# -r!',%t!# !Bre%en ,na )a=!rBa%$($'a' 'e )ane! n! #!(! en (! ?,e re#-e%ta a (a -r!gra)a%$&n #$n! ta)b$;n',rante !tra# !-era%$!ne# %!)! (a $n#ta(a%$&n = e( )anten$)$ent!.

En e( 'e#arr!((! 'e (!# %!ntr!(e# n,);r$%!# #!n (a# ne%e#$'a'e# 'e (!# ,#,ar$!#B$na(e# (a# ?,e en 'eB$n$t$"a 'eB$nen (a# ten'en%$a#. La etre)a'a -re#$&n a (a?,e e#tn #,et!# -ara )a$)$3ar (a -r!',%t$"$'a' = B(e$b$($'a' en t!'a# #,#!-era%$!ne# re"$erte en (a# %!rre#-!n'$ente# 'e)an'a# a (!# Babr$%ante# 'e)?,$na# = %!ntr!(e#. En ,n e#t,'$! rea($3a'! e( -a#a'! aF! en A(e)an$a #e

ea)$n& = e"a(,& ,n eten#! %!n,nt! 'e rea# 'e (a $n',#tr$a $n%(,$'a (a%!rre#-!n'$ente a (!# -r!',%t!# 'e CNC.

La# %!n%(,#$!ne# re"e(ar!n ?,e e( gr,-! !bet! 'e( e#t,'$! %!n#$'eraba (aB$ab$($'a' %!)! e( Ba%t!r )# $)-!rtante en (a "a(!ra%$&n 'e (a %a($'a' 'e ,n CNC#eg,$'a 'e %,e#t$!ne# re(at$"a# a( #er"$%$! %!)! ,n -r!nt! #,)$n$#tr! 'e -$e3a#'e re-,e#t! = r-$'!# t$e)-!# 'e re#-,e#ta 'e( #er"$%$!. L!# re#,(ta'!# 'e(e#t,'$! ab(an -!r #< )$#)!#: (!# $n"er#!re# = (!# ,#,ar$!# B$na(e# %!n%e'en gran$)-!rtan%$a a (a B$ab$($'a' 'e #,# )?,$na# (a %,a( %!n#t$t,=e (a ba#e 'e ,na)$)a -r!',%t$"$'a' 'e (!# -r!%e#!# 'e Babr$%a%$&n.

E( (


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:Los a)ances tecnoló1icos en el cam"o de lamicroelectrónica aumentan la e#icacia;E( #!Btare -ara (a -r!gra)a%$&n en ta((er e(e"a (a-r!',%t$"$'a' 'e( ,#,ar$! %rean'! ,n ent!rn! ?,eBa%$($ta ,n r-$'! 'e#arr!((! en ,n %!rt! e#-a%$! 'e

t$e)-! 'e#'e e( tra3a'! 'e( grB$%! a#ta (a -$e3aa%aba'a.

A( ab(ar 'e ten'en%$a# (! -r$)er! ?,e n!# "$ene a (a)ente e# (a eB$%a%$a -re%$#a)ente !tr! a#-e%t! en%!n#tante )e!ra en (!# -r!',%t!# 'e CNC%!)en3an'! -!r (!# 'e n$"e( b#$%! a#ta (!# 'ega)a #,-er$!r. E#te 'e#arr!((! a #$'! $n',%$'! -!r $)-!rtante# a"an%e#te%n!(&g$%!# en e( %a)-! 'e (a )$%r!e(e%tr&n$%a ?,e %!n#t$t,=e (a ba#e 'e (ate%n!(!g


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Relación del CNC con el PLC

E( @LC $ntegra'! 'e#e)-eFa ,n $)-!rtante -a-e( en (a )$n$)$3a%$&n 'e (!#t$e)-!# 'e Babr$%a%$&n = )a$)$3a%$&n 'e (a -r!',%t$"$'a'. La tarea 'e( @LC e# e(%!ntr!( 'e( e?,$-! -er$B;r$%! en (a )?,$na erra)$enta = a(re'e'!r 'e (a )$#)a

