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Naval Biodynanlics Laboratory

NBDL 87R003

ANTHROPOMETRY

AND MASS

DISTRIBUTION

OR

HUMAN ANALOGUES

March

1988

Naval Biodynamics Laboratory

P.O. Box

29407

ew

Orleans UI 70189 0407

Approved for public release; distribution

s

unlimited

Prepared for

Naval Medical Research and Development Command

Bethesda

R I 20889 5044

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Anthropometry and Mass Distribution

for uman Analogues

Volume

I

Military Male Aviators

March 1988

Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Ohio. 45433-6573

AAMRL-TR-88-010

Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory

Pensacola Florida 32508-5700

NAMRL-1334

Naval Air Development Center

Warminister Pennslyvania 18940-5000

NADC-88036-60


New Orleans Louisiana 70189-0407

NBDL 87R003

U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine

Brooks Air Force Base Texas 78235-5301

. b USAFSAM-TR-88-6

U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory

Fort Rucker Alabama 36362-5292

USAARL Report No. 88-5

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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Unclassified

ECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THlS PAGE

b.

DECLASSIFICATION1DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE

Approved for public release; distribution

unlimited.

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Unclassified

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~ o r ipproved

OMB NO. 0704-01 88

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AAMRL-TR-88-010; NAMRL-1334; NADC-88036-60;

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ic ADDRESS City, State, and ZIPCode)

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(City,

State, and ZIPCode)

5.

MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER S)

NBDL 8 ROO3; USAFSAM-TR-88-6 a

;a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Anthropology Research Project

Yellow Springs, Ohio

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Tri-Service Committee of the Tri-Service

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inthropometry and mass distribution for human analogues, volume I: Military aviators U)

12.

PERSONAL AUTHOR S)

9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy I

Ic. ADDRESS City, State, and ZIP Code)

13a. TYPE OF REPORT

113b.

TIME COVERED

(14. DATE OF REPORT Year, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT

Final FROM T O 1988 March 74

16

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

1.

TITLE Include Security Classification)

10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS

Anthropometric and mass distribution data for use in constructing three-dimensional

human analogues

--

mathematical models or test dummies are presented in this report.

Included here are body dimensions, joint locations, and mass distribution properties

appropriate for modeling the Small, id-size, and Large male aviator of the 1980s.

The

data were derived from:

1) 139 body dimensions of standing and seated males obtained by

traditional anthropometric methods; 2) mass distribution data for body segments obtained

by stereophotographic techniques; and 3) skeletal joint centers obtained by estimation.

The anthropometric data,

generated from multiple regressions on stature and weight,

are

suitable as the basis for models to be used in testing responses to impact and other

mechanical forces;

they are not recommended for other purposes such as the sizing of

clothing and personal protective equipment, or workspace design.

WORK UNIT

ACCESSION NO.

20. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 121. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

TASK

NO.

PROGRAM

ELEMENT NO.

18.

SUBJECT TERMS Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

Anthropometry, anthropology, human mass distribution,

human limb pivot axes, pilot size

17.

COSATI CODES

PROJECT

NO.

19. ABSTRACT Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

W p f Sr j~ nti fr Tnfnrmatinn

c p n - ~ r

7115)

7 mn7 i -Y-CT

ID F0tm 1473

JUN 8

Previous editions are obsolete.

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

SUB-GROUP

IELD

5

a NCLASSIFIEDIUNLIMITED SAME AS RPT. DTIC USERS

Za. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL

Unclassified

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22b. TELEPHONE Include Area Code)

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PREFACE

This publication is the culmination of a project initiated more than seven

years ago by Mr.

Joe Haley of the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory

usAARL). A great many people, including representatives from industry, aca-

demic institutions, and a number of government agencies, cooperated in the

development of this tri-service data base for use in the construction of

three-dimensional human analogues. The lengthy process of generating and

selecting data appropriate and acceptable to the Air Force, Army, and Navy- as

begun on 13 March 198 at the Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research

Laboratory AAMRL). Final coordination and agreement was achieved through the

Tri-Service Working Group on Biomechanics, which facilitated the achievement

of specifications acceptable to all three services, and provided for final

report preparation.

Special acknowledgement is made to Mr. Richard Chandler and Mr. Joe Young

of the Civil Aeromedical Institute of the Federal Aviation Administration for

their recommendations,

to Dr. Ints Kaleps of the AAMRL for coordinating and

incorporating comments and recommendations, and to the staff of Anthropology

Research Project, Inc. for conducting numerous analyses and preparing the final

report. Illustrations were designed and executed by Gary Ball.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ANTHROPOMETRY

Data Base

Body Size

Body Segmentation

Mass Distribution

Segmental Masses

Body Linkage and Center of Mass CM) Locations

DEFINITIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 Dimensions of the Small Mid-Size and Large

Male Aviator

2

Mass Distribution

of

the Body Segments 5

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INTRODUCTION

The comparative testing, analysis and evaluation of the safety and per-

formance

of

manned systems require the use of standardized mechanical or ana-

lytical human surrogates which approximate human body properties.

This

document provides the design parameters for the Small, the Mid, and the Large

sized male aviator, with mass distribution and body size appropriate for the

1980-1990 time period.

Included in this document are data for body dimen-

sions, joint locations, and mass distribution properties.

The

data provided

in

this document are meant to serve as a basis for

three-dimensional mathematical models and test dummies which are to be used

for investigating responses to impact or other mechanical forces.

The dimen-

sions in this report have been generated from multiple regressions on stature

and overall body weight. This method provides internally consistent body

dimensions for each model but does not necessarily provide appropriate

descriptive statistics for a population for any single dimension. For

example, when compared to the 1967 survey of U.S. Air Force rated male aircrew

(Churchill, Kikta and Churchill,

1977), the Small and Large values for head

breadth in this document rank at 38th and 69th percentiles, respectively.

Only 31 of the Air Force survey personnel fall within these bounds.

Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the data in this document not be

used for purposes such as fit analysis, sizing of personal protective equip-

ment and clothing, or for workspace design or evaluation.

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ANTHROPOMETRY

Data Base

The criteria in this document are derived from:

(1) body dimensions

obtained by traditional anthropometric methods;

2 )

mass distribution data

obtained by stereophotographic techniques; and 3 ) skeletal joint centers

obtained by estimation. All computations for the Small, Mid-size, and Large

male aviator are based on stature and weight.

Body Size

A total of 139 body dimensions of standing and seated males are reported

here.

Most of these anthropometric measurements were derived from stature and

weight multiple regression equations calculated from the 1967 survey of U.S.

Air Force rated male aircrew. The stature and weight values used were the

3rd, 50th, and 95th percentiles projected to reflect assumed increases in body

size between 1967 and the 1980-1990 time period (Churchill and McConville,

1976). Those dimensions not measured in the 1967 survey were derived from

those data or were estimated from other studies (McConville and Laubach, 1978;

McConville et al., 1980) and are marked with an asterisk.

Body dimensions are

referenced to the

standard anatomical position, with the head in the

Frankfort plane, unless otherwise specified in the measurement description.

This position and body reference terminology is illustrated in Figure 1. For

design purposes, the body is assumed to be bilaterally symmetrical.

Dimension

descriptions and measurement data are given in Table 1.

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nterior

uperior

Inferior

Figure

1

The

body in standard anatomical position

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TABLE 1

DIMENSIONS OF THE SMALL, MID-SIZE AND LARGE MALE AVIATOR

DESIGN VALUES

*1 ABDOMINAL DEPTH, SITTING: The maximum horizontal

depth of the abdomen.

