CHAPTER 6: WORK MEASUREMENT

DEFINE WORK MEASUREMENT:

Determining the time that a qualified worked should take to complete a job under

normal working conditions.

(Masa berkualiti yang diperlukan untuk menyiapkan kerja pada masa yang normal)

IMPORTANCE OF WORK MEASUREMENT:1. Manpower planning (Perancangan tenaga kerja)2. Production planning and scheduled (Penjadualan dan perancangan keluaran)3. Estimating production costs (Penganggaran kos pengeluaran)4. Basis for incentives (Asas insentif)5. Training of employees (Latihan kepada Pekerja)

TIME STUDY METHOD IN MEASURING WORK

STANDARD

1. Historical Experience (Sejarah pengalaman)

2. Predetermined time and motion studies (Masa yang ditetapkan dan kajian gerakan)

3. Work Sampling (Pensampelan kerja)

4. Time study – Three concepts of time

i. Observed time (Masa pemerhatian)

Example: Job element Observed time (minute)

A 10 11 12 20

B 8 7 16 7

Determine the average observed time for job element A and B

SOLUTION: A = 10+11+12 / 3 = 11 Minute

B = 8+7+7 / 3 = 7.3 Minute

* Note : 20 and 16 both are abnormal times and thus should be ignored. Extreme time value,

either high and low for any element should not be used in estimating the variability of data

because they might represent erroneous readings or observation (* Nota: 20 dan 16 kedua-dua

kalanya tidak normal dan dengan itu boleh diabaikan. nilai masa yang melampau, sama ada tinggi dan

rendah untuk apa-apa unsur tidak boleh digunakan dalam menganggarkan kepelbagaian data kerana mereka

mungkin mewakili bacaan pemerhatian yang salah)

ii. Normal time or Basic time

Example:

Solution: Basic Time A : 11x (110/100) = 12.1 minute

Basic Time B : 7.3x (9.5/100) = 6.935 minute

Time Basic Time = 12.1 + 6.935 = 19.035 minute

Task element Observed time Rating (Observed rate)

A 11 110

B 7.3 95

iii. Standard Time

Formula Standard time = Basic time x (1+ Allowance)

Allowance:

Personal time is 50 minute

unavoidable delay 21 minute

Area Clean-up 15 minute

Operation hours: 8 hours/day

Question:

Determine the standard time for the job

Job Element Basic time (minute)

A 12.10

B 6.935

Solution:

Allowance is determine = 50 + 21 + 15 x 100

8 x 60

= 96 x 100

480

= 20% = 0.2

Standard time A = 12.1 x 1.20 = 14.52 minute

Standard time B = 6.935 x 1.20 = 8.322 minute

Total standard time = 14.52 minute + 8.322 minute = 22.842 minute/unit

TYPES OF

ALLOWANCES

Relaxation allowance

(Elaun Rehat)

Contingency allowance

(Elaun Kecemasan)

Process allowance

(Elaun Proses)

Policy allowance

(Elaun Proses)

EXERCISE:

Question:

a. Compute the normal time for the operation

b. If the allowance is 15%, determine the standard time

c. Compute the daily standard output (assume 8-hour workday)

d. How many workers are needed to ensure an output of 600 units per

week (assume 5 day work week)

Job Element Observation times (Minute) Performance rate

1 15 14 15 35 12 105

2 22 24 23 24 25 110

3 80 31 32 31 10 95

4 22 22 24 22 44 100

Answer:

c. Daily standard output = 8 x 60 = 4.51 unit/day

106.51

d. Number of workers required = 600 = 26.6 ~ 27 worker

4.51x5

Job

Element

Observation time Rating Normal time Allow

(1+A)

Std. Time

1 15+14+15+12 = 14.0

4

105 = 1.05

100

14.0 (1.05) = 14.70 1 + 15%

= 1.15

14.7 x 1.15

= 16.91

2 22+24+23+24+25= 23.6

5

110 = 1.10

100

23.6 (1.10) = 25.96 1 + 15%

= 1.15

25.96 x 1.15

= 29.85

3 30+31+32+31= 31.0

4

95 = 0.95

100

31.0 (0.95) = 29.45 1 + 15%

= 1.15

29.45 x 1.15

= 33.87

4 22+22+24+22= 22.5

4

100 = 1.00

100

22.5 (1.00) = 22.50 1 + 15%

= 1.15

22.50 x 1.15

= 25.88

Total a = 92.61 b = 106.51

Q n A