%!)! -!r ee)-(! (!# '$#-!#$t$"!# re#-!n#ab(e# 'e (!# %a)b$!# 'e erra)$enta#.@ara e((! #e a '$#-,e#t! ,n -r!%e#a'!r #e-ara'! 'e )!'! ?,e e( CNC n! #,Bra#!bre%arga#. La "e(!%$'a' 'e ee%,%$&n 'e (!# -r!gra)a# 'e @LC e# 'e 4nan!#eg,n'!# -!r $n#tr,%%$&n -,'$;n'!#e ee%,tar #$),(tnea)ente a#ta 8-r!gra)a# 'e @LC %!)-(eta)ente $n'e-en'$ente#. @ara e#ta tarea e#tn'$#-!n$b(e# a#ta 956 entra'a# = #a($'a# '$g$ta(e#.

La# -arte# 'e ,n #$#te)a 'e )a?,$na'!

E( '$#eFa'!r 'e ,na -arte genera()ente ,#a ,n -r!gra)a ! -r!gra)a# 'e '$#eF!a#$#t$'! -!r %!)-,ta'!ra Babr$%a%$&n a#$#t$'a -!r %!)-,ta'!ra CAD CAM

0. La #a($'a 'e e#te -r!gra)a ?,e e# ,na -arte 'e ,n -r!gra)a = ,#,a()ente e#Q%&'$g! GQ e# tran#Ber$'! -!r ,na re' ! ta( "e3 -!r ,n '$#?,ete

4 a (a )?,$na %!ntr!(a'!ra

8. La )?,$na %!ntr!(a'!ra e# re#-!n#ab(e -ara $nter-retar e#ta -arte 'e-r!gra)a -ara %!ntr!(ar (a erra)$enta ?,e %!rtar (a -$e3a 'e traba!. L!# ee#'e (a )?,$na.


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#!n )!"$'!# -!r t!rn$((!# %re)a((era# ! %!rrea ?,e #!n $)-,(#a'!# -!r (!#)!t!re# #er"! ! )!t!re# -a#! a -a#!. La# #eFa(e# 'e (a )?,$na %!ntr!(a'!ra#!n a)-($B$%a'a# -!r (!# Dr$"e#

9 'e )!'! ?,e e((!# #!n ba#tante = %!n"en$ente)ente -!'er!#!# -ara a%er

B,n%$!nar (!# )!t!re#. A,n?,e ,na Bre#a'!ra e# (a $(,#tra'a (a )?,$na -,e'e #er ,n r!,ter ! ,n %!rta'!r 'e -(a#)a ! ra=! (#er. Un )an,a( #e-ara'! 'e#%r$be e()ane! 'e Ma%8 -ara ,n t!rn! ,n ta(a'r! "ert$%a( et%. re%,ente)ente ,na)?,$na %!ntr!(a'!ra -,e'e %!ntr!(ar e( arran?,e = e( -are 'e( )!t!r 'e ee =aKn %!ntr!(ar #, "e(!%$'a' -,e'e -ren'er ! a-agar ,n enBr$a'!r = "er$B$%ar ?,e,na -arte 'e -r!gra)a ! ,n !-era'!r 'e (a )?,$na

6 n! e#t; tratan'! 'e )!"er %,a(?,$er ee )# a(( 'e #,# (


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-a#! trabaan a# -,(#!#. E#t!a )en,'! e# ((a)a'! engranae e(e%tr&n$%!.C!)! (a "e(!%$'a' )$)a 'e ,n #er"! )!t!r e# 'e a(re'e'!r 9555 r-)ne%e#$tare)!# 'e#'e (,eg! ,na re',%%$&n 'e "e(!%$'a' en (a g,Q -!r -a#! ?,e e# ),%!)e!r ?,e e( re?,er$'! 5.550 Q

Y,; "e(!%$'a' )$)a %!n#eg,$re)!#[ C!n 8.555 -,(#!# 'e -a#! -!r #eg,n'!


