abdul salam m. sofro faculty of medicine universitas yarsi

Abdul Salam M. Sofro

Faculty of Medicine

Universitas YARSI

Introduction

http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/world.htm

Human being as the most perfect

creature and the representative of

God on earth is responsible to look

after the universe including

his/herself and other creations of God

The world should be a

confortable place for living

Aktivitas G. Merapi terlihat dari Kawasan Kaliadem, Kepuharjo,

Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Jumat (22/10). Saat ini status

Merapi telah siaga. Foto: Antara/Wahyu Putro

Gunung Merapi kembali meletus dan mengeluarkan awan

panas dilihat dari Sidorejo, Klaten, Jawa Tengah (1/11).

Lava terlihat menyala bersama hembusan asap vulkanik dari

kawah Gunung Merapi yang terlihat dari Cangkringan,

Yogyakarta, Jumat (29/10) pagi. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara)

Asap solfatara disertai guguran material Gunung Merapi terlihat dari

Kaliadem, Kepuharjo, Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Selasa (26/10)

But, sometimes something

unexpected happens.

Austronesian speaking populations in

the world’s population context

Human being is diverse

It is not by chance, but it is given

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the

total population of the World, projected to

12/09/12 at 23:29 UTC (EST+5) is

7,057,535,404

http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html

Monthly World population figures:

07/01/12 7,023,324,899

08/01/12 7,029,872,203

09/01/12 7,036,419,508

10/01/12 7,042,755,609

11/01/12 7,049,302,914

12/01/12 7,055,639,015

01/01/13 7,062,186,320

02/01/13 7,068,733,624

03/01/13 7,074,647,319

04/01/13 7,081,194,623

05/01/13 7,087,530,725

06/01/13 7,094,078,029

07/01/13 7,100,414,131

World 7,057,534,553

23:23 UTC (EST+5)

Dec 09, 2012

Map of Asia

Population 4,379,000,000 (4 billion)

http://exploredia.com/population-of-asia-2013/

http://baktinusaddugm.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/aseaan.gif

Geographies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1 Brunei 377.4 384.9 392.3 399.7 407.0

2 Cambodia 14,091.8 14,323.8 14,562.0 14,805.4 15,053.1

3 Indonesia 221,953.7 224,669.6 227,345.1 229,964.7 232,516.8

4 Laos 5,983.5 6,092.3 6,205.3 6,320.4 6,436.1

5 Malaysia 26,640.3 27,173.3 27,638.4 28,098.3 28,551.8

6 Myanmar 48,723.3 49,129.4 49,563.0 50,019.8 50,495.7

7 Philippines 86,798.4 88,574.6 90,352.2 92,137.0 93,923.4

8 Singapore 4,401.4 4,588.6 4,839.4 4,987.6 5,076.7

9 Thailand 63,444.0 63,883.7 64,316.1 64,732.0 65,124.7

10 Vietnam 83,957.9 84,750.5 85,522.9 86,277.9 87,019.7

http://www958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/datasets/aedc1

6c87bab11e095f1000255111976/versions/1

ASEAN POPULATION

The Austronesian-speaking people

are various populations in Southeast Asia and

Oceania that speak languages of the

Austronesian family.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples

Distribution of Austronesian language

They include :

Taiwanese aborigines

The majority ethnic groups of East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Polynesia, as well as

The Polynesian peoples of New Zealand and Hawaii

The non-Papuan people of Melanesia.

Those found in Singapore, Pattani region of Thailand and the Cham areas of Vietnam (remnants of the Champa kingdom which covered central and southern Vietnam), Cambodja, and Hainan, China.

Summary tree of world populations.

Phylogenetic tree based on polymorphisms of 120 protein genes in 1,915

populations grouped by continental sub-areas and Fst genetic distances14.

Root placed assuming a constant rate of evolution. L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza

& Marcus W. Feldman Nature Genetics 33, 266 - 275 (2003)

Regions with significant populations

Indonesia: 237,424,363 (2011)

Philippines: 92,226,600

Malaysia: 12,290,000 (2006)

Papua New Guinea: 6,300,000

Madagascar: over 5 million (1998)

East Timor: 947,000 (2004)

New Zealand: 855,000 (2006)

Brunei: 724,000? (2006)

Singapore: over 600,000

Solomon Islands: 478,000 (2005)

Taiwan: 480,000 (2006)

Fiji: 456,000 (2005)

Hawaii: 140,652 or 401,162 (depend on def.)

