ada 025284
TRANSCRIPT
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r
i
E P M T M E N TFO M M E R C E
Ultimi
T t d M k a ila J nmitin n Sitvkt
A D - A 0 2 5
2 8 1
E X P E R I M E N T A L
S P I N D L E
T O R Q U E A N D
O P E N - W A T E R
P E R F O R M A N C E
O F
T W O
S K E W E D
C O N T R O L L A B L E - P I T C H
P R O P E L L E R S
DAVID
W , TAYLOR
NAVAL
SHIPRESEARCH
ANDDEVELOPMENT
CENTER
DECEMBER1 9 7 5
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00
0
7
-t a n "
1
[(P/D^
et
/
(0.7
*)]
-taaf^ff/D)^^/).?*)]
v i t h
a l lp i t c hr a t i o sd e f i n e da t
the
70- p e r c e n tp r o p e l l e r
radius.
P r e v i o u s
c a l c u l a t i o n s
s h o w e dt h a t
fo r
the
s p i n d l e
t o r q u e
v a l u e sa s s u r e d ,
thea c t u a lb e n d i n g
of
t he
f l e x u r ei nthe
d y n a m o m e t e r
p r o d u c e d
l e s st h a n
+0.1
de g
o f
p i t c hchange .
EX P ER I M EN T A L
P R O CED U R E
EX P ER I M EN T A L
C O N D I T I O N S
E x p e r i m e n t swer ec o n d u c t e d
in
u n i f o r mf l o w o v e r
a
r a n g e
o f
p o s i t i ve
a n d
n e g a t i v e
a d v a n c e
c o ef f ic ients
fors e ve r a l
v a l u e s
o f
a h e a d
a n d
a s t e r n
p i t c h
setting.
a c h
exper im enta l c o n d i t i o n
w a srun
a t
a
c o n s t a n tp i t c h
setting,s p e e dofa d v a n c e ,
a n d
r o t a t i o n a lspeed .h e r e f o r e ,
t h e s e
e x p e r i m e n t a lc o n d i t i o n s
r epr es enteda q u a s i - s t e a d y
s i m u l a t i o n
o f
the
v a r i o u sm o l e s
o f
pr o pel l ero p e r a t i o n
i n c l u d i n g
s t e a d y
a h e a d ,
c r a s h
astern ,
c r a s h
a h e a d ,
a n d
turns.
A l lp r o p e l l e r
o p e r a t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s
w e r ee s t a b l i s h e d
inthe
D s vi d
T a y l o rM o d e lB a s i nbys e t t i n g
the
p r o p e l l e r
r pma n d
p r o p e l l e rb o a t
v e l o c i t y
to
s c h i e v ea
g i v e n
a d v a n c ec o n d i t i o n .o
o b t a i nu n i f o r mf l o w
into
the
p r o p e l l e r ,
it
w a s
n e c e s s a r y
to
d r i vethe
p r o p e l l e r
fr omd o w n -
s t r e a m
fo r
a l l
c o n d i t i o n s .
l l
exper im enta l
c o n d i t i o n s
w e r e
ru n
i n
o n e
d i r e c t i o n
in
thebasin ;
c o n d i t i o n sw i t h a s t e r n
v e l o c i t yo n
the
s h i p
( s u c h
a ss t e a d y
b a c k i n g
a n dthe
i n i t i a ls t a g e s
o f
c r a s ha h e a d )
wer e
s i m u l a t e d
in
t he
e x p e r i m e n t s
by
r o t a t i n g
the
b l a d e s
180
d e g
a b o u t
the
s p i n d l e
a x i s
a n d
r e v e r s i n gthe
d i r e c t i o n
o f
s h a f t
r o t a t i o n .
i gu r e
11
is
a
s c h e m a t i c
of
the
p r o p e l l e ro p e r a t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s
s i m u l a t e *
in
the
experiment.h e
pr o pel l er
p i t c h - d i a m e t e r
r a t i o s
(P/D)
Q
,a rel i s t e din
the
o p e r a t i n g q u a d r a n t s
in
w h i c h
t h e y wer ee v a l u a t e do n
themode l.
