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PENGANTAR KULIAH PENGANTAR KULIAH ANATOMIANATOMI
Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, M.KesDr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, M.KesLaboratorium AnatomiLaboratorium AnatomiProgram Studi FarmasiProgram Studi Farmasi
Univ. Muhammadiyah MalangUniv. Muhammadiyah Malang
Kuliah PerdanaKuliah PerdanaLaboratorium AnatomiLaboratorium Anatomi
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASIPROGRAM STUDI FARMASIUNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH
MALANGMALANG
Tanggal, Tanggal, 25 September 25 September 20201212
Sine Anatomi Nihil Medicine
Tidak Ada Ilmu Kesehatan Tanpa Anatomi
ANATOMIANATOMI
Asal Kata. Greek “ temnein”Asal Kata. Greek “ temnein” artinyaartinya “ “memotong”memotong” ( dissecting )( dissecting )Pengertian. Pengertian. Adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh Adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh melalui pemotongan ( dissecting )melalui pemotongan ( dissecting )--------- Ilmu Urai.--------- Ilmu Urai.
Approaches to Studying AnatomyApproaches to Studying Anatomy
Systemic AnatomySystemic AnatomyUndergraduate courses Undergraduate courses are taught systemically, are taught systemically, mainly because mainly because physiology is taught physiology is taught along with anatomy.along with anatomy.
Regional AnatomyRegional AnatomyMedical school courses Medical school courses are taught regionally. are taught regionally. Dissection of a cadaver Dissection of a cadaver is best done in this is best done in this manner.manner.
Regional AnatomyRegional Anatomy
This course will be divided This course will be divided into 4 units:into 4 units:
1. Back and Upper Limb1. Back and Upper Limb
2. Thorax and Abdomen2. Thorax and Abdomen
3. Pelvis and Lower Limb3. Pelvis and Lower Limb
4. Head and Neck4. Head and Neck
SISTEM TUBUH MANUSIASISTEM TUBUH MANUSIA
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
The The urinary systemurinary system, made up of kidneys, urinary , made up of kidneys, urinary bladder, and tubes that convey urine, rids the body bladder, and tubes that convey urine, rids the body of nitrogenous wastes, and regulates fluid balance of nitrogenous wastes, and regulates fluid balance and pH.and pH.
Nama RegioNama Regio Nama Anatomi.Nama Anatomi.
CephalicCephalic CephalonCephalon
CervicalisCervicalis CervicisCervicis
ThoracalisThoracalis ThoraxThorax
BrachialisBrachialis BrachiumBrachium
AbdominalisAbdominalis AbdomenAbdomen
GluteusGluteus GluteaGlutea
FemoralisFemoralis FemurFemur
CrurisCruris CruralCrural
PedisPedis PesPes
Regio-regio Dalam Tubuh Regio-regio Dalam Tubuh manusiamanusia
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Terminologi Terminologi AnatomiAnatomi
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectionalDirectional..– Anterior = front ---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.Anterior = front ---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.– Ventral = belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.Ventral = belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.– Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.– Dorsal = back = behind.Dorsal = back = behind.– Cranial = toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the abdomen.Cranial = toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the abdomen.– Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body superior is Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body superior is
equivalent to cranial)equivalent to cranial)– Caudal = toward the tail ----- the hips are cudal to the waist.Caudal = toward the tail ----- the hips are cudal to the waist.– Inferior = below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to hips.Inferior = below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to hips.– Medial = toward the mid lineMedial = toward the mid line– Lateral = away from midlineLateral = away from midline– Proximal = toward the central of the bodyProximal = toward the central of the body– Distal = away from the central of the body.Distal = away from the central of the body.– Superficial = toward body surface.Superficial = toward body surface.– Profundus = away from body surface. Profundus = away from body surface.
AbreviationAbreviation
a. = arteri = arterya. = arteri = arteryv. = vena = veinv. = vena = veinn. = nervus = nerve n. = nervus = nerve m.m. = musculus = muscle= musculus = muscleaa.aa. = arteriae = arteries= arteriae = arteriesav.av. = venae = veins= venae = veinsaw.aw. = musculi = muscles= musculi = musclesax.ax. = nervi = nerves= nervi = nerves..