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Ha= '!# B!r)a# 'e rea($3ar ,n ar%! ! ,n %


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Pro1ramación manual

En e#te %a#! e( -r!gra)a -$e3a #e e#%r$be Kn$%a)ente -!r )e'$! 'era3!na)$ent!# = %(%,(!# ?,e rea($3a ,n !-erar$!. E( -r!gra)a 'e )e%an$3a'!%!)-ren'e t!'! e( %!n,nt! 'e 'at!# ?,e e( %!ntr!( ne%e#$ta -ara (a )e%an$3a%$&n

'e (a -$e3a.

A( %!n,nt! 'e $nB!r)a%$!ne# ?,e %!rre#-!n'e a ,na )$#)a Ba#e 'e( )e%an$3a'!#e (e 'en!)$na b(!?,e ! #e%,en%$a ?,e #e n,)eran -ara Ba%$($tar #, bK#?,e'a.E#te %!n,nt! 'e $nB!r)a%$!ne# e# $nter-reta'! -!r e( $nt;r-rete 'e &r'ene#. Una#e%,en%$a ! b(!?,e 'e -r!gra)a 'ebe %!ntener t!'a# (a# B,n%$!ne# ge!);tr$%a#B,n%$!ne# )?,$na = B,n%$!ne# te%n!(&g$%a# 'e( )e%an$3a'!. De ta( )!'! ,nb(!?,e 'e -r!gra)a %!n#ta 'e "ar$a# $n#tr,%%$!ne#.

E( %!)$en3! 'e( %!ntr!( n,);r$%! a e#ta'! %ara%ter$3a'! -!r ,n 'e#arr!((!anr?,$%! 'e (!# %&'$g!# 'e -r!gra)a%$&n. Ca'a %!n#tr,%t!r ,t$($3aba e( #,=!-art$%,(ar. @!#ter$!r)ente #e "$! (a ne%e#$'a' 'e n!r)a($3ar (!# %&'$g!# 'e-r!gra)a%$&n %!)! %!n'$%$&n $n'$#-en#ab(e -ara ?,e ,n )$#)! -r!gra)a -,'$era#er"$r -ara '$"er#a# )?,$na# %!n ta( 'e ?,e B,e#en 'e( )$#)! t$-!. L!#%ara%tere# )# ,#a'!# %!)Kn)ente reg$'!# ba! (a n!r)a DIN 66549 = 6654#!n entre !tr!# (!# #$g,$ente#:

N: e# (a '$re%%$&n %!rre#-!n'$ente a( nK)er! 'e b(!?,e ! #e%,en%$a. E#ta'$re%%$&n "a #eg,$'a n!r)a()ente 'e ,n nK)er! 'e tre# ! %,atr! %$Bra#. En e( %a#!'e( B!r)at! N58 e( nK)er! )$)! 'e b(!?,e# ?,e -,e'en -r!gra)ar#e e# 0555N.]N555

* Z: #!n (a# '$re%%$!ne# %!rre#-!n'$ente# a (a# %!ta# #egKn (!# ee# * Z 'e(a )?,$na erra)$enta * -(an!# %arte#$an!#. D$%a# %!ta# #e -,e'en-r!gra)ar en B!r)a ab#!(,ta ! re(at$"a e# 'e%$r %!n re#-e%t! a( %er! -$e3a ! %!nre#-e%t! a (a K(t$)a %!ta re#-e%t$"a)ente.

G: e# (a '$re%%$&n %!rre#-!n'$ente a (a# B,n%$!ne# -re-arat!r$a#. Se ,t$($3an -ara$nB!r)ar a( %!ntr!( 'e (a# %ara%ter


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%a)b$! 'e Kt$( et%. La '$re%%$&n ) "a #eg,$'a 'e ,n nK)er! 'e '!# %$Bra# ?,e-er)$te -r!gra)ar a#ta 055 B,n%$!ne# a,$($are# '$Berente#.

: e# (a '$re%%$&n %!rre#-!n'$ente a (a "e(!%$'a' 'e a"an%e. Va #eg,$'a 'e ,nnK)er! 'e %,atr! %$Bra# ?,e $n'$%a (a "e(!%$'a' 'e a"an%e en )))$n.