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T h e
l o v e ra b s o l u t e v a l u e s
of
a d v a n c ec o e f f i c i e n t s
w e r e
o b t a i n e d
by
r o t a t i n g
t he
pr o p e l l e ra t
10rp
,
w i t h
s p e e d
ofa d v a n c e
v a r y i n g
f r o n0
t o
6
kn ot s ,
t h e
h i g h e r
a b s o l u t e v a l u e s
o fa d v a n c ec o e f f i c i e n t s
w e r e
o b t a i n e d w i t h a
v e l o c i t y
o f
6
k n o t s
o v e r
ar a n g eo fv a l u e sf r o
3 . 5
to
0. 6
rps.
h er e s u l t i n g
r a n g e
ofR e y n o l d s
number
w a s
fro3 . 2
x10
to
6 . 1
x
10
r e v i o u s
d a t a
o b t a i n e di n
t he
D a v i d
T a y l o rM o d e l
i a s i n
ha d
s h o w nthat
t h i s
r a n g e
o f
R e y n o l d s
numberh a dn os i g n i f i c a n t
e f f e c t
o ns p i n d i e
t o r q u efo ra
c o m p l e t e
r a n g e
o fa d v a n c ec o e f f i c i e n t s
a n d
p i t c h
se t t i n gs . T h e r e f o r e ,
e a c he x p e r i m e n t a lc o n d i t i o nr e pr e s e n t i n g
a
g i v e n
p i t c h
s e t t i n g
a n d
a d v a n c e
c o e f f i c i e n tw a sru n
a t
o n l y
o n e
s p e e d
of
a d v a n c e
a n d
o n e v a l u e o f
rp*.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,s o m e
c
c a d
it
i on s
w e r eu n -
a t t a i n a b l ed u e
to
c o m b i n a t i o n s o f
pi t ch,
v e l o c i t y ,
a n da d v a n c e
c o e f f i -
c i e n t
w h i c h
t e n d e d
to
d r a w
a i r
"o
t he
pr o p e l l e r
from
the
free
surface.
S p i n d l et o r q u em e a s u r e m e n t s
a ndr e l a t e dd a t aw e r e
c o l l e c t e dint he
f o l l o w i n g
s t e p - b y - s t e p
manner:
1 .h e
d e s i r e dp i t c hw a sse tby
u s i n g
c o n s t r u c t i o n template.
2 .i r - s p i n
e x p e r i m e n t sw e r e
c o n d u c t e dto
s e p ar a t e
the
s p i n d l e
t orqu e
c o m p o n e n t s
d ue
t o
c e n t r i f u g a l
f o r c e sa nd
du e
to
h y d r o d y n am l c
l o a d i n g.
First
t he
pr o p e l l e rshaftw a s
s u b m e r g e d
inw a t e rtos a t u r a t e
the
b e ar i n g s
in
t h e
sha ft
a n dhub.ext,
the
pr o p e l l e r
b o a t
w a s
r a i s e d
so
the
pr o p e l l e r
w a s
c o m p l e t e l y
o u t
of
t he
w a t e r
a n d
a i r - s p i n
d a t a
w e r e
r e c o r d e d
o v e rar a n g e
of
r o t a t i o n a l
speeds.
3 .
h epr o p e l l e rm o d e lw a ss u b m e r g e d
a n dn o - l o a d
e x p e r i m e n t s
w e r e
c o n d u c t e d
w i t h o u t
b l a d e s
a t t a c h e d
to
d e t e r m i n et he
e f f e c to fshaft
f r i c t i o n
a n dpr o p e l l e r
h u b
pressure
f o r c e s
o n
t h r u s t
a n d
torque,so
tha t
T
-T
m e a s u r e d
n o
l o a d
^ m e a s u r e d
T I O
l o a d
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4 .ropeller
blades
were
replaced
end
bollard-pull
data(zero
velocity)were
recorded
at
n 10
rps
to
monitor t f c *
spindle
torque
flexurefor possible
slippage ofthe
blade
inits
mounting,
(These
bollard-pull conditions
were
repeated
severaltines
throughoutthe
experiment.)
5 .
a ta were
collected
over
a
range
of
adv ance
coefficients
by
varying
the
speedofadvance androtational speed.
6 .
itch wa s
changedand
theabov e
steps
repeated.
DATA
ACQUISITION
AMD
ANALYSIS
Al l
data
were
digitized a ndanalyzed
by using an
analog-to-digital
converter
a nda ninterdateminicomputer(Model 4 ) .
blo c k
diagramof
the
instrumentation
is
presented
in
Figure
8 .
he
records
of
spindle
torque,
thrust,
torque,rotationalspeed,
and
speedof
adv ance
were
digitized
andaveraged
over
a
5-sec
timeinterval.
omputer
programs
weredeveloped
for
the
interdate
minicomputer
to
enable
an
on-line
data
analysis.
his
Included
subtraction
of
"no
loads,'
1
the
separation
of
centrifugal
and
hydrodynamlccomponents
of
spindletorque,andnondimensiona lizatlonby
theapproprla, t
factors.
hedatawere
printed
out
as
afunctionof
advance
conditions
for
immediateplotting and
checking w i th previous
results.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
OPEN-MATER PERFORMANCE
There
i s nosinglestandard
method
ofpresenting
open-water
data
over
thecompleterange
of
advancecoefficientsfromlocked
shaftahead
( J- + )
t o
locked
shaft
astern
( J --).