Terms of Terms of Relationship and Relationship and
ComparisonComparison
• Superficial vs. deep• Medial vs. lateral• Superior vs. inferior• Cranial vs. caudal• Anterior vs. posterior• Proximal vs. distal• Dorsal vs. palmar• Dorsal vs. plantar
Be able to use each termin a sentence. (See figure.)
Anatomic PositionsAnatomic Positions
ProneProne
SupineSupine
Anatomic PositionsAnatomic Positions
Trendelenburg’s positionTrendelenburg’s position
Fowler’s positionFowler’s position
Cabang Lain AnatomiCabang Lain Anatomi
Anatomi PerkembanganAnatomi Perkembangan– Embryology. Ilmu yang mempelajari anatomi Embryology. Ilmu yang mempelajari anatomi
sebelum lahir . Disebut juga morphogenesis sebelum lahir . Disebut juga morphogenesis – Ontogeny. Ilmu yang mempelajari perkembangan Ontogeny. Ilmu yang mempelajari perkembangan
mahluk dari fertilisasi sampai dewasa mahluk dari fertilisasi sampai dewasa – Anthropology Ragawi. Adalah bagian dari Anthropology Ragawi. Adalah bagian dari phylogeny yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari phylogeny yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari terjadinya suatu phylum--- ras.terjadinya suatu phylum--- ras.
Comparative AnatomiComparative AnatomiRadiographic AnatomiRadiographic Anatomi
Sistem PerkuliahanSistem Perkuliahan
Kuliah Semi PBL (Problem Base Learning)Kuliah Semi PBL (Problem Base Learning)
- Kuliah Klasikal- Kuliah Klasikal
- Presentasi- Presentasi
PraktikumPraktikum
No Tanggal
Topik KuliahTopik Praktikum
Selasapkl. 07.00 – 09.00 WIB
Selasapkl.13.00-17.00 WIB
1 15 Sept 2015PENGANTAR KULIAH ANATOMI
dan Musculoskeletal TJ
Extremitas 1
2 22 Sept 2015 Musculoskeletal TJ Extremitas 2
3 29 Sept 2015 Thorax - Respirasi dan Jantung TJExtremitas 3
4 6 Okt 2015 Pencernakan TJReview
5 13 Okt 2015 Urogenital TJ Ujian Praktikum 1
6 20 Okt 2015 Endocrinologi TJ Thorax
7 27 Okt 2015 Embriologi umum TJ Abdomen
8 3 Nov 2015 Saraf TJ Urogenital
9 10 Nov 2015 UTS
10 17 Nov 2015Mata - THT
TJReview
11 24 Nov 2015 Dr Anisa TJ Ujian praktikum 2
12 1 Des 2015Dr Anisa
13 8 Des 2015 Dr Anisa
14 15 Des 2015 Dr Anisa
15 22 Des 2015 Dr Anisa
16 29 Des 2015 Dr Anisa
EvaluasiEvaluasi Jenis UjianJenis Ujian : :
– Teori :Teori :UTS 1UTS 1UTS 2UTS 2
– Praktikum :Praktikum : Ujian Praktikum 1Ujian Praktikum 1 Ujian Praktikum 2Ujian Praktikum 2 Pre Test Pre Test
Sistim PenilaianSistim Penilaian
Nilai Teori :Nilai Teori :Nilai Praktikum :Nilai Praktikum :Nilai Pre test : Nilai Pre test : Untuk nilai < 55 mahasiswa tidak Untuk nilai < 55 mahasiswa tidak boleh mengikuti praktikumboleh mengikuti praktikum
Nilai Akhir : Nilai Akhir : 2 (UTS1+UTS2) + UP1 + UP2 +2 (UTS1+UTS2) + UP1 + UP2 +
66
Nilai Akhir SemesterNilai Akhir Semester
0 – 45 0 – 45 = E= E
>45 – 50 >45 – 50 = D= D
>50 – 55 >50 – 55 = D= D
>55 – 60 >55 – 60 = C= C
>60 – 65 >60 – 65 = C+= C+
>65 – 76 >65 – 76 = B= B
>76 – 80 >76 – 80 = B+= B+
>80 >80 = A= A