2 ACROMIAL HEIGHT: The vertical distance between the

standing surface and the lateral tip of the

shoulder acromion).

3 ACROMIAL HEIGHT, SITTING: The vertical distance

between the sitting surface and the lateral tip

of the shoulder acromion).

4

ACROMION-RADIALE LENGTH: The length of the upper

arm measured as the vertical distance between the

lateral tip of the shoulder acromion) and the

proximal end of the radius radialel.

5 ANKLE CIRCUMFERENCE: The minimum horizontal circum-

ference of the lower leg calf).

6 ANKLE HEIGHT: The vertical distance between the

standing surface and the level of the ankle

sternale) and the juncture of the neck and the jaw.

*8 AXILLA HEIGHT: The vertical distance between the

22.4

136.6

circumference.

7 ANTERIOR NECK LENGTH: The surface distance in the

midsagittal plane between the point of the deepest

depression of the top of the breastbone supra-

standing surface and the apex of

the armpit

126.6 135.1 143.6

57.8

31.1

21.1

13.0

25.5

146.2

8.3

28.1

155.7

61.5

33.2

22.7

13.8

axil la).

9 BALL OF FOOT CIRCUMFERENCE: The circumference of the

foot passing over the maximum protuberance of the

first metatarsal bone and the fifth metatarsal bone.

10 BIACROMIAL BREADTH: The horizontal distance between

the lateral tips of the shoulders right and left

acromion).

11 BIAURICULAR BREADTH: The horizontal distance between

the most lateral points of the right and left ears.

12 BICEPS CIRCUMFERENCE: The circumference of the upper

65.0

35.2

24.1

14.6

8 4

arm perpendicular to its long axis, measured with

the arm hanging relaxed at the side.

The level of

the dimension is established at the maximum pro-

the tissue. I

8.5

23.6

39.1

18.4

trusion of the flexed biceps.)

13 BICRISTAL BREADTH o one : The maximum horizontal

distance between the lateral crests of the pelvis

ilia) measured with enough pressure to compress

See section on Body Size, page 6.

28.4

25.0

41.0

18.9

25.8

26.4

42.8

19.3

31.3 33.7

28.3

30.5

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TABLE

1

(cont d)

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TABLE (c o n t d )

14 BIDELTOID BREADTH: The maximum h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e

ac ro s s t h e s h o u l d e r s a t t h e l ev e l o f t h e d e l t o i d 4 5. 3 4 8.8 5 1. 9

D i m e n s i o n ~ e s c r i p t i o n s

muscles .

15 BIGONIAL BREADTH: The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e be tween

DE SIGN VALUE S

(cm)

SMALL

I

M I I LARGE

t h e co rn e r s o f t h e jaw ( r i g h t and l e f t g o ni o n) .

16 BIMALLEOLAR BREADTH: The maximum h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e

be tween t h e l a t e ra l and t h e m edi a l p ro t r u s i o n s o f

t h e an k l e (m edi al and l a t e r a l m a l l eo l u s ) .

17 BIOCULAR BREADTH: The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e be tw een

t h e o u t e r c o r n e r s of t h e e ye s ( r i g h t a nd l e f t

t i p of the ch in (men ton) .

21 BITRAGION-MINIMUM FRONTAL ARC: The s u r f a c e d i s t a n c e

I I

11.4 [ 11.8

ec ocan thus

18 BITRAGION BREADTH: The h o r i z o n t a l di s t a n c e be tween

t h e r i g h t a nd t h e l e f t t r a g i on ( t h e p o in t a t t h e

t o p of t h e c a r t i l a g i n o u s f l a p i n f r o n t of t h e

open ing o f t he ear ) .

19 BITRAGION-CORONAL ARC: The v e r t i c a l su r f a c e d i s t a n c e

be tween t h e r i g h t and t h e l e f t t r ag i o n p as s i n g

over th e to p of the head.

20 BITRAGION-MENTON ARC The su r fa ce d i s t an ce between

t h e r i g h t a nd t h e l e f t t r a g i o n p a ss i n g o ve r t h e

I

be tween t h e r i g h t and t h e l e f t t r a g i o n p as s i n g

o v er t h e g r ea t e s t i n d en t a t i o n o f each t emp oral

12.2

7.0

9.0

-

c r e s t ( f r o nt o t em p o ra l e ) .

22 BITRAGION-POSTERIOR ARC The s u r fa ce d i s t a n ce

13.9

35.0

31.5

I

b et ween t h e r i g h t and t h e l e f t t r ag i o n p as s i n g 28.7 29.6 30.4

over a bony midl in e poin t on th e back of th e head

7.4

9.2

( i n i o n ) .

23 BITRAGION-SUBMANDIBULAR ARC The s u r fac e d i s t an ce

between the r i gh t and th e l e f t t ra g io n pass ing 29.6 31.2 32.6

7.8

9.4

14.3

35.9

32.8

-

over th e junctu re of th e jaw with th e neck.

24 BITRAGION-SUBNASALE

ARC

The s u r fa ce d i s t an ce

14.7

36.7

34.0

between the r i gh t and th e l e f t t ra g io n , pass ing 28.6 29.4 30.2

o v e r t h e j u n c t u re of t h e n o s e w i t h - t h e p h i l t ru m .

25 BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH (Face Breadth) : The h o r i z o n t a l

di st an ce between th e maximum pr ot ru si on s of th e 13.9 14.3 14.7

cheekbones (zygomatic arches) . I

6 BUTTOCK CIRCUMFERENCE: The h o r i z o n t a l c i rcumference

I

I

I I

of th e body a t th e l ev e l of th e maximum pro-

t ru s i o n of t h e b u t to ck s .

91.1 100.0 107.8

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T BLE (cont d)

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TABLE ( c o n t ' d )

DESIGN VALUES

27 BUTTOCK DEPTH: The h o r i z o n t a l dep th of t h e body a t

th e l ev e l o f th e maximum pr o t rus io n of t he

21.7 24.4 26.8

Dimens ion Descr ip t ions

(cm)

SMALL

M I

LARGE

p r o t r u s i o n o f a b u t t o c k .

29

BUTTOCK-KNEE LENGTH: The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e be tw ee n

bu t t oc ks .

28 BUTTOCK HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l di s t a n c e be twe en t h e

s ta ndi ng su r f ac e and t he le ve l o f th e maximum

th e maximum pro t rus io n of a bu t to ck and t he

a n t e r i o r p o i n t o f t h e kn ee o f a s e a t e d s u b j e c t .

56*6

84 4

The knee i s f l e xe d 90 de g r e e s .

3

BUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH: The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e

between t he maximum pr ot ru s i on of a bu t t oc k and

t h e p o s t e r i o r s u r f a c e of t h e kn ee of a s e a t e d

su bj ec t . The knee i s f l e x e d 9 0 d e g r ee s .

31

CALF CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum h o r i z o n t a l c i rc um-

f e r e n ce of t h e c a l f .

32 CALF HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e between t he

s ta ndi ng su r f ac e and t he le v e l o f th e maximum

p r o ce s s o f t h e 7 t h c e r v i c a l v e r t e b r a ( c e r v i c a l e ) .

34 CERVICALE HEIGHT, SITTING: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

47.1

34.7

33.0

c i r cu m f er e nc e of t h e c a l f .

33 CERVICALE HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l di s t a n c e betw een th e

s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e and t h e t i p o f t h e s p i no u s

143.4

t h e c h es t a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e n i pp l e s .

1

91.2

37 CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE AT SCYE: The c i r c u m fe re nc e of

be twee n t h e s i t t i n g s u r f a c e and c e r v i c a l e .