S e# (a '$re%%$&n %!rre#-!n'$ente a (a "e(!%$'a' 'e r!ta%$&n 'e( ,#$((! -r$n%$-a(.Se -r!gra)a '$re%ta)ente en re"!(,%$!ne# -!r )$n,t! ,#an'! %,atr! '


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E#ta e#tan'ar$3a%$&n B,e a'!-ta'a -!r (a t!ta($'a' 'e (!# Babr$%ante# $n',#tr$a(e##er$!# 'e CNC = -er)$te ,t$($3ar (!# )$#)!# -r!gra)a# en '$#t$nta# )?,$na# CNC'e )anera '$re%ta ! %!n a'a-ta%$!ne# )en!re#.

A -e#ar 'e tratar#e 'e ,n (eng,ae 'e -r!gra)a%$&n ),= r,'$)entar$! -ara (!#

g,#t!# a%t,a(e# (! r!b,#t! 'e #, %!)-!rta)$ent! = (!# )$((!ne# 'e (


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e-re#$&n _4`4.9 -!r ee)-(! 8 ,n "a(!r 'e -ar)etr! 11 -!r ee)-(! ! 9,n "a(!r 'e ,na B,n%$&n ,nar$a a%!#_5 -!r ee)-(!.En (a )a=!r -arte 'e (!# %a#!# #$ (a# -a(abra# 'e ee %,a(?,$era ! t!'a# 'e ^*^ Z^ A^ +^ C^ U^V^ X^ #!n 'a'a# e#-e%$B$%an ,n -,nt! 'e 'e#t$n!. L!# nK)er!# 'e ee #e

re(a%$!nan %!n e( #$#te)a 'e %!!r'ena'a# a%t,a( a%t$"! a )en!# ?,ee-(


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t!'a# (a# -a(abra# 'e ee #!n !)$t$'a#.S$ (a %!)-en#a%$&n 'e ra'$! 'e %!rte e#t a%t$"a e( )!"$)$ent! '$Ber$r 'e( 'earr$baP "ea %!)-en#a%$&n 'e %!rte. S$ G8 e# -r!gra)a'a en (a )$#)a (


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E#t! #$gn$B$%a ?,e -ara a%er ,n ar%! %$r%,(ar ! e($%!$'a( #egKn (a# )ane%$((a# 'e(re(! %!)! "$#t! 'e#'e e( ee Z -!#$t$"! %,=! ee e# -ara(e(! a( ee Z ter)$nan'!en d 05 * d 0 = Z d %!n ,n ra'$! 'e 45. S$ e( "a(!r 'e $n$%$! 'e Z e# e#tee# ,n ar%! 'e ,n %


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I = #!n a)ba# !)$t$'a#.C,an'! e( -(an! 'e *Z e# e#%!g$'! -r!gra)e G4 ^ *^ Z^ A^ +^ C^ J^ ^ !,#e G8 en (,gar 'e G4.La# -a(abra# 'e ee #!n t!'a# !-%$!na(e# e%e-t! ?,e a( )en!# ,na 'e * = Z'ebe ,#ar#e. J = #!n (a# %!)-en#a%$!ne# 'e (a ,b$%a%$&n ! %!!r'ena'a a%t,a( 2

en 'e-en'en%$a 'e( )!'! 'e IJ (a# '$re%%$!ne# 'e* = Z re#-e%t$"a)ente 'e( %entr! 'e( %

B.. Poner en el sistema de coordenadas ta-las de datos de 4erramientas (com"ensación deTra-a'o == 7BVea (!# 'eta((e# 'e %!)-en#a%$!ne# 'e erra)$enta = traba! -ara $nB!r)a%$&na'$%$!na( en #$#te)a# 'e %!!r'ena'a#.@ara -!ner (!# "a(!re# 'e %!)-en#a%$&n 'e ,na erra)$enta -r!gra)eG05 L0 @^ ^ Z^ A^D!n'e e( nK)er! @ 'ebe e"a(,ar#e %!)! ,n enter! en e( rang! 5 a 4 2 e(nK)er! 'e (a erra)$enta 2 (a# %!)-en#a%$!ne# 'e (a erra)$enta e#-e%$B$%a'a