Buku ajarBuku ajar
Martini,F.H.,et al., Human Anatomy.Martini,F.H.,et al., Human Anatomy. Bannister. Lawrence H., Gray’s Anatomi.Bannister. Lawrence H., Gray’s Anatomi. Moore, ANATOMY HUMAN STRUCTUREMoore, ANATOMY HUMAN STRUCTURE Langman’s, MEDICAL EmbryologyLangman’s, MEDICAL Embryology Yakochi, HUMAN ANATOMYYakochi, HUMAN ANATOMY Spalteholz, HANDATLAS der ANATOMIESpalteholz, HANDATLAS der ANATOMIE Sobotta, ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMISobotta, ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMI Internet/Belajar MandiriInternet/Belajar Mandiri
Ketentuan lainKetentuan lain
Tidak ikut Ujian/Pretest tanpa Tidak ikut Ujian/Pretest tanpa keterangan diberi nilai = 0keterangan diberi nilai = 0
Surat Keterangan Sakit tidak berlakuSurat Keterangan Sakit tidak berlaku TIDAK ADATIDAK ADA Ujian Susulan Ujian Susulan Presensi <80% -> tidak diijinkan ikut Presensi <80% -> tidak diijinkan ikut
ujianujian
PraktikumPraktikum
Menghargai preparat/cadaverMenghargai preparat/cadaverJas Praktikum Rapi + Tanda PengenalJas Praktikum Rapi + Tanda PengenalMembawa alat-alat praktikum sendiriMembawa alat-alat praktikum sendiriKuku dipotong pendekKuku dipotong pendekMasuk Tepat WaktuMasuk Tepat WaktuDimulai dengan doa bersama Dimulai dengan doa bersama Keluar Lab. Harus Seijin DosenKeluar Lab. Harus Seijin DosenTempat Sholat disediakan Tempat Sholat disediakan
SISTEM TUBUH PERMUKAAN SISTEM TUBUH PERMUKAAN MUSCULOSKELETALMUSCULOSKELETAL
Thontowi Djauhari NS M.KesThontowi Djauhari NS M.KesLaboratorium AnatomiLaboratorium Anatomi
Program Pendidikan DokterProgram Pendidikan DokterUniv. Muhammadiyah MalangUniv. Muhammadiyah Malang
SKELETON (Kerangka Tulang)
Axial skeleton :Skull 22Auditory ossicles 6Hyoid bone 1Vertebral column 26Ribs and sternum 25
----80
Appendicular skeleton :Upper extremity 64Lower extremity 62
----126
Total 206
Axial Skeleton – merupakan tulang axis dari tubuh :
Contoh : cranium, vertebrae, sacrum, costae
Appendicular Skeleton – berbungan dengan penyusun tubuh :
Contoh : extremitas atas bawah dan pelvis
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
Structure: Structure: – BonesBones
– CartilageCartilage
FunctionFunction– ProtectionProtection
– SupportSupport
– MovementMovement
– Storage for salts (e.g., calcium)Storage for salts (e.g., calcium)
– Supply of new blood cellsSupply of new blood cells
PartsParts
Axial skeleton Axial skeleton (skull, hyoid, vertebrae/sacrum, ribs, (skull, hyoid, vertebrae/sacrum, ribs,
sternum)sternum)
Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton(bones of limbs including pectoral/pelvic (bones of limbs including pectoral/pelvic
girdles)girdles)
KOMPOSISI TULANGKOMPOSISI TULANG
Water (25%)Water (25%)
Organic Constituent (~25%)Organic Constituent (~25%)
– Collagen. Collagen.
A fibrous protein that provide flexibility.A fibrous protein that provide flexibility.