35 CHEST BREADTH: The h o r i z o n t a l b r e a d t h of t h e c h e s t

a t t h e l e v e l of t h e n i p p l e s.

36 CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE: The h o r i z o n t a l c i rc um f e r e nc e o f

t h e c he s t a t t h e l e v e l of a n a x i l l a r y f o l d 1 95.3

64.6

30.5

* See se ct io n on Body Si ze , page 6.

( s c y e p o i n t

38 CHEST DEPTH: The ho ri zo nt al dep th of t h e ch es t a t

t h e l e v e l o f t h e n i pp l e s .

39 CHEST HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e betw een t h e

s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e and t h e l e v e l o f t h e n i p p l e .

*40 CHEST HEIGHT, SITTING: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e bet wee n

t h e s i t t i n g s u r f a c e and t h e l e v e l o f t h e n i p p l e .

4 1 CROTCH HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e betwe en t h e

s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e an d t h e m i d po i n t o f t h e c r o t c h .

22.5

121.9

43.1

80 .2

24.9

130.1

45.4

85.6

27.0

138.2

47.6

91.1

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TABLE

1 (cont d)

.

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TABLE 1 (cont d)

Dimension Descriptions

axis 6.4 6.6

EAR LENGTH ABOVE TRAGION: The distance along the

(cm)

W

MID LARGE

42 EAR BREADTH: The breadth of the ear perpendicular

to its long axis.

43 EAR LENGTH:

The length of the ear along its long

and the plane of the back of the head

48 ELBOW CIRCUMFERENCE: The circumference of the elbow

3.7

long axis from tragion to the top of the ear.

45 EAR PROTRUSION: The horizontal distance between

the most protruding point on the surface of the

ear and the bony eminence of the mastoid process

immediately behind the ear.

46 ECTOCANTHUS TO TOP OF HEAD: The vertical distance

between the outer corner of an eye (ectocanthus)

and the plane of the top of the head.

47 ECTOCANTHUS TO WALL: The horizontal distance

between the outer corner of an eye (ectocanthus)

3.8

2.9

2.1

11.7

17.5

perpendicular to the long axis of the arm passing

over the tip of the elbow (olecranon process).

49 ELBOW HEIGHT: The vertical distance between the

standing surface and the proximal end of the

radius (radiale)

2.9

2.2

12.0

17.8

26.0

105.6

28.0

113.1

29.8

120.5

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T BLE

1

(cont d)

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TABLE

co n t d l

I

DESIGN VALUES

Dimension De sc ri pt io ns (cm)

flexed 90 degrees .

I

51 ELBOW-WRIST LENGTH: The d i s t a n c e between t h e t i p of I

50 ELBOW REST HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e between

t h e s i t t i n g s u r face and t h e b o tt om of t h e e lb ow

with th e upper arm hanging fr e el y and the forearm

th e elbow (olecr anon proc ess) and th e d i s t a l end 28.4 30.2 32.0

of t he rad ius (s ty l i on ) wi th the upper arm hang ing

23.9

(ec t o can t h u s ) .

53 FEMORAL BREADTH (Bone): The b read th of t h e fem ur

free ly and the e lbow f lexed 90 degrees .

52 EYE HEIGHT, SITTING: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e between

t h e s i t t i n g s u r face and t h e o u t e r co rn e r o f an ey e

between i t s media l and la te ra l ep icondy les wi th 1 9.5 1 10.1 10.6

25.4

the t issue compressed.

54 FOOT BREADTH: The maximum bread th of t h e f o o t

26.7

77.5

p a r a l l e l t o

i t s

long a xi s . 25.7 27.2 28.7

56 FOREARM CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum c i rcumference

I I

81.4

p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o i t s long ax is .

85.1

9.3 9.8 10.3

I

th e elbow (olecra non proc ess) and th e t i p of th e 46.6 49.3 52.0

midd le f in ge r (da c ty l io n) when t he upper arm i s

55 FOOT LENGTH: The maximum len g t h of t h e fo o t

of t he fo rearm perpend ic u lar to

i t s

l o n g a x i s .

*57 FOREARM-HAND LENGTH: The d i s t a n c e be tw een t h e t i p of

hanging f r ee ly and th e elbow i s f l ex ed 9 0 d eg rees .

58 GLABELLA TO TOP OF HEAD T h e v e r t i ca l d i s t an ce f ro m

1

26.5

See se c ti on on Body Si ze , page 6.

t he m id sa gi t t al ~ o i n t etween th e browridges

(g l a b e l l a ) t o t h e p l ane of t h e t o p of t h e head .

28.5 30.2

9.2 9.3 9.4

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T BLE

(cont d)

.

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TABLE 1 (cont d)

DESIGN VALUES I

59 GLABELLA TO WALL: The horizontal distance from

the midsagittal point between the browridges

20.0 20.4 20.8


(glabella) to the plane of the back of the head.

60 GLUTEAL FURROW HEIGHT: The vertical distance I

(cm)

SMALL MID LARGE

between the standing surface and the lowest point

of the juncture of the curve of a buttock with

the thigh (gluteal furrow).

61 HAND BREADTH: The breadth of the hand between the

second and the fifth metacarpal-phalangeal joints. 8.5

62 HAND BREADTH ACROSS THUMB: The breadth of the hand,

joints.

64 HAND CIRCUMFERENCE INCLUDLNG THUMB: The circumfer-

ence of the hand, perpendicular to its long axis, 24.6 25.9 27.2

76.1

perpendicular to its long axis, at the level

of

the metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the thumb.

63 HAND CIRCUMFERENCE: The circumference of the hand

around the second and fifth metacarpal-phalangeal

9.0

forearm (stylion) and the tip of the middle finger

1 18.3

19.2

1

20.1

81.7

9.4

9.7

20.7

passing over the first metacarpal-phalangeal joint.

65 HAND LENGTH: The distance between the end of the

(dactylion)- parallel to the long axis of the hand.

I

66 HAND THICKNESS: The thickness of the hand between

87.3

10.3

21.7

10.8

22.6

the palm and the top of the third knuckle of the

hand (head of the third metacarpal).

2.7 2.8

2.9

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TABLE (cont d)

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TABLE 1 (cont dl

I

DESIGN VALUES

67 HEAD BREADTH: The maximum horizontal breadth of

the head above the ears.

68 HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum circumference of


the head above the browridges and ears.

69 HEAD DIAGONAL FROM INION TO PRONASALE: The distance

(cm)

SMALL

I

MID LARGE

I

between the tip of the nose (pronasale) and the

point inion on the back of the head.

70 HEAD DIAGONAL-MAXIMUM FROM MENTON TO OCCIPUT: The

maximum distance between the tip of the chin

(menton) and the back of the head (occiput1

71 HEAD LENGTH: The maximum distance from the mid-

sagittal point between the browridges (glabella

to the back of the head

72 HEEL-ANKLE CIRCUMFERENCE: The circumference of the

foot and ankle passing under the tip of the heel

and over the anterior juncture of the foot with

the ankle. I I

73 HIP BREADTH: The maximum horizontal breadth of the I

hips. 32.9 1 35.7 3 8 2

74 HIP BREADTH, SITTING: The maximum horizontal breadth I I

of the hips of a seated subject. 34.8

3 8 3

41.5

75 HUMERAL BREADTH (Bone): The breadth of the humerus I

between its medial-and lateral epicondyles with

6 8

7.1 7.5

the tissue compressed.

*76 ILIOCRISTALE HEIGHT: The vertical distance from the

standing surface to the top of the pelvis (ilium)

1 100.0 107.3 114.5

in the midaxillary line.

77 INSTEP CIRCUMFERENCE: The vertical circumference of

the arch of the foot.