herefore,
tofacilitate
comparison
with
otherresults,
the
thrust
and
torques
data
inthis
report
ere
presentedintwoforms:
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1 .he
s y s tem
n o r m a l l yu s e da tD T N S R D C :
K , ^ a n d
K
e r s u sJfo r
J
1. 0
2
4
w h e r e ^ ,
-T / ( p n
D
)
K g
Q/(pnV)
J
-
V
A
/(nD)
T h i sIs
t h e
s y s t e m
g e n e r a l l y u s e d
fo r
no r m a la h e a d o p e r a t i o n .ts
d i s a d v a n t a g eist h a t
a s
na p p r o a c h e szero,K
K
Q
,a n dJ
a p p r o a c h
p l u so r
m i n u s
infinity.
97
2 .
h e
s y s t e m
u s e din
S t r o m - T ejs e n
a n d
P o r t e r
n d
i n
St ephens,
n a m e l y:
w h e r e
C *
a n d
C*
v er s us
3 *
C *
8 T
T
(p/2)(V* )
2
A
0
u pD
2
[V
2
+
(0.77mD)
2
]
c
*a
Q
(p/2)
(V* )
2
A
Q
D T T p D
3
[V
2
+
0.
7 T T n D )
2
]
B *
tan"
1
V
A
/(0.7irnD)]
V *V
2
0.77rnD)
2
]
1/Z
A
0
F R
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a n d
V
A
J'-
(V
A
2
+nD
2
)
1
/
2
1+J
2
)
1
'
2
A
2 .
he
s y s t e m
u s e d
in
D e n n y
a n d
S t e p h e n s
K*
er s us
*
w h e r e 0
K *
SH
( p / 2 ) ( V * )
2
A
0
D 7 r p D
3
[
v
J
+
( 0 . 7 i m D )
2
]
B o t hs y s t e m s
u se
a
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v e l o c i t y w h i c h
is
a
c o m b i n a t i o n
o f
s p e e d
o f
a d v a n c e
a n d
r o t a t i o n a l
speed.
her ef o r e
K '
K*
J',
a n d
*
r e m a i nf i n i t eo ve rt he
c o m p l ete
r ang e
fr oml o c k e d
s ' u a Z v
a h e a d
( V .
>
0,
n
*
0 )tol o c k e d
s h af t
a d t e r n(V 0 ,
n
-
0 )
i n c l u d i n g
t he
b o l l ar d
c o n d i t i o n(V
A
-0 ,
n f
).
B o t h
s y s t e m s
a re
util ized
to
p r e s e n t
hy dr o dy nam ic
s p i n d l e
t o r q u e
d a t ao ve r
a
r a n g e
o f
p i t c h
s e t t i n gs
fo r
P r o pel l er
4 5 7 2(Figures
20
a n d
22)
a n d
P r o pel l er
4 5 7 5(Figures21
a n d
23).he
d a t apr es ented
in
t h e s e
f i gu r e sa rea c t u a l
exper im enta lp o i n t sw i t h
n o
fairing.
F i gu r e s24
a n d25
pr es ent
f a i r e dc u r ve softhe
hy dr o dy nam ic
s p i n d l e
t o r q u ed a t e
in
theK*
-*
s y s t e mfo rP r o pel l er s4 5 7 2
a n d
4 5 7 5 ,
re -
b t l
s p e c t i ve l y .
o r
c o m p a r i s o n ,
thef a i r e dhy dr o dy nam ic s pindl et o r q u ed a t a
r e p o r t e d
by
D e n n y
a n d
S t e p h e n s (K* -3 *system)a re
pr es ented
in
o n
F i gu r e s
26-29.
F i gu r e s
3 0
a n d
31
i n d i c a t ethe
c e n t r i f u g a ls pindl e
t o r q u ec o e f f i -
c i e n t s
fo rP r o pel l er s4 5 7 2a n d
4 5 7 5 ,
r e s p e c t i ve l y ,w h e r e
the
c e n t r i f u g a l
s p i n d l e
t o r q u e
c o e f f i c i e n t
is
S C
P
p
nV
This
n o n d i m e n s i o n a l l z a t i o n
ise q u i v a l e n tto
that
u s e dforK'i t h
V-
0a x c e p tthatthed e n s i t y
of
the
pr o pel l er
is
u s e d
fo r
K
gc
w h e r e a s
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t h e
density
of
t h e
water
i s
usedf o r K '
.entrifugalspindle
torque
i s
o n
a
function
onlyo ft h e geometryo f
t h e
blades( i n c l u d i n g
pitch
s e t t i n g ) ,
density
o f
t h e b l a d e s ,a n d
propeller
rotational
s p e e d .o r
comparison
DTNSRDCcentrifugal
spindle
torque
data
reported
earlier
a r e
p r e -
s e n t e d
i n
Figures
3 2 - 3 6 .