Inorganic Constituent (~50%)Inorganic Constituent (~50%)
– Calcium phosphate and calcium Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. carbonate.
Mineral salts that provide hardness.Mineral salts that provide hardness.
Structure of Long BoneStructure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3
Bone Growth in LengthBone Growth in Length
Epiphyseal plateEpiphyseal plate– Cartilage cells in this plate divide Cartilage cells in this plate divide
rapidly.rapidly.
– Zone of proliferating cartilage.Zone of proliferating cartilage.
Between ages 18-25, the Between ages 18-25, the epiphyseal plates close.epiphyseal plates close.– Cartilage cells in the plate stop Cartilage cells in the plate stop
dividing and bone replaces the dividing and bone replaces the cartilage.cartilage.
Growth in length stops at age Growth in length stops at age 25.25.
Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
Slide 5.14a
Aging and Bone TissueAging and Bone Tissue
Demineralization-Demineralization- loss of minerals. loss of minerals. – Very rapid in women 40-45 as estrogen levels Very rapid in women 40-45 as estrogen levels
decrease. decrease. – In males, begins after age 60, but is gradual.In males, begins after age 60, but is gradual.
Decrease in protein synthesisDecrease in protein synthesis– Decrease in growth hormone.Decrease in growth hormone.– Decrease in collagen production, which gives bone its Decrease in collagen production, which gives bone its
tensile strength, this causes bone to become brittle tensile strength, this causes bone to become brittle and susceptible to fracture.and susceptible to fracture.
Cold spots Cold spots indicateindicate– Decreased Decreased
metabolism of metabolism of decalcified decalcified bone.bone.
– Fracture.Fracture.– Bone Bone
infection.infection.
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture
Slide 5.19
Figure 5.5
Skeletal Muscle & Muscle ArchitectureSkeletal Muscle & Muscle Architecture
Skeletal Muscle & Muscle ArchitectureSkeletal Muscle & Muscle Architecture
Anatomi PermukaanAnatomi Permukaan
Vena-vena superfisialVena-vena superfisial
Getah beningGetah bening
Saraf-2 KulitSaraf-2 Kulit
V. basilica
V. cephalica
V. Mediana cubiti
V.Mediana antebrachii
Arcus venosus dorsalis
V. axillarisV.brachialis
V. subclavia
Getah beningGetah bening
Regio :Regio : I. Regio Humeri et AxillarisI. Regio Humeri et Axillaris II. Regio Brachii & CubitiII. Regio Brachii & Cubiti III. Regio AntebrachiiIII. Regio Antebrachii IV. Regio ManusIV. Regio Manus
Tiap Regio mengandung :Tiap Regio mengandung :A. Struktur OtotA. Struktur OtotBB. Struktur Pembuluh Darah. Struktur Pembuluh DarahC. Struktur SarafC. Struktur SarafE. Struktur Kelenjar Getah BeningE. Struktur Kelenjar Getah Bening
I. RegioI. Regio
Humeri et AxillarisHumeri et Axillaris
I. RegioI. Regio
Humeri et AxillarisHumeri et Axillaris
A. Struktur OtotA. Struktur OtotA. Struktur OtotA. Struktur Otot
1.1. Otot-2 PectoralisOtot-2 Pectoralis
2.2. Otot-2 Punggung superfisialOtot-2 Punggung superfisial
3.3. Otot-2 BahuOtot-2 Bahu
Otot-2 Regio PectoralisOtot-2 Regio Pectoralis
m. Pectoralis Majorm. Pectoralis Majorm. Pectoralis minorm. Pectoralis minorm. Subclaviusm. Subclaviusm. Serratus Anteriorm. Serratus Anterior
M. Pectoralis MajorM. Pectoralis Major
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M. Pectoralis MinorM. Pectoralis Minor