Suriname: 71,000 (2009)

Genetic variation

Some Genetic

markers are

commonly found in

Austronesian

speaking

populations

Recent study in Malaysia reported that:

The Melayu Jawa, Melayu Bugis and Melayu

Minang have a very close genetic relationship

with Indonesian populations indicating a

common ancestral history, while the Melayu

Kelantan formed a distinct group on the tree

indicating that they are genetically different

from the other Malay sub-ethnic groups (Hatin

WI, Nur-Shafawati AR, Zahri M-K, Xu S, Jin L,

et al. (2011) Population Genetic Structure of

Peninsular Malaysia Malay Sub-Ethnic Groups. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018312

Blood genetic disorders

There are three blood genetic disorders

commonly found in the region:

G6PD deficiency

Ovalocytosis

Thalassemia and/or globin gene

mutants

G6PD deficiency mutations

G6PD Kaiping (1388G>A)

G6PD Chatham (1003G>A)

G6PD Coimbra (592C>T)

G6PD Vanua Lava (383T>C)

G6PD Viangchan (871G>A)

G6PD Canton (1376G>T)

G6PD Union

G6PD Mediteran

Etc.

Ovalocytosis

The so-called Southeast Asia Ovalocytosis (SAO) is commonly found in populations of Southeast Asia

The SAO is similar due to deletion of 27 bp (9 amino acids) from codon 400-408 band-3 protein of the red cell membrane

Appearance of ovalocytosis on blood film

Original magnification x 400

Distribution of G6PD Deficiency and Ovalocytosis in Indonesia

Thalassemia

Mostly beta-thalassemia

Various mutants have been reported in

Southeast Asia, due to point mutation or

deletion of beta-globin gene in the short

arm of chromosome -11.

Majority of mutants are located in exon 1

[Cd 26/HbE (GAG>AAG)] , intron 1

[IVS1-nt5 (G>C)] and exon 2 [Cd35 (-C)]

Batak

Melayu

Minang

Palembang

Bangka

Dayak

Banjar

Palu

Minahasa

Jawa

Tengger

Sumbawa Bali

Sumba Sasak

Alor

Toraja

Distribution of -thalassemia and hemoglobin-E carrier in some

Indonesian populations (carrier frequency in %). * hemoglobin OIna.

1,5 0

3,7

5,2

2,9

4,3

9,2 6,5

5,4 4,5

3,2 4,8

0 10,6

3,1 1,5

0 0

0 1,7

1,2 3,7

0 4*

1,2 6,1

2,9 4,3

2,5 36,6

5,1 6,8 0 0

= -thalassemia

= hemoglobin-E

Distribution of common mutants of -thalassemia and hemoglobin-E

in some Indonesian populations.

Batak IVS I-5 Melayu

IVS I-5

IVS I-1

Cd 26

Palembang IVS I-5

IVS I-1

Cd 41/42

IVS II-654

Cd-26

Bangka IVSI-5

IVS I-1

Cd 8/9

Cd 41/42

Cd-26 Minang IVS I-5

IVS I-1

Cd 8/9

Cd-26

Jawa IVS I-5

IVS I-1

IVS II-654

Cd-26

Dayak IVSI-5

IVS I-1

Cd 41/42

Cd-26

Tengger Cd- 26

Banjar NA

Minahasa Cd-26

Toraja NA

Palu IVS I-5

Sumba IVS I-5

Cd-26

Sumbawa IVS I-5

IVS I-1

Cd-26

Alor NA

Bali Cd 8/9

Cd-26 Sasak IVS I-5

IVS I-1

Cd 8/9

Cd-26

At the moment some 28 mutants have been

characterized at MBL Eijkman:

Jawa-Sunda: HbE (Cd26,GAG>AAG),

IVS1-nt5 (G>C), IVS1-nt1 (G>T), Cd35 (-C);

Melayu: Hb Malay (Cd19, AAC>AGC), HbE,

IVS1-nt5;

Makassar: HbE, Filipino Deletion

Thalassaemia β, Hb Lepore Boston; and

Chinese: Cd 41-42 (-TCTT), IVS2-nt654

(T>C), -28

Concluding remarks

People inhabiting the present day

Southeast Asia region are genetically

related as the descendant of Austronesian

speaking people.

Some other extended groups of people

living in Madagascar and the Pacific region

can also be included in Austronesian

speaking people.

Besides neutral genetic markers found in

various Southeast Asian people, three blood

genetic disorders are commonly found in the

region.

These genetic disorders need lifelong

attention by the family of patients. Significant

budget should be allocated by the

goverment to provide health services, and

family of patients to consult, treat and

maintain better health condition of patient(s).

Having realized and acknowledged that

some serious genetic disorders are

common among genetically related

populations with common ancestry,

Southeast Asian solidarity should be grown

and nurtured to facilitate the establishment

of peaceful, warm and wealthy

neighbourhood of Southeast Asia region

and former region of Austronesian

speaking people in general.