78 INSTEP LENGTH: The horizcntal distance between the

back of the heel and the level of the maximum

medial protrusion of the foot.

79 INTEROCULAR BREADTH: The horizontal distance between

the inner corner of each eye (endocanthus).

8 INTERPUPILLARY BREADTH: The horizontal distance

between the center of the pupil of each eye.

81 INTERSCYE: The horizontal surface distance across

the back between the lowest points of the

posterior axillary folds.


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TABLE

1 cont d)

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TABLE 1 (cont d)

82 KNEE CIRCUMFERENCE: The horizontal circumference

of the knee at the level of the middle of the

kneecap (patella

1.

83 KNEE HEIGHT: The vertical distance between the

standing surface and the level of the middle

of the kneecap (patella).

84 KNEE HEIGHT, SITTING: The vertical distance

between a footrest surface and the top of a

knee of a seated subject. The knee is flexed


90 degrees.

*85 LATERAL FEMORAL EPICONDYLE HEIGHT The vertical

distance between the standing surface and the

level of the maximum protrusion of the lateral

DE IGN VALUE S

(cm

Small Mid Large

femoral epicondyle.

86 LATERAL MALLEOLUS HEIGHT: The vertical distance

between the standing surface and the lateral

point of the ankle.

87 LIP LENGTH: The horizontal distance between the

tal distance between the lateral ends of the 11.41 11.61 11.91

6.6

5.4uter corners of the lips.

88 LIP PROTRUSION TO WALL: The horizontal distance

47.9

and the plane of the back of the head.

*89 LOWER THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE: The circumference of

the thigh just above the kneecap (patella).

90 MAXIMUM FRONTAL (Forehead) BREADTH: The horizon-

acromion . I I

7.1

between the most protruding point of the lips

5.1

*

See sect ion on Body Size, page

6.

7.6

5.2

38.4

9.1

12.4

7.1

23.3

68.6

browridges.

91 MEDIAL MALLEOLUS HEIGHT: The vertical distance

between the standing surface and the medial

point of the ankle.

92 MENTON-SELLION LENGTH S ace ~ength): The distance

between the tip of the chin (menton) and the

deepest point of the nasal root depression

(sellion).

93 MENTON-SUBNASALE LENGTH: The distance between the

tip of

the chin (menton) and the base of the

nose subnasal l.

94 MENTON TO TOP OF HEAD: The vertical distance be-

tween the tip of the chin (menton) and the

plane of the top of the head

95 MIDSHOULDER HEIGHT, SITTING: The vertical distance

between the sitting surface and the midpoint

of the top of the shoulder (half the distance

between the lateral base of the neck and

43.7

21.70.7

8.1

11.7

6.7

22.3

61.3

21.2

8.6

12.1

6.9

22.8

65.0

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T BLE 1

(cont d)

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TABLE

1

( c o n t d )

I

I DESIGN VALUES

96

M N M U M

FRONTAL

ARC

The s u r f a c e d i s t a n c e bet we en

t h e p o i n t s o f g r e a t e s t i n d e n t a t i o n o f t h e tem-

13.4 13.6 13.9


(cm)

p o r al c r e s t s .

97 NASAL BREADTH: The maximum h o r i z o n t a l b r e a d t h of

t he nos e .

*98 NASAL ROOT BREADTH: The h o r i z o n t a l b r e a d t h of t h e

r oo t o f t h e nos e .

99 NECK CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum c i r c umfe renc e of

t h e ne c k , i nc l ud i n g t he Adam s a pp l e , per pe n-

Small

d i c ul a r t o i t s l o n g a x i s .

10 0 NOSE LENGTH: The d i s t a n c e be twe en t h e lo we st

po i n t o f t he na s a l s ep tum ( s ubna s a l e ) a nd t he

d e e p e s t p o i n t o f t h e n a s a l r o o t d e p r e s s i o n

Mid I Large

I

3.5

1.5

36.5

( s e l l i o n ) .

*I0 1 NOSE PROTRUSION: The d i s t a n c e be tw een th e t i p of

t h e nos e ( p r ona s a l e ) a nd t he l ow e s t po i n t o f

t h e n a s a l s ep tu m ( s u b n a s a l e ) .

*l o2 NUCHALE HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l di s t a n c e i n t h e mid-

s a g i t t a l p l a n e be tw ee n t h e s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e a nd

th e lowes t pa lp able bony poin t o f t he back of

t h e h e ad ( n u c h a l e ) .

103 PALM LENGTH: The v e r t i c a l di s t a n c e between t h e

d i s t a l e nd o f t h e r a d i u s ( s t y l i o n ) an d t h e

5.0

c r e a s e a t t h e b a s e of t h e mi dd le f i n g e r .

104 PHILTRUM LENGTH: The l e n g t h of t h e gr oov e be tw ee n

t h e u p p e r l i p an d t h e b a s e o f t h e n o se .

105 POPLITEAL HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e bet ween

a f o o t r e s t s u r f a c e and t h e l owe r l a t e r a l s u r f a c e

o f t h e t h i g h , j u s t be h i nd t he kne e , when t h e

s u b j e c t i s s e a t e d w i t h t h e kne e f l e xe d 90

p l a ne o f t h e bac k o f t he hea d .

I I I

108 RADIALE-STYLION LENGTH: The d i s t a n c e , a l o n g t h e

3.6

1.8

38.7

2.0

151.2

10.4

de g r e e s .

106 PRONASALE TO TOP OF HEAD: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

b et we en t h e t i p of t h e n os e ( p r o n a s a l e l an d t h e

p l a ne o f t he t op o f t h e he a d.

107

PRONASALE

TO

WALL: The h or iz on ta l d i s t a n c e

b et we en t h e t i p of t h e n o se ( p r o n a s a l e l a nd t h e

3 6

2.1

40.6

5.1

1 . 5

41.2

See se ct i on on Body Si ze , page 6.

T hes e va l u e s de l e t e d due t o i n c ons i s t a n c y w i t h 121 ; t h e 121 va l u e s a r e deemed

t o b e c o r r e c t .

5.3

2.4

161.2

10.9

14.5

long ax is o f th e forea rm, be tween th e proximal

end of t h e r a d i u s ( r a d i a l e ) an d t h e d i s t a l end

o f t h e r a d i u s ( s t y l i o n )

2.8

170.7

11.4

1.6

44.0

1.6

46.7

14.8

t

;

25.3

15.0

A

A

27.1 28.8

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T BLE (cont d)

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TABLE

1

( c o n t d )

f DESIGN VALUES

109 SAGITTAL ARC The s u r f a c e d i s t a n c e o v e r t h e t o p

of th e head f rom th e po in t be tween the

b r ow ri d ge s ( g l a b e l l a ) t o t h e bony p o i n t on t h e


bac k of t he hea d ( i n i on ) . I

110 SCYE CIRCUMFERENCE: The v e r t i c a l c i rc um fe re nc e

pa s s i ng ove r t he s ho u l de r and t h r ough t h e

(cm>

h i g h e s t p oi n t of t h e a x i l l a .

111 SELLION TO TOP OF HEAD: The v e r t i c a l di s t a n c e

Small

b et we en t h e d e e pe s t p o i n t o f t h e n a s a l r o o t

d e p r e s si o n ( s e l l i o n ) an d t h e p l a n e o f t h e t o p

o f t h e he a d .

112 SELLION TO WALL: The h o r i z o n t a l di s t a n c e bet ween

t h e d ee p e s t p o i n t of t h e n a s a l r o o t d e p r e s s i o n

( s e l l i o n ) an d t h e p l a n e o f t h e b ac k o f t h e

Mid

Large

head .

