Aplikasi Teknologi Informasi Dalam Pendidikan

Bahan Kuliah Program Studi Manajemen Pendidikan-S2Program Pascasarjana Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Dosen: Drs. Muchlas, M.T.

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Pertemuan Ke-3:Pengenalan Perangkat Keras

Komputer

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Tujuan:

Mahasiswa dapat:• menjelaskan trend perkembangan komputer• mengidentifikasi jenis sistem komputer yang

banyak digunakan saat ini• mengidentifikasi komponen-komponen utama

sistem komputer• menjelaskan cara kerja sistem komputer • Mengidentifikasi kebutuhan perangkat keras untuk

mendukung kegiatan pendidikan• menyebutkan spesifikasi komputer sesuai

kebutuhan pendidikan

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MAINFRAME

Mainframe: Mark I (1944)

Mainframe: ENIAC (1946)

Mainframe: UNIVAC (1952)

Univac computer: Predicts an election 1952

IBM 701 (1952)

IBM 360 (1964)

Movie of Mainframe

Desk Set was a major motion picture from 1957 starring Spencer Tracy and Katherine Hepburn.

Roll Tape in Mainframe

Using Mainframe to Control Rocket

The Time-Sharing Computer User

Remote Terminals Take Control

Mai

nfra

me

Terminals in Mainframe

Terminals in Mainframe

MainframeComputers

Microcomputers

Earliest systems:Bigger Size, More Expensive TimesharingMultitasking

Smaller, Cheaper, Faster, More Realiable, Easy to Purchase, Easy to MaintainTimesharingMultitasking

Trends of Computer System

Mainframes to Networks

• The mainframe– Central computer timesharing and multitasking– CRT or dumb terminals accessing– No local processing capabilities

• LAN – Local area network– Central computer as a server (Often another PC)– Local computers accessing the network– Software on both machines.– Local processing capabilities

Mainframes to Networks

MA

INF

RA

ME

NE

TW

OR

K

PC/Microcomputer

Microcomputer

Earliest microcomputers

Earliest microcomputers: Apple II

Earliest microcomputers: Portable

“Might fit under the seat in a plane” 35 lbs ??

Microcomputer Systems• Handheld Computers

– PDA, Information Appliances

• Notebook Computers• Desktop Computers• Workstations

Komputer Saat Ini: Laptop vs Desktop

Lihat video ini:• http://youtu.be/qKb1tFkJBsU• http://youtu.be/kMRDmkFsUZs

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Laptop Desktop Computer=Personal Computer (PC)

Hardware of a modern personal computer:

1. Monitor2. Motherboard3. CPU4. RAM5. Expansion cards6. Power supply7. Optical disc drive8. Hard disk drive9. Keyboard10. Mouse

Hardware of a Modern PC

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Hardware of a Modern PC

Structure of Computer System

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Central Processing Unit

OutputDevices

CacheMemory

Primary Storage

SecondaryStorageDevices

ControlUnit (CU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit

(ALU)

SpecialPurposeProcessors

Output Devices

InputDevices

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Structure of Computer System

Input Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched Cards

Paper Tape

Punched Cards

Paper Tape

Punched Cards

Punched Cards

Key to Tape/Disk

Key to Tape/Disk

Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

Voice RecognitionSpeech and

Touch DevicesHandwriting Recognition

Voice RecognitionSpeech and

Touch DevicesHandwriting Recognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use

Common Input Devices

Keyboardhttp://youtu.be/o4H931A3BDE

Mouse

Webcam

Touch Screen

Mic Scanner

Variety of KeyboardPS2 Keyboard USB Keyboard Wireless KeyboardSerial Keyboard

Variety of Mouse

PS2 Mouse USB Mouse Wireless MouseSerial Mouse

Output Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched Cards

Printed Reportsand Documents

Punched Cards

Printed Reportsand Documents

Punched Cards

Printed Reports and Documents

Punched Cards

Printed Reports and Documents

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysVoice Responses

Hyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Video DisplaysVoice Responses

Hyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly

Common Video Output Devices (Monitor=Screen=Display=VDU)

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal

Display (LCD)

Organic Light Emitting Diode

(OLED)

Common Printed Output Devices

Inkjet Printer Laser PrinterDot Matrix Printer

Common Audio Output Devices

Headset Speaker

Storage Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Magnetic Drum

Magnetic Drum

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic Disk

Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Disk

PrimaryStoragePrimaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

Data representation in a computer

• “Two state” or binary representation – negative / positive electronic charges?– A bit – negative or positive – zero or one– ASCII or EBCIDIC coding schemes

How many bytes and bits?

• “Mary Smith”

• “Mary J. Smith”

• 04/01/2004

Definitions of storage size

• 1 bit = 0 or 1• 8 bits = 1 byte (character)• 1 k = 1,000 bytes (kilobyte)• 1 mb = 1,000,000 (megabyte)• 1 gb = 1,000,000,000 (gigabyte)

– 20 meters of shelved books

• 1 tb = 1,000,000,000,000 (terabyte)– A complete research library

• 1 pb = 1,000,000,000,000,000 (petabyte)– 2b = all U.S. academic research libraries

• 1 ex - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (exabyte)

Data storage and retrieval forms

• RAM = random or direct access memory– Fast, lost when power down

• DASD – direct access storage devices– Disk drives – slower but still quite fast– Direct reads to sectors and tracks

• Magnetic tapes– Slower, cheaper, sequential access

• Direct or random access – specific storage positions based on data defined locations– Example: credit card records – card id

Semi Conductor Memory

• Random access memory (RAM)– Increases over time driven by operating

systems and applications software

• Read only memory (ROM)– Permanent storage of commonly executed

instructions – not volatile– “Firmware” …

Magnetic disk storage

• Floppy disks – 3.5 inch = 1.44 mb– Superdisk – 120 mb

• Hard disk drives – 100’s of gigabytes• RAID storage – redundant arrays of

independent disks– 6 to 100 + small hard disks– Redundant design of data storage– Fault tolerant capacity – less risk of loss

Other storage forms

• Magnetic tapes– used for backup– Sequential access– Cartridge or real to real

• Optical disk storage– CD-ROM : compact disk read only memory– CD-R – record once– CD-RW – rewriteable disk– DVD – digital video disk

• 3 to 8.5 gb -

Primary & Secondary Storage Media

SemiconductorMemory

SemiconductorMemory

MagneticDisks

Floppy DiskHard Disk, RAID

MagneticDisks

Floppy DiskHard Disk, RAID

Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape

Optical DisksCD-ROM, CD-R

CD-RWDVD

Optical DisksCD-ROM, CD-R

CD-RWDVD

Acc

ess

Spee

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crea

ses

Stor

age

Cap

acity

Dec

reas

es

Cos

t per

Bit

Incr

ease

s

Direct Access

SequentialAccess

Direct Access S

eco

nd

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Sto

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Sto

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Contoh Spesifikasi Komputer

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Dual Core (2.5 Ghz) TRAYMainboard ASUS/Gigabyte/ECS Memory DDR2 V-gen 2 Gb PC 5300Harddisk 160 Gb Seagate/Maxtor SATAKeyboard + Mouse SimbaddaCasing ATX 450w + 2 FAN CPULCD Monitor LG/Samsung Wide Screen 17″VGA PCI-Express Digital Alliance 9500GT Super 1Gb DDR2 256Bit