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-!r e( nK)er! @ #!n re#tab(e%$'a# a (a 'a'!. E( nK)er! A re#tab(e%er e( ra'$! 'eerra)$enta #,ger$'!. S&(! e#!# "a(!re# -ara ?,e ,na -a(abra 'e ee #ea $n%(,$'aen (a (


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E#t! e# -!#$b(e -ara )!"$)$ent!# G5 = G0 en e( -(an! * #&(! -ara e#-e%$B$%ar %!!r'ena'a# %!)! ,n ra'$! = ng,(! re(at$"!# a ,n -,nt! 'e %entr! te)-!ra(.@r!gra)e G06 -ara entrar e#te )!'!. La# %!!r'ena'a# a%t,a(e# 'e( -,nt!%!ntr!(a'! #!n e( %entr! te)-!ra(.@r!gra)e G0 -ara "!("er a (a# %!!r'ena'a# %arte#$ana# n!r)a(e#.

G5 05 *05 G5 n!r)a( ),e"e a 0505G06 $n$%$a e( )!'! -!(ar.G05 05 *9 e#te #e )!"er a 0>. * 0>. ?,e e# ,n (,gar en ,n %


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V;a#e ta)b$;n G>5G>0 ?,e #!n #$n&n$)!#.

B..B El retorno al inicio == 7 ( 7DBUna -!#$%$&n 'e $n$%$! e# 'eB$n$'a -!r -ar)etr!# 0602066. L!# "a(!re# 'e-ar)etr! #!n 'e#'e e( -,nt! 'e "$#ta 'e( #$#te)a 'e %!!r'ena'a# ab#!(,ta#

-er! e#t en ,n$'a'e# 'e (!ng$t,' n! e#-e%$B$%a'a#.@ara ret!rnar -ara -!#$%$&n 'e $n$%$! -!r (a B!r)a 'e (a -!#$%$&n -r!gra)a'a-r!gra)e G41 ^ *^ Z^

A^ +^ C^ ! ,#e G85. T!'a# (a# -a(abra# 'e ee #!n !-%$!na(e#. E( %a)$n! e#e%! -!r ,n )!"$)$ent! tran#"er#a( 'e#'e (a -!#$%$&n a%t,a( a (a -!#$%$&n-r!gra)a'a #eg,$'! -!r ,n )!"$)$ent! tran#"er#a( a (a -!#$%$&n 'e $n$%$!. S$n$ng,na -a(abra 'e ee e# -r!gra)a'a e( -,nt! $nter)e'$! e# e( -,nt! a%t,a( a#<#&(! ,n )!"$)$ent! e# e%!.

B.. Re#erencie los e'es 7.@r!gra)e G41.0 ^ *^ Z^ A^ +^ C^ -ara reBeren%$ar (!# ee# 'a'!#. L!# ee# #e)!"ern a (a ta#a 'e a($)enta%$&n a%t,a( a%$a e( $nterr,-t!re# 'e $n$%$! %!)! #e'eB$n$& -!r (a %!nB$g,ra%$&n. C,an'! (a# %!!r'ena'a# ab#!(,ta# 'e )a?,$naa(%an%e e( "a(!r 'a'! -!r ,na -a(abra 'e ee ent!n%e# (a ta#a 'ea($)enta%$&n -,e#ta a (a 'eB$n$'a -!r Con#i1ureCon#i1 Re#erencin1.S,)$n$#tra'a (a -!#$%$&n ab#!(,taa%t,a( e# a-r!$)a'a)ente %!rre%ta ent!n%e# e#t! 'ar a ,na -ara'a #,a"e en e($nterr,-t!re# 'ereBeren%$a.B.. /onda recta 8 7DB... El comando sonda recta@r!gra)e G80 ^ *^ Z^ A^ +^ C^ -ara ee%,tar ,na !-era%$&n 'e #!n'a re%ta.La# -a(abra# 'e eer!tat$"!# e#tn -er)$t$'a# -er! e# )e!r !)$t$r(a#. S$ (a# -a(abra# 'e ee r!tat$"!##!n ,#a'a# (!#nK)er!# 'eben #er $g,a(e# ?,e (!# nK)er!# 'e -!#$%$&n a%t,a( 'e )!'! ?,e (!#ee# r!tat$"!# n! #e),e"an. La# -a(abra# 'e ee ($nea(e# #!n !-%$!na(e# e%e-t! ?,e a( )en!# ,na'e e((a# 'eba ,#ar#e. Laerra)$enta en e( ,#$((! 'ebe #er ,na #!n'a.E# ,n err!r #$:

e( -,nt! a%t,a( t$ene )en!# 'e 5.49 )$(


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A )!'! 'e ee)-(! -re#enta)!# (!# %&'$g!# 'e -r!gra)a%$&n )# ,t$($3a'!# enn,e#tr!# t!rn!# 'e CNC. SegKn e( )!'e(! 'e ?,e #e trate a(g,n!# 'e (!# %&'$g!#

-,e'en e#tar $nab$($ta'!#.

Códi1os 7eneralesG00: Posicionamiento rápido (sin maquinar)

G01: Interpolación lineal (maquinando)

G02: Interpolación circular (horaria)G03: Interpolación circular (antihoraria)

G04: ompás de espera

G10: !"uste del #alor de o$$set del pro%ramaG20: omien&o de uso de unidades imperiales (pul%adas)

G21: omien&o de uso de unidades m'tricas

G2: ol#er al home de la máquina

G32: *aquinar una rosca en una pasadaG3+: ompensación automática de herramienta en ,

G3-: ompensación automática de herramienta en

G40: ancelar compensación de radio de cur#atura de herramientaG41: ompensación de radio de cur#atura de herramienta a la i&quierda

G42: ompensación de radio de cur#atura de herramienta a la derecha

G-0: iclo de aca/adoG-1: iclo de maquinado en torneado

G-2: iclo de maquinado en $renteado

G-3: epetición de patrónG-4: aladrado intermitente con salida para retirar #irutas

G-+: *aquinar una rosca en mltiples pasadas

G+: omien&o de des/aste a #elocidad tan%encial constante

G-: 5in de des/aste a #elocidad tan%encial constanteG: elocidad de alimentación (unidades6min)

G: elocidad de alimentación (unidades6re#olución)

Códi1os Miscel2neos

*00: Parada opcional*01: Parada opcional

*02: eset del pro%rama

*03: 7acer %irar el husillo en sentido horario*04: 7acer %irar el husillo en sentido antihorario

*08: 5renar el husillo

*0+: am/iar de herramienta

*0-: !/rir el paso del re$ri%erante 9*0: !/rir el paso del re$ri%erante !

*0: errar el paso de los re$ri%erantes

*10: !/rir morda&as


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*11: errar morda&as

*13: 7acer %irar el husillo en sentido horario a/rir el paso de re$ri%erante*14: 7acer %irar el husillo en sentido antihorario a/rir el paso de re$ri%erante

*30: 5inali&ar pro%rama poner el puntero de e"ecución en su inicio

*31: Incrementar el contador de partes

*3-: 5renar el husillo a/rir la %uarda*3: !/rir la %uarda

*3: errar la %uarda

*40: ;


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G40: C!)$en3! 'e ,#! 'e ,n$'a'e# );tr$%a#G41: V!("er a( !)e 'e (a )?,$naG95: Can%e(ar %!)-en#a%$&n 'e ra'$! 'e %,r"at,ra 'e erra)$entaG90: C!)-en#a%$&n 'e ra'$! 'e erra)$enta a (a $3?,$er'aG94: C!)-en#a%$&n 'e ra'$! 'e erra)$enta a (a 'ere%a