113 SHOULDER CIRCUMFERENCE: The maximum h o r i z o n t a l

c i r c um f er e nc e o f t he s hou l de r s a t t h e l e ve l 110 .6 119 .1

o f t h e d e l t o i d m u sc l es .

de g r e e s .

115 SHOULDER LENGTH: The s u r f a c e d i s t a n c e be tw ee n t h e

l ong a x i s o f t he uppe r a rm , be tw ee n t he t i p

o f t h e s hou l de r ( a c r om i on ) a nd t h e bo tt om of

t h e e lbow ( o l e c r a n on p r oc e s s ) when t he uppe r

arm s h a n g in g f r e e l y w i t h t h e e lb ow f l e x e d 9 0

l a t e r a l j u n c t u r e o f t h e b a s e o f t h e n ec k w i t h 1 5. 8 1 6. 7

17.6

t h e s h o u l d e r , a nd t h e t i p of t h e s h o u l de r

11 4 SHOULDER-ELBOW LENGTH: The d i s t a n c e , a l o ng t h e

34.0 36.2

(ac romion) .

I

s i t t i n g s u r f a c e and t h e t o p o f t h e he ad .

*I17 SPHYRION HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e bet wee n

s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e a nd t h e t o p o f t h e h e ad .

168.1 178.4

188.6

119 STOMION TO TOP OF HEAD: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

116 SITTING HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e between t h e I

t h e s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e a nd t h e d i s t a l end of t h e

t i b i a ( s ph y r io n ).

118 STATURE: The v e r t i c a l d i st a n c e between th e

bet we en t he m i dpoi n t o f c l o s e d l i p s a nd t he 18 . 01 18 . 41 18 .8

89 . 3

6 5

I

bet we en t he ba s e o f t he nos e ( s u bna s a l e l a nd

93.7

p l a ne o f t h e t op o f t h e he a d .

t h e p l a n e o f t h e t o p o f t h e h ea d .

121 SUBNASALE TO WALL: The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e

98.0

7.0

120 SUBNASALE TO TOP OF HEAD The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

bet we en t h e l ow e s t po i n t o f t h e na s a l s e p t um

( s u b n a s a l e ) a n d t h e p l a n e o f t h e ba ck o f t h e

head .

7.5

I

See sec t i on on Body Si ze , page 6.

26

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T BLE (cont d)

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TABLE ( c o n t ' d )

Dimension Descr ipt ions

122 SUPRASTERNALE HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

b et we en t h e s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e an d t h e p o i n t o f

d e e p e s t d e p r es s i o n o f t h e t o p o f t h e b r e a s t -

b on e su p r a s e r n a l e .

123 TENTH R I HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l di s ta nc e between

t h e s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e an d t h e l e v e l o f t h e

l o we s t p o i n t o f t h e t e n t h r i b .

124 THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE: The c i rcumfe rence of t h e

t h i g h p e r pe n d i cu l a r t o i t s l on g a x i s a t t h e

l o we s t p o i n t o f t h e j u n c t u r e o f a b u t t o c k wi t h

t h e t h i g h .

125 THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE, SITTING: The v e r t i c a l

c i rc u mf e re n ce of t h e t h i g h a t i t s j u n c t u r e

w i t h t h e g r o i n of a s e a t e d s u b j e c t .

126

THIGH

CLEARANCE: The v e r t i c a l di s t a n c e betwe en

t h e s i t t i n g s u r f a c e and t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t on

t h e t h i g h of a s e a t e d s u b j e c t .

127 THUMB-TIP REACH: The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e bet wee n

t h e p l a n e o f t h e ba ck ( a w a l l ) a n d t h e t i p of

the thumb wi th an arm extended forward and the

t i p of t h e i n de x f i n g e r t o u c h i n g t h e p ad o f

t h e thumb. The palm

i s

down.

128 THUMB-TIP REACH, EXTENDED: The h o r i z o n t a l

d i s t a n c e b e t b ee n t h e p l a n e o f t h e b ac k ( a

wa l l ) a n d t h e t i p o f t h e thumb wi t h a n a rm a nd

a s h o u ld e r e x te nd ed f o rw ar d a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e

wh i l e k e e p i ng t h e b ac k of t h e o t h e r sh o u l d e r

f i r m l y a g a i n s t t h e w a l l . The t i p o f t h e i nd e x

fi ng er touches t he pad of t he thumb. The palm

i s

down.

12 9 TRAGION TO TOP OF HEAD: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

between t ra g io n and th e p lane o f t he t op o f

the head .

130 TRAGION TO WALL The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e b et we en

t r a g i o n a n d t h e p l a n e o f t h e ba ck o f t h e h ea d.

13 1 TROCHANTERIC HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

b et we en t h e s t a n d i n g s u r f a c e a nd t h e t o p o f

t h e g r e a t e r t r o c h a n t e r o f t h e f emu r

( t r o c h a n t e r i o n ) .

DESIGN

VALUES

See s e ct i on on Body Si ze , page

6

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TABLE 1 (cont d)

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TABLE ( c o n t d )

132 WAIST BREADTH: The h o r i z o n t a l br ea dt h of t h e t o r s o

Dimension Descr ipt ions

DESIGN VALUES

(cm)

Small Mid Lar ge

f e r e n c e o f t h e t o r so a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e 7 9. 0 8 9. 4 98.2 1

a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e na ve l.

133 WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE: The h o r i z o n t a l ci rc um -

p r o c e s se s .

139 WRIST CIRCUMFERENCE: The c i rcumference of t h e

28.1

nave l .

134 WAIST DEPTH: The h o r i z o n t a l dep th of t h e t o r s o

a t t h e l e v e l of t h e na v el .

135 WAIST HEIGHT: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e betwee n t h e

s t a n d i n g su r f a c e and t h e n a v e l .

*I36 WAIST HEIGHT, SITTING: The v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e

b et we en t h e s e a t e d su r f a c e a nd t h e n a v e l .

137 WEIGHT: Weight of th e su bj ec t t o t he ne ar es t

tenth of a pound.

*I 38 WRIST BREADTH (B on e) : The maximum d i s t a n c e

between t h e r a d i a l a nd u l n a r s t y l o i d


31.5

20.2

100.3

21.5

139.5

l b s

5.3

w r i s t p e r p e n d i cu l a r t o t h e l on g a x i s of t h e

f or ea rm a t t h e l e v el o f t h e d i s t a l t i p of t h e

r a d i u s ( s t y l i o n ) .

34.5

22.8

107.2

22.4

179.7

l b s

5.7

16.7

24.9

114.0

23.4

215.4

l b s

6.0

17.7 18.7

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T BLE 1

(cont d)

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Body Segmentat ion

I n o r d e r t o d e s c r i be

t s

mass d i s t r i b u t i o n p ro p e r t i e s t h e body

i s

seg-

mented by plan es a s

shown i n Fig ure 2.

T hese p l an es r e l a t e t o t h e body i n

t h e e r ec t s t an d i n g p o s i t i o n and a r e i d en t i f i ed a s de s c r i b ed below:

1 HEAD PLANE:

NE K PLANE

A p l an e t h a t p a s s e s t h rou gh t h e r i g h t and l e f t g o ni on

and nuchale.

compound plane i n which a hor iz on ta l pla ne through

c e r v i c a l e i n t e r s e c t s a n t e r i o r l y w it h a s ec on d pl an e.

The second plane pa sse s through t he lower of th e two

c l a v i c a l e l an dm arks

i s

perpend icu la r t o th e mid-

sa g i t t a l p lane and makes

a

45-degree angle with th e

hor izon ta l p lane .

