ada 331834

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ACSC/CAB/070/96-04

TH E

W O R L D

AIRPOWER COMPENDIUM

A

Technology

Product

Presented

To

The

Directorate

of Research

Air Command an d Staff

College

f

mrsmmm

t x z s e m z t

s

Appeared or

uoiic

eieaa^

^nfrnT

In Partial Fulfillment of

the

Graduation

Requirements of

ACSC

by

M aj Mark S. Blackburn

M aj

Christopher

C.

Bogdan

L C D R

William

J.

Bradford

M aj Tayyip

Ozsever

9 9 7 2 6 9

DTIG

QUALEPy

mS^EÜTED 3

April

1996

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Disclaimer

The views expressed in this academic

research

paper are those

of

the authors

an d

do

not reflect the fficial policy or position of the

U S

Government r he Department of

Defense.

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Contents

Page

DI S CLAI ME R i

LIST O F I LLUS T RAT I ONS

LIST O F TABLES i

PREFACE

ii

ABSTRACT

x

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Background

Objective

ToolBook Uses/Value

I M P R O V E M E N T S / M E T H O D O L O G Y

Introduction

Program Design Improvements

Roundels/Fin

Flashes

Country Descriptions

Nations

with

N o

Air Assets 1

Inventory Data

2

Presentation

of

nventory

Data

5

ADMI NI S T RAT I ON AN D

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 8

ToolBook

U se 8

Distribution

0

Recommendations

fo r

Future

Research 0

S U M M A R Y 2

AP P E NDI X

A:

C U R R E N T

W O R L D

A I R P O W E R C O M P E N D I U M

T O O L B O O K

U SER S 3

AP P E NDI X B: TYPICAL LE T T E R TO ACCOMP ANY FINAL P R O D U C T

(FOREIGN NAT I ONS ) 5

in

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APPENDIX

C:

PROGRAM

LOADING

INSTRUCTIONS 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

IV

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Illustrations

Page

Figure 2-1. ample

Printout

Using

the

Print Function

Figure

3-1.

ample "Country"

Page

9

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Tables

Page

Table

2-1.

Primary

Sources for Inventory

Data

3

Table

2-2. Comparison of

Inventory

Data

(Mali

MiG-21s) 4

VI

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Preface

An Y95 CSC tudent esearch ea m reated he riginal orld Airpower

Compendium an d eleased it

in

M ay

1995.

t provided

an easy

to

us e compilation of

the

airpower

ssets

f ll he

world's ations. nfortunately,

he riginal ersion

as

incomplete nd , n om e nstances, naccurate. owever,

ecause he

roject

has

he

potential

to

be

valuable

tool

fo r

professional

military

students, faculty,

nd

w ar

game

designers,

we

ecided

o

mprove po n ast year's ersion. lthough ur ea m

was

considerably smaller than last year's

4

officers vice

3

fficers), we have ignificantly

improved

the

World Airpower

Compendium

by making

t

impler

o

use

nd

more n-

depth,

omprehensive,

nd

ccurate.

e

id

ot

hange

he

asic

tructure

f

he

ToolBook;

owever, we made he ToolBook much

more

user friendly

nd

hanged its

content.

ircraft oundels

nd in lashes

er e

pdated nd

orrected.

ountry

descriptions

ow

reate

lear

icture

f

he istribution, rganization,

nd

roles/missions

of

nation's ir ssets. ircraft inventories

re

ow ll omplete nd

accurate.

n

the

whole,

we

now feel

that the

World

Airpower

Compendium

is the most

current, recise, nd omprehensive irpower ata as e

n

ublication.

t s must

have"

reference

source

fo r airpower students,

educators, an d

w ar

gamers.

We gratefully

acknowledge

the assistance of

our

faculty advisor, Wing Commander

Michael

anavan, AF, ho

rovided

trategic uidance nd

many

nsights

hile

revising last

year's

product.

pecial

thanks

to

LCDR Dave

"Arlo" Guthrie, U SN ,

an d

Lt.

vn

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Col. an Novak, USAF. They rovided utstanding echnical ssistance n olving

various

software

problems.

vni

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ACSC/CAB/070/96-04

Abstract

In

today's rapidly

changing

world

a current,

accurate,

an d easily

accessible data base

of

ll

he world's irpower

ssets

s

aluable

o

military tudents,

ducators,

nd

w ar

gaming professionals

alike.

T he

World

Airpower

Compendium

provides

a

comprehensive

picture

f

he

irpower

ssets

f

ll

he

world's ations

s

f

April

996.

his

unclassified data base couples accurate,

up to date

aircraft

inventories with a description

of

ho w

ations istribute,

rganize, nd

se heir

ir

ssets. he esulting omputer

product,

eveloped using

Assymetrix

Corporation's

ToolBook

software,

rivals

many

of

today's prominent

airpower

references.

he

ToolBook uniquely

integrates

large

volumes

of ispersed nd ifficult

o

ind nformation

nto

ingle,

asy

o

se roduct.

t

provides a

wealth

of information

at

the click

of

a

mouse

button.

Initially,

his

year's

ea m

collected data

from

leading

unclassified

sources nd

used

various echniques

o

esolve ata onflicts mong

hese

ources. he esulting

compilation f ircraft

nventories epresents he ost ccurate stimates urrently

available.