G5: Ca)b$! 'e e#%a(aG61: R!ta%$&n 'e %!!r'ena'a#G>8: C$%(!# en%a!na'!#G>9: @erB!ra'! %!n %$%(! 'e g$r! ant$!rar$! -ara 'e#%argar "$r,ta#G>6: A(e#a'! B$n!G15: Can%e(ar %$%(! en%a!na'!G10: Ta(a'ra'!G14: Ta(a'ra'! %!n g$r! ant$!rar$!G18: Ta(a'ra'! -r!B,n'! %!n %$%(!# 'e retra%%$&n -ara ret$r! 'e "$r,taG5: C!!r'ena'a# ab#!(,ta#G0: C!!r'ena'a# re(at$"a#G4: De#-(a3a)$ent! 'e( rea 'e traba!G9: Ve(!%$'a' 'e %!rte e-re#a'a en a"an%e -!r )$n,t!G: Ve(!%$'a' 'e %!rte e-re#a'a en a"an%e -!r re"!(,%$&nG1: Ret!rn! a( n$"e( $n$%$a(G: Ret!rn! a( n$"e( RG05>: @r!gra)a%$&n 'e( 9! ee

Códi1os Miscel2neos

M55: @ara'aM50: @ara'a !-%$!na(

M54: Re#et 'e( -r!gra)aM58: Ha%er g$rar e( ,#$((! en #ent$'! !rar$!M59: Ha%er g$rar e( ,#$((! en #ent$'! ant$!rar$!M5: renar e( ,#$((!M56: Ca)b$ar 'e erra)$entaM51: Abr$r e( -a#! 'e( reBr$geranteM5: Cerrar e( -a#! 'e (!# reBr$gerante#M05: Abr$r )!r'a3a#M00: Cerrar )!r'a3a#M08: Ha%er g$rar e( ,#$((! en #ent$'! !rar$! = abr$r e( -a#! 'e reBr$geranteM09: Ha%er g$rar e( ,#$((! en #ent$'! ant$!rar$! = abr$r e( -a#! 'e

reBr$geranteM85: $na($3ar -r!gra)a = -!ner e( -,nter! 'e ee%,%$&n en #, $n$%$!M81: Abr$r (a g,ar'aM8: Cerrar (a g,ar'aM64: A%t$"ar #a($'a a,$($ar 0M6>: E#-erar a#ta ?,e (a entra'a 4 e#t; en ONM>0: A%t$"ar e( e#-e! en *M15: De#a%t$"ar e( e#-e! en


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M10: De#a%t$"ar e( e#-e! en *M1: L(a)a'a a #,b-r!gra)aM: Ret!rn! 'e #,b-r!gra)a

O-'eti)os

7enerales

0. E( -r$)er !bet$"! genera( e# %,)-($r %!n (a# e-e%tat$"a# -(antea'a# -ara e#te'!%,)ent! re(a3an'! ,na $n"e#t$ga%$&n ?,e %!ntenga b,ena $nB!r)a%$&n = ?,e-,e'a #er 'e ,t$($'a' #$ en e( B,t,r! e# (e


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Materiales ( desarrollo

Mater$a(e#

0. C!)-,ta'!ra4. +,#%a'!r en $nternet g!!g(e8. C!n#,(ta# en @D9. E'$t!r 'e tet! X!r'

De#arr!((!

0. E( -r$)er -a#! ?,e #e rea($3! B,e (eer e( %!rre! ?,e B,e )an'a'! -!r e(-r!Be#!r 'e (a )ater$a -ara #aber (a# e#-e%$B$%a%$!ne# 'e (a $n"e#t$ga%$&n.

4. E( #eg,n'! -a#! B,e e)-e3ar a re%!(e%tar $nB!r)a%$&n 'e "ar$!# #$t$!# 'e$nternet = %!n#,(tar "ar$!# '!%,)ent!# en @D.

8. +,#%ar $nB!r)a%$&n en ,n b,#%a'!r 'e $nternet


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9. Leer (a $nB!r)a%$&n !bten$'a = %!)en3ar a a%!)!'ar(a 'e a%,er'! a (a#e#-e%$B$%a%$!ne# 'e (a rKbr$%a n,)er! 8


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Resultados

I. C!n!%$)$ent! #!bre (a# %ara%ter

cnc jose de jesus gonzawlez ramos

Documents