3 THORAX PLANE:

ABDOMINAL PLANE:

5

HIP PLANE:

6

KNEE PLANE:

7

ANKLE PLANE:

SHOULDER PLANE:

9

ELBOW PLANE

10 WRIST PLANE:

A h o r i z o n t a l p l an e t h a t p a s s e s th ro ug h t h e 1 0 t h r i b

midspine landmark.

h o r i z o n t a l p l an e p as s i n g th rou g h t h e h i g h e r of t h e

two i l i o c r i s t a l e l an dm arks .

A p l an e p e r pe n d ic u l a r t o t h e f r o n t a l p l a n e p a s s in g

th rough t he c en t er o f the c ro tc h and th e midpo in t

b et ween t h e an t e r i o r s u p e r i o r i l i a c s p i n e l an dm ark

and t rochan ter ion .

h o r i zo n t a l p l an e p as s i n g t h ro u g h t h e l a t e ra l f em o ra l

epicondyle.

hor izo n ta l p lane pass ing th rough th e sphyr ion land-

mark.

plane p ass ing through th e acromion landmark and

t h e an t e r i o r and p o s t e r i o r s cye p o i n t m arks of t h e

a x i l l a r y f o l d s .

A plane pass in g through th e o lecranon proces s and

th e medial and la t e r a l humeral epicon dyle landmarks .

A p l an e p e rp end i cu l a r t o t h e

long ax is o f th e fo rearm

pass ing through th e ra d i a l s ty l i on landmark.

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Figure

2

Planes of body segmentation

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Mass Distribution

The mass distribution data were calculated from regression equations

reported in McConville et al. (1980).

These data are based upon a stereopho-

tometric assessment of volume.

The assumption that the distribution of volume

can be substituted for the distribution of mass is supported by the data

reported in Young et al.

(1983).

The reader is referred there for more infor-

mation.

The alignment of principal axes for each segment, the mass, and prin-

cipal moments of inertia (calculated with respect to the segment center of

mass) are presented in Table 2.

A

general assumption of body symmetry with

respect to the midsagittal plane has been made so that properties of right and

left segments are identical.

For purposes of specifying the segmental principal axes directions, a

whole body reference axis system (r) is defined.

This reference system is

based on a standing surface in which the Xr axis points anteriorly, the Yr

axis to the left and the Zr axis vertically upward.

The neck, thorax, and pelvis ~rincipal xes are rotated from this

reference position, as shown in Table

2.

The principal axes for the extremity

segments (with the exception of the hand and foot) are such that the p axis

is aligned with the long axis of the bones and the Xp and Yp axes are perpen-

dicular to it with no preferred direction since the Xp and Yp

principal

moments are equal.

The orientation of the principal axes for the hand and

foot are coincident with the reference axes.

For the head, a local anatomically defined coordinate system (a) is used

as the reference coordinate system. It is defined by the Ya axis running from

the right tragion to the left tragion, the Xa axis being the normal vector

from the Ya axis to the right infraorbitale, the Za axis being formed by the

cross product of the Xa and Ya axes vectors, and the origin being located on a

line connecting the tragions (Ya) at a point closest to sellion.

The relative

orientation of the head principal axes

to the anatomical axes (a) is shown

in Figure 3.

For the head, the Xp axis is rotated 6 O counterclockwise about

the Ya axis (see Table

2 .

Segmental Masses

The segmental masses were determined from the relative proportions of

segmental volumes obtained from regression equations developed by McConville

et al. (1980), and total body masses of 63.3 kilograms for the Small sized

man, 81.5 kilograms for the Mid-sized man and 97.7 kilograms for the Large

sized man.

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TABLE 2

MASS DISTRIBUTION

OF

THE BODY SEGMENTS

(mass in kilograms; moments of inertia in kilograms/em2;

is anterior; positive rotation is clockwise)

HEAD

Segment Moments

Mass X Y

SMALL 4 0 193 219 144

MID-SIZE 4.2 206 235 153

LARGE 4 4 218

250 161

The principal axes are rotated

-36 about the Ya axis.

NE K

Segment Moment s

Mas s X Y

Z

SMALL 0.9 13 16 19

MID- SI

ZE

1.1 18 22 28

LARGE

1.2 2 2

The principal axes are rotated

+22.2 about the Yr axis.

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TABLE 2 ( con t ' d )

THORAX I

iI

I Segment

Moment s

Mass

x

Y z

SMALL 18.6 3233 2347 1975

MID-SIZE

24.9

5224

3857 3284

LARGE

30.5

7002

5202 4432

The p r i n c i p a l a x es a r e r o t a t e d

-12O a bo ut th e Y r a x i s .

The p r inc i pa l a xe s a r e c o inc ide n t

w i th t h e r e f e r e n c e a x e s .

I

1

I

x

I

I

1

PELVIS

Segment Moments

Mass I X Y Z

BDOMEN

SMALL

M I D

SI

LARGE

The p r i n c i p a l a x es a r e r o t a t e d

-24 about th e Y r a x i s .

Moment s

X Y Z

108 58 160

175

99 266

233

133 356

SMALL

MID-SIZE

LARGE

Segment

Mass

1.9

2.4

2.9

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TABLE

2 cont d)

UPPER ARM

Segment

Mass

The

Z

axis is coincident with the

Zr axls and the Xp and Yp axes

are degenerate.

Moments

X Y Z

SMALL

MID-SIZE

LARGE

FOREARM

SMALL

MID- SIZE

LARGE

1.5

2.0

2.4

17

141 14 29

192 192 39

The Z axis is coincident with the

Zr axls and the Xp and Yp axes

are degenerate.

Segment

Mass

SMALL

MID-SIZE

LARGE

Moments

X Y Z

HAND

Segment Moment s

Mass X Y

Z

The principal axes are coincident

with the reference axes with the

hand aligned as shown in Figure 1.

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TABLE 2 ( con t d )

THI H

Segment

Mass

The Z a x i s i s c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e

Z r a x l s an d t h e Xp and

Yp

a x e s

a r e d e g e n e r a t e .

Moment s

Y Z

SMALL

MID-SIZE

LARGE

I CALF

7.7

9.8

11.8

he Z

a x i s i s c o i nc i de n t w i th t h e

Z r

a x l s a nd t h e p and Y p a x e s

a r e d e g e n e r a t e .

1093 1093

289

1652 1652 452

2175 2175 59 5

Segment

Mass

FOOT

Moments

Y

Z

Segment

Mass

The p r i n c i p a l a x e s a r e c o i n c i d e n t

w i t h t h e r e f e r e n c e a x e s w i t h t h e

f e e t a l i g n e d a s s hown i n F i g u r e 1

Moment

s

X Y Z

SMALL

MID-SIZE

LARGE

0 8

0

1 1

6

1

8 44 46

11

56 59

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Figure

3

Principal axis orientation

for the head relative to

the anatomical axis system

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Body Linkage and Center of Mass CM) Locations

Figures 4 through 9 illustrate the location of the centers of mass and

joint centers for body segments for the Small,

the Mid, and the Large sized

male aviator. The centers of mass of the body segments with respect

to their

adjacent joint centers are assumed not to change from the standing to the

seated position.

With the exception of the head, the centers of mass locations are based

on the stereophotometric assessments of McConville et al. 1980). The loca-

tion of the head center of mass is based on both the McConville data and that

of Beier et al. 1979) and is similar to that derived by Robbins 1983).

The inserts in Figures

4

6 and 8 show the estimated location of the

trochanterion landmark with respect to the seated surface and a vertical plane

tangent to the posterior surface of the buttock for an erect, seated posture.