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Otot - ototOtot - otot Punggung SuperfisialPunggung Superfisialm. Trapeziusm. Trapeziusm. Latisimus dorsim. Latisimus dorsim. Levator scapulaem. Levator scapulaem. Rhomboideus majorm. Rhomboideus majorm. Rhomboideus minorm. Rhomboideus minor
M. Trapezius M. Trapezius dan dan
m. Latisimus dorsim. Latisimus dorsi
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
InsertioInsertio
M. Levator scapulaM. Levator scapula
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M. Rhomboideus Major dan M. Rhomboideus Major dan MinorMinor
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
Levator Scapulae
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
RhomboideusDeltoideus
Infraspinata
Teres minor
Teres major
Minor
Major
Supraspinata
Otot-2 BahuOtot-2 Bahu
m. Deltoideusm. Deltoideusm. Supraspinatam. Supraspinatam. Infraspinatam. Infraspinatam. Teres Majorm. Teres Majorm. Teres minorm. Teres minorm. Subscapularism. Subscapularis
M. DeltoideusM. Deltoideus
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M. Sub scapularisM. Sub scapularis
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M. supraspinatusM. supraspinatus
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M InfraspinatusM Infraspinatus
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M. Teres majorM. Teres major
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
M. Teres minorM. Teres minor
OrigoOrigo
InsertioInsertio
B. Arteria AxillarisB. Arteria Axillaris B. Arteria AxillarisB. Arteria Axillaris
Kelanjutan dari Kelanjutan dari A. subclaviaA. subclavia
DibawahDibawah M.pectoralis major M.pectoralis major menjadi menjadi A. brachialisA. brachialis
Terdiri dari 3 bagian : Terdiri dari 3 bagian : diatas, dibelakang, dibawah diatas, dibelakang, dibawah M. pectoralis minorM. pectoralis minor
Cabang-2 A. AxillarisCabang-2 A. AxillarisDiatas M.pectoralis minorDiatas M.pectoralis minor
A. thoracalis supremaA. thoracalis suprema
Dibelakang M.pectoralis minorDibelakang M.pectoralis minor A.thoracoacromialis :A.thoracoacromialis :
R. acromialisR. acromialis R. deltoideusR. deltoideus R. clavicularisR. clavicularis R. pectoralisR. pectoralis
A.thoracalis lateralisA.thoracalis lateralis
Dibawah M.pectoralis minorDibawah M.pectoralis minorA.subscapularis :A.subscapularis :
A. circumflexa scapulae A. circumflexa scapulae anastomose dengan anastomose dengan A. transversa scapulaeA. transversa scapulae A.thoracodorsalisA.thoracodorsalis
A. circumflexa humeri anteriorA. circumflexa humeri anteriorA. circumflexa humeri posteriorA. circumflexa humeri posterior
A
B
C
A. Subclavia
A. AxillarisA.thoracoacromialis
A.Thoracalissuprema
A. Thoracalis lateralis
A. subscapularis
A. Circumflexa humeri anterior et posterior
A. Brachialis
A. Diatas M.pectoralis minorB. Dibelakang M.pect.minorC. Dibawah M. pect.minor
C. Plexus BrachialisC. Plexus BrachialisC. Plexus BrachialisC. Plexus Brachialis
Plexus Plexus cervicaliscervicalis
R. R. ventralisventralis
TruncusTruncus DivisiDivisi FasciculuFasciculuss
NervusNervus
C5C5 SuperiorSuperior AnteriorAnterior LateralisLateralis N. MusculoN. Musculo
cutaneuscutaneus
C6C6 PosteriorPosterior N. N. MedianusMedianus
C7C7 MedialisMedialisAnteriorAnterior N. UlnarisN. Ulnaris
PosteriorPosterior
PosteriorPosteriorN. AxillarisN. Axillaris
C8C8 InferiorInferiorPosteriorPosterior N. RadialisN. Radialis
AnteriorAnterior MedialisMedialis N. N. MedianusMedianus
Th1Th1 N. UlnarisN. Ulnaris