Figures
3 0 - 3 7
also
p r e s e n t
analyticallycalculated values
o f
c e n t r i -
f u g a lspindle
t o r q u e
coefficientsbasedon
t h e methodpresented
b y
B o s w e l l . Thecorrelationobtainedbetween
theory
a n d
experiment i s
i n d i c a t e d i n
t h e
section
on
discussiono f
r e s u l t s .
Table
8
presentst h e
net
hydrodynamicp l u s
centrifugal
s p i n d l e
t o r q u e
a t
designadvancecoefficient
J
a n d
pitchr a t i o( P / D )
n
7
o r
D
. /
D
t h e propellers
evaluated
i n
t h i s
r e p o r t
a n d
i n
Reference
1 6 .hese
r e s u l t swere
derived
by
s c a l i n g
t h e
model
experimental
data
t o
a hypo-
t h e t i c a l
full-scale
situation
a si n d i c a t e d
i n
Table
8 .
h e
materialf o r
a l l o f
t h e
full-scalepropeller
blade
i s
a s s u m e d
t o
be
nickel-aluminum-
b r o n z e .
DISCUSSION OF
R E S U L T S
S o m eo ft h e
experimentaldata
s h o w e d
a
s l i g h t
displacement
o r
discontinuitya t
t h e
z e r o
advance
c o n d i t i o n .
h i s
continuityappeared
i n
t o r q u e
coefficientdata
f o r
both
propellers
a t mostpitchs e t t i n g s
a n d
w a s
greater
f o r
Propeller
4 5 7 2 .
n
passing
from negative
t o
posi-
t i v e advance
c o e f f i c i e n t s ,
t h e
t o r q u e
coefficientsjumped
t o
s m a l l e r
algebraicvalues
f o r Propeller4 5 7 2 a n d t o
l a r g e r
algebraicvalues
f o r
Propeller
4 5 7 5 .
h e
only noticeable discontinuity
f o r
t h r u s t
coeffi-
c i e n t
occurred
a t
P/D 0 f o r Propeller4 5 7 2 ,
a n d
t h e
only noticeable
discontinuity
f o r
hydrodynamic
spindle
t o r q u e
occurred
a t
P/D +1.00
f o r
Propeller4 5 7 5 .
A s
discussed
i nt h e section
on
experimental
p r o c e d u r e ,t h e
negative
advance
coefficients
were
simulated
i n
t h e
experiment
b y
reversing
t h e
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d i r e c t i o n
o f
pr o pel l err o t a t i o n ,r o t a t i n gt heb l a d e s180d e g
a b o u t
t he
s p i n d l e
axis,
a n d
d r i v i n g
t hep r o p e l l e rin
the
s am e
d i r e c t i o n s
in
the
basin .tis
u n l i k e l ythatthe
o b s er v ed
d i s c o n t i n u i t i e sr e s u l t e d
f r o m
I n a c c u r a c i e s
in
p i t c h
s e t t i n g
b e c a u s ethr us t
c o e f f i c i e n t s
d o
n o tjumpin
t h e
same
m a n n e r
a s
d o
to r q ue
c o e f f i c i e n t s .
c ar ef ul
c h e c k
o f
t o r q u e
n o - l o a d sfo rb o thr ig ht-
a n d
l e f t - h a n dr o t a t i o n f a i l e dt oi n d i c a t e a n y
i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s .
n
t he
e x p e r i m e n t a l
a r r a ng em ent,
the
e f f e c t i v e
l o c a -
t i o n
o fthep r o p e l l e rb o a ta n ds h a f t i n g
r e l a t i v et ot he
p r o p e l l e r
b l a d e s
w a s
dif f er ent
forp o s i t i v ea n dn e g a t i v e a d v a n c e
c o ef f ic ients ;
i . e . ,
t he
p r o p e l l e r
w a sp u s h i n g w a t e r
t o w a r d
t he
b o a t
fo ro n e
a r r a n g e m e n t
a n d
a w a y
f r o m theb o a tint he
o th er
a r r a n ge m e n t .n y
i n t e r a c t i o n s
b e t w e e nt he
p r o p e l l e ra n d
the
d r i v i n g
s y s tem w o u l db e
o p p o s i t e
int he
t w oc a s e s
a n d
t h i s
c o u l d
c o n t r i b u t e
to
t he
o b s er v ed
d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .
h e
a c t u a l
r ea s o n
for
th ed i s c o n t i n u i t i e s
isn o tk n o w n ,
a n d
it
is
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3
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Figure
7Variation
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dvance
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575
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