These data are based upon the data developed by Geoffrey 1961).

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.

-

-

Head CM X)

,10.2

Foot

M

X )

Figure 4.

Body linkage and centers of mass excludes arms) for the

Small male aviator. Units are in centimeters.

Head M Z)

Head/Neck Pi vo t Nuchale)

Neck CM Z )

Neck/Thorax Pi vo t Cer vic ale)

Acromion

Thorax/Abdomen Tenth Rib)

Abdomen

CM

Z )

A bdom en/Pelvis ~ l i o c r i sale

P e l v i s

M

Z)

Hip Pivo t Troc ha n te r ion )

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Upper

rm

M

Elbow Pivot

Forearm CM

r i s t Pivo t

Hand

CM

~ t e r n o C l a v i c u l a r

136.9

Clavi Scapular

3

6

Upper rm

Pivot

Suprasterna.1e

Bihumeral Head

Acromion Rad i a l e

Radia le S t y l on

Hand Length

ifemoral Head

F igur e 5.

Centers of mass and l ink age f o r th e arms of t he

Small male av ia to r . Uni t s a r e

i n

c e n t im e te r s .

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.

. . - - -

_

-

Head CM

X)

178.4 STATURE

167.9 Head CM z)

161.2 HeadjNeck Pi vo t ~ u c h a l e )

154.5 Neck CM

Z)

153.1 NeckIThorax P i v o t ~ e r v i c a l e )

146.2 Acromion

130.8 Thorax M Z)

112 .5 ThoraxjAbdomen Tenth ~ i b )

109.9 Abdomen

CM

Z)

107.3 A bdom en/P elvis ~ l i o c r i s t a l d

98.3 Pelvis CM

Z)

94.6 H i p P i v o t ~ r o c h a n t e r i o n )

- L A *

Foot

M XI

Figure 6 .

Body linka ge and ce nt er s of mass exclu des arms) fo r the

Mid-si te male av ia to r .

Un i ts a r e in cen t ime te r s .

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pper

m CM

lbow Pivot

Forearm f

Wrist

P h o t

Hand M

Figure 7.

Centers

o

mass and linkage

o r

the arms

o

the

Mid size male aviator. Units are in centimeters.

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Head Cfl

x)

TOD of Head

Cervicale

- ._

w

70.7 ~ e a d j ~ e c ki vo t ~ u c h a l e )

1

24.t+ gv

.

k

163.8 Neck M Z)

162.6 NeckjThorax Pi vo t Cervica

155.7 Acromion

138.7 Thorax M Z)

119 .8 Thorax/Abdomen Ten th ~ i b )

117.2 Abdomen

M

Z )

114 .5 Abdom en /P e lv i s I l i oc r i s t a

104 .5 P e lv i s CM

Z)

100.8 Hip P i v o t T r o c h a n t e r i o n )

r ecl

11.7

Foot

CM

Figure

8.

Body linkage and centers of mass excludes arms) for the

Large male aviator.

Units are in centimeters.

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Upper rm M

lbow

Pivot

orearm CM

Wrist Pjrvot

Rand CM

Figure 9

Centers of mass and linkage for the arms of the

Large male aviator

Units are in centimeters

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DEFINITIONS

BDOMEN

:

CROMION :

ANTERIOR :

ANTERIOR SUPERIOR

ILIAC SPINE

AXILLARY FOLDS:

BICEPS

B r a c h i i

M

:

BICRISTAL:

BIFEMORAL

-

HEAD .

BREADTH:

BIHUMERAL HEAD

BREADTH:

CERVICALE

CLAVZCALE

CORONAL

DACTYLION

:

DELTOID

MUSCLE

D ISTAL:

s defin ed i n t h i s document , th e abdomen

s

that segment

o f t he t o r s o bounded s upe r i o r l y by a ho r i z o n t a l

p lane

pa s s i ng t hr ough t h e l ow e st po i n t o f t h e 10 t h r i b a nd

i n f e r i o r l y b y a h o r i z o n t a l p l an e p a s s i n g t hr ou g h

i l i o c r i s t a l e .

The l a t e r a l po i n t on t he bony t i p of t he s hou l de r .

P e r t a i n i ng t o t he f r on t of t h e body ; a s oppose d t o

p o s t e r i o r s e e F i gu r e 1 ) .

The a n t e r i o r e nd po i n t o f t he c r e s t of a n i l i um .

The a n t e r i o r and po s t e r i o r f o l d s f ormed by t he j unc t u r e of

th e upper arms and th e to rso .

p r e f i x r e l a t i n g t o ea ch of two s ym m e t ri c a l ly pa i r e d

p o i n t s .

The

l a r g e m usc le on t he a n t e r i o r s i d e of t he upper a rm

P e r t ai n i n g t o t h e c r e s t s of

t he i l i a .

. - -

The ho r i z o n t a l d i s t a nc e bet we en t he c e n t e r o f t he he ad

o f t h e r i g h t a nd l e f t f em ur .

Es t ima tes de r ived f rom

c a d a v e ri c m a t e r i a l . )

The ho r iz on ta l d i s t anc e between t he ce n t e r o f t he head

o f t he r i gh t a nd l e f t hume rus. ~ s t i m a t e s er i ve d from

c a d a v e ri c m a t e r i a l . )

The sup er io r po in t on the sp inous process of th e 7 th ce r -

v i c a l v e r t e b r a .

The super ior po in t of th e media l end of th e c lav ic le .

P e r t a i n i ng t o t h e c rown o f t he he ad .

The t i p of t h e m i dd l e f i nge r .

l a rg e musc le pas s ing over th e top of th e shoulder and

i n s e r t i n g i n t o t he uppe r ha l f of t h e hum er us.

The end of a body segment fu r t h es t f rom th e tor so ; th e

oppos i t e o f p rox im a l s e e F i gu r e 1 ) .

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ECTOCANTHUS

ENDOCANTHUS

EPICONDYLES:

FEMUR

FRANKFORT PLANE:

FRONTOTEMPORALE:

GLABELLA

GONION

HUMERUS

ILIOCRISTALE

ILIUM ILI A pl .) :

INFERIOR:

INFRAORBITALE

I N I O N

LANDMARK

LATERAL

LATERAL FEMORAL

The po i n t of t h e j u n ct u r e o f t h e e y e l i d s a t t h e l a t e r a l

co rn e r of an eye .

The inn e r co rne r of a n eye .

Bony eminences a t t he d i s t a l ends o f th e humerus and femur .

The t h i gh bone .

The s t a n d a r d h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e o r o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e h ea d.

The p l a n e pa s s e s t h ro u gh t h e r i g h t t r a g i o n a nd t h e l o w es t

p o i n t o f t h e r i g h t e y e s o c k e t .

The p o i n t o f g r e a t e s t i n d e n t a t i o n o f t h e t e mp o ra l c r e s t s .

The a n t e r i o r p o i n t i n t h e m i d s a g i t t a l p l a n e be tw ee n t h e

eyebrows.

The l a t e r a l p o i n t o f t h e o b t u s e a n g l e a t t h e ba ck of t h e

l ow er jaw f or me d by t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e v e r t i c a l a nd

h o r i z o n t a l p o r t i o n s of t h e jaw.

The upper arm bone.

A p o i n t

i n t h e m i da x i l l a r y l i n e o n t h e c r e s t of t h e i l i u m.

The point i s midway b et w ee n t h e s u p e r i o r a nd l a t e r a l

m a rg i ns of t h e c r e s t .

The uppe r one o f t h r ee bones compos ing e i t h e r ha l f o f

t h e p e l v i s .

Lower, n ea re r t o t h e f e e t s e e ~ i g u r e

.