Plexus cervicalisPlexus cervicalisR. ventralisR. ventralis
TruncusTruncus
DivisiDivisi
FasciculusFasciculus
NervusNervus
N. UlnarisN. Ulnaris
N. MedianusN. Medianus
N. MusculocutaneusN. Musculocutaneus
N. RadialisN. Radialis
N. AxillarisN. Axillaris
Cabang RamiCabang Rami ( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )
C5 C5 N. dorsalis scapulae & n. PhrenicusN. dorsalis scapulae & n. PhrenicusC5,6,7 C5,6,7 N. thoracalis longusN. thoracalis longus
Cabang TruncusCabang Truncus ( tapi tak membentuk Pl.Brachialis )( tapi tak membentuk Pl.Brachialis )Truncus superior : Truncus superior : N. subclavius & N.suprascapularisN. subclavius & N.suprascapularis
Truncus medialis : --Truncus medialis : --Truncus inferior : Truncus inferior :
Cabang FasciculusCabang Fasciculus ( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )
Fasc. lateralis : Fasc. lateralis : N.pectoralis lateralisN.pectoralis lateralisFasc. posterior : Fasc. posterior : N. subscapularis, N.thoracodorsalisN. subscapularis, N.thoracodorsalisFasc. medialis : Fasc. medialis : N.pectoralis med, N.cut. brachii N.pectoralis med, N.cut. brachii
medialis, N. cut. antebrachii medialis, N. cut. antebrachii medialismedialis
RegioBrachii et Cubiti
M. coracobrachialis
M. Biceps brachii
M. brachialis
M. Bicepsbrachii
M. coracobrachialis
M. brachialis M. Triceps brachiiM. Triceps brachii
M. brachialis
M. coracobrachialis
M. Bicepsbrachii
Setelah M.Biceps diangkat
Spina scapulae
M. deltoideus
Caput longum
Caput lateralis
Caput medialis
M. Tricepsbrachii
3. Arteria : 3. Arteria : A. BrachialisA. Brachialis
Lanjutan Lanjutan A.axillarisA.axillaris distal batas bawah M.teres major distal batas bawah M.teres major
Pada lengan atas bersama Pada lengan atas bersama V.basilicaV.basilica
Pada Pada Fossa cubitiFossa cubiti : : Terletak Terletak centralcentral
DiDilaterallateralnyanya : tendon M. biceps brachii : tendon M. biceps brachii
DiDimedialmedialnyanya : N. medianus : N. medianus
DiDisuperficialsuperficialnyanya : : Lacertus fibrosusLacertus fibrosus, memisahkan , memisahkan
A.brachialis dari V.mediana A.brachialis dari V.mediana cubiticubiti
Berakhir sebagai : Berakhir sebagai : A. radialis & A. ulnarisA. radialis & A. ulnaris
Percabangan A.BrachialisPercabangan A.Brachialis
A. profunda brachii :A. profunda brachii : R.deltoideaR.deltoidea A.collateralis radialisA.collateralis radialis A.collateralis medialisA.collateralis medialis
A. collateralis A. collateralis ulnaris superiorulnaris superior A. collateralis A. collateralis
ulnaris inferiorulnaris inferior Menjadi A. radialisMenjadi A. radialis Menjadi A. ulnarisMenjadi A. ulnaris
A.brachialis
A.Profunda brachii
A.Collateralis ulnaris superior
A.Collateralis ulnaris inferior
A. radialis A. ulnaris
Pre testPre test
1.1. Otot-2 PectoralisOtot-2 Pectoralis
2.2. Otot-2 Punggung superfisialOtot-2 Punggung superfisial
3.3. Otot-2 BahuOtot-2 Bahu
4. Otot Brachii et Cubiti bagian ventral
5. Otot Brachii et Cubiti bagian Dorsal
6. Perjalanan arteri dari lengan ke bawah
7. Plexus brachialis
Benarkah Neil Amstrong adalah manusia pertama yang menginjakkan kakinya di bulan dengan selamet ? Baru Baru ini telah terungkap fakta yang mengejutkan tentang keaslian foto di NASA Inilah bukti barunya ....
Inilah yang dunia lihat tentang foto tersebut
Tetapi sadarkah anda ada bayangan yang tertutup dalam foto tersebut ?????????... ....
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