I n f e r i o r p o i n t of t h e o r b i t o f t h e e y e.

p r o tu b e ra n c e o f t h e o c c i p u t t h e p o s t e r i o r b on e of t h e

s k u l l ) l o c a t e d i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e l ow er b ac k of t h e

head .

m ark p l a c e d o n t h e b o dy o r a b od y s u r f a c e f e a t u r e u s ed

t o i d e n t i f y t h e o r i g i n , e nd -p oi nt , o r l e v e l o f a mea su re -

ment.

Ly ing away f rom th e mi ds ag i t t a l p lan e o f th e body; opposed

t o m ed ia l s e e F i g ur e 1 ) .

EPICONDYLE LANDMARK: The l a t e r a l p oi nt on th e l a t e r a l fe mo ra l ep ic on dy le .

LATE RAL HUMERAL

EPICONDYLE LANDMARK: The l a t e r a l p o in t of t h e l a t e r a l hume ral ep ic on dy le .

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LATERAL MALLEOLUS: The bony pro min enc e a t th e d i s t a l end of t h e f i b u l a .

LATERAL MALLEOLUS

LANDMARK The l a t e r a l po in t of t he l a t e r a l ma l l eo lu s .

MASTOID PROCESS: An i n f e r i o r pr oc es s of t h e tem pora l bone pa lp ab le j u s t

b e hi n d t h e e a r .

MEDIAL Lying near t h e m id sa g i t t a l p la ne of th e body; opposed t o

l a t e r a l .

MEDIAL

HUMER L

EPICONDYLE LANDMARK: The m ed ia l p o i n t of t h e me di al h um er al e p i c o n d y l e .

MEDIAL MALLEOLUS: The bony promi nence a t th e d i s t a l end of t h e t i b i a .

MEDIAL MALLEOLUS

LANDMARK The me di al p o i n t of t h e me di al m a l l e o l u s .

MENTON

The po i n t o f t h e t i p of t h e c h i n i n t h e m i d s a g i t t a l p l a n e.

METACARPAL: One of f i v e lo ng bo ne s of t h e palm of t h e ha nd . Numbered

s e q u e n t i a l l y f r om t hu mb ) t h r o u g h V l i t t l e f i n g e r ) .

METATARSAL: One of f i v e long bones i n t he i n s t e p of th e fo ot .

Numbered s e q u e n t i a l l y f ro m b i g t o e ) t h ro u gh l i t t l e

t o e ) .

MIDAXILLARY LINE: v e r t i c a l l i n e on t h e t o r s o di v id i ng i t i n t o f r o n t a nd

b ack p o r t i o n s . The l i n e o r i g i n a t e s a t t h e c e n t e r of t h e

a x i l l a .

MIDSAGITTAL PLANE: The v e r t i c a l pl an e which d i v i d e s t h e body i n t o r i g h t and

l e f t h a l v es .

NUCHALE

OCCIPUT:

The l o w e s t p a l p a b l e bony p o i n t i n t h e m i d s a g i t t a l p l a n e of

t h e b ac k of t h e h e a d .

P e r t a i n i n g t o t h e o c c i p u t , t h e bo ne m ak in g u p t h e

i n f e r i o r

p a r t o f t h e ba ck of t h e s k u l l .

OLECRANON PROCESS: The cu rv ed , ho ok -l ik e h ea d of t h e u l n a t h a t i s the bony

pa rt of th e back of t he e lbow. When t he e lbow i s f l e x e d

9 d e g r e e s , v e r t i c a l m e a su re m en ts t o t h e e lb ow a r e made t o

t h e b ot t om a n d h o r i z o n t a l m e as ur em en ts t o t h e e l bo w a r e

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TR GION

TROCH NTERION

The superior point of the tragus th e car til agi nou s

flap in front of the ear).

The highest point of the greater trochanter

a

large,

blunt bony process on the lateral side of the proximal

end of the femur).

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BI BL IOGRAPHY

Beier, G., M. Schuck, E. Schuller and W. Spann. Determination of,Physical ata

of the Head:

1.

Center of Gravity and Moments of Inertia of Human Heads.

Scientific Report, Office of Naval Research, Contract N 14-75-c-0486

(AD 8 333). Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Munich, D-8000

Munich, West Germany, April 1979.

~rantigan, .C. Clinical Anatomy. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1963.

Chandler, R.F. and J. Young. Uniform Mass Distribution Properties and Body

Size Appropriate for the 50th Percentile Male Aircrew Member During 1980-1990.

Memo Report No. AAC-119-81-4. Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation

~dministration, klahoma City, Oklahoma. 1981.

Churchill, Edmund and John T. McConville.

Sampling and Data Gathering

Strategies for Future USAF Anthropometry.

Technical Report AMRL-TR-74-102

(AD A025 240). Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air

Force Base, Ohio. 1976.

Churchill, Edmund, Paul Kikta and Thomas Churchill. The AMRL Anthropometric

Data Bank Library:

Volumes I-V. Technical Report AMRL-TR-77-1 (AD A047 314).

Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

1977.

Clauser, Charles E., John T. McConville and J.W. Young. Weight, Volume and

Center of Mass of Segments of the Human Body. Technical Report AMRL-TR-69-70

(AD 710 622). Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air

Force Base, Ohio. 1969.

Daniels, Gilbert S.

The Average Man ?

Technical Note WCRD-53-7 (AD 102 03).

Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 1952.

Dempster, W.T. Space Requirements of the Seated Operator. Technical Report,

WADC-TR-55-159 (AD 87 895). Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-

Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 1955.

Geoffrey, S.P. A 2-D Mannikin--The Inside Story, X-Rays Used to Determine A

New Standard for A Basic Design Tool. Preprint of paper presented at the

1961 SAE International Congress and Exposition of Automotive Engineering,

Detroit, Michigan, January 9-13, 1961.

McConville, John T. and Lloyd L. Laubach. Anthropometry. Chapter I11 in

Anthropometric Source Book, Volume

I:

Anthropometry for Designers. NASA

Reference Publication No. 1024 (NTIS HC A ~ ~ / M F01 CSCL 05~). National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information

Office. 1978.

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McConville, John T., Thomas D. Churchill, Ints Kaleps, Charles

E.

Clauser and

Jaime Cuzzi. Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments

of Inertia. Technical Report AFAMRL-TR-80-119 AD A097 238). Air Force

Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

1980.

Robbins, D.H. Development of Anthropometrically Based Design Specifications

for an Advanced Adult Anthropomorphic Dummy Family. Vol. I in Anthropometry

of Motor Vehicle Occupants. Final Report No. UKCRI-83-53-2. U.S. Department

of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington,

D.C. 1983.

Reynolds, H.M. The Inertial Properties of the Body and Its Segments.

Chapter IV in Anthropometric Source Book, Volume I: Anthropometry for

Designers. NASA Reference Publication No. 1024 NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL

05H). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical

Information Office. 1978.

Singley, G.T. and J.L. Haley. The Use of Mathematical Modeling in Crashworthy

.

Helicopter Seating Systems. Paper A22-1 in NATO-AGARD Conference 253, Models

and Analogues for the Evaluation of Human Biodynamic Response, Performance,

and Protection. Neuilly sur Seine, France. No date.

Young, Joseph

W.,

Richard

F.

Chandler, Clyde C. Snow, Kathleen M. Robinette,

Gregory F. Zehner and Maureen S. Lofberg. Anthropometric and Mass Distri-

bution Characteristics of the Adult Female. Technical Report No.

FAA-AM-83-16. Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration,

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1983.

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for Research and Engineering

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for Medical and Life Sciences



for Acquisition

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