A

narrative describing organization

an d

distribution of

a

nation's

ai r assets,

the

fin lash/roundel ound n ts military ircraft, nd urrent rend nformation or

ac h

nation

were

ombined

with

his

nventory

ata

o

rovide

omplete

icture

of

each

nation's

airpower situation.

ll this

information

was then

incorporated

into

a ToolBook

application that is easy

to

use, attractive, an d entertaining.

IX

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The

World Airpower

ompendium

tands lone s

uperior

ource

of current

air

asset

information for

al l

the

world's

nations.

t will be updated

annually

at the

United

States Air

ommand nd taff

ollege

and

s now available on

he

nternet.®

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Chapter

1

Introduction

Background

Any assessment of

a

nation's

military power

must

necessarily

begin

with

the nation's

order

of

battle"—the quantity an d types

of

military

hardware the nation

possesses.

T he

World

Airpower ompendium s n nclassified omputer atabase hat eals with

significant omponent of this military hardware—airpower

ssets.

resented

n

Tool-

Book

ormat,

t provides omplete icture of

the

irpower

ssets

of

ll he

world's

nations s f April

996.

t

ouples

urrent

nd

recise ircraft nventories ith

description

of

ho w a nation distributes, organizes, and uses its

ai r

assets.

uch a database

can

be

of

significant

value

to

military

students,

educators,

nd

war

game designers

who

must presently sift

through

various eference books nd

periodicals

o

btain he

am e

information.

he

World

Airpower

Compendium smoothly integrates information from a

multitude of

quality sources into a single,

easy to use, unique

computer

ToolBook.

T he

original

edition

of

the

World

Airpower

Compendium

was

somewhat incomplete

an d

not

wholly

accurate

an d

this

greatly detracted

from

its

utility

an d

overall

value.

he

1996 dition is more comprehensive nd accurate

ersion

of the original. This aper

will highlight

the

improvements

made

by this year's team, the methodology used

to

make

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these

improvements,

an d the reasoning

behind

these

changes. First, the objective

of this

year's esearch nd the

potential alue

of

the

ToolBook

will

be

discussed.

hen,

he

improvements nd he orresponding methodologies ill be utlined ollowed y

discussion

of

the

ToolBook's use,

its

distribution,

an d some

recommendations for

future

editions.

Objective

"The purpose

of

the

World

Airpower

Compendium

is

to

provide

a

product

of current

an d

asting

alue

o

rofessional

military

ducational

nstitutions."

1

t

ttempts

o

facilitate

the

learning

process by

providing

the

student,

educator,

an d

war

gamer

with

a

user-friendly atabase of ach nation's

ir

ssets.

2

A olished, ell-organized, ell-

researched product

could

be quite

useful

fo r a variety of academic

endeavors.

However,

such a

product runs the

risk

of being

less than effective if it

is not

complete, current, and

accurate.

s

D r. Mueller

of

the

School of

Advanced Airpower

Studies

stated,

"the

risk

in

such

an

undertaking is that

less

than a

high quality job

will

produce something which is

little better nd ess onvenient

o

se han Military alance, hich

n

pite of

ts

shortcomings,

an e

eld

etween

wo

ingers nd

ead ithout lectricity."

3

Unfortunately, n arious espects

he

riginal

ersion f

he

orld

irpower

Compendium

was not

the high

quality

product

envisioned. s a

result,

he

primary

goal

of

this

year's

esearch

team

was

o

urn the

World

Airpower

Compendium

nto

truly

world-class

product. he

team wanted

the

ToolBook

to

become the

premier unclassified

reference document fo r

airpower

assets.

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ith

only

a four

man

team,

the project's

cope

was

necessarily

limited.

he

team

basically

left he ToolBook's rchitecture ntact

because he ormat

was ffective

nd

relatively

easy to use.

They

were

also

concerned

that

expanding

the

ToolBook to include

photos,

video,

nd

sound

would

create

a

large

software requirement

which

many

of the

current users

ould not upport.

Additionally,

reating

large

ToolBook would make

distribution more

difficult

and

expensive. Consequently, he

team

instead

focused

their

efforts

n

he ontent

of

the ToolBook. hey

mphasized

ubstance

ver

uperficial

style.

ToolBook U ses/Value

An mproved World Airpower ompendium will e aluable or many easons.

Today's global

order

remains in transition an d the

balance

of power

throughout

the world

is

in

constant flux.

ne needs nly

to

look

at

the

emerging

nations

pawned from

the

break-up of the former Soviet Union or

shifting

political boundaries

n

the

Balkans

o

recognize

this.

or

military

students,

educators,

and

war game

designers

understanding

these

hanges

nd lanning

ilitary

ctivities, ven n he cademic nvironment,

becomes

challenge.

he

World Airpower

ompendium

will

help

reate

ome

rder

within his hifting

global

landscape. t

will

keep hem breast

of

the world's urrent

airpower

situation

an d

ca n

be used

to

develop more realistic war

gaming

cenarios.

t

may

also

be

used

as

part

of

a

larger

analysis

of

the

fielded

military

forces

of

a

particular

nation

or region an d

ca n serve as a starting

point

fo r

a

balance

of power

analysis within a

given region.

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Not withstanding

ll

of

the

bove

uses,

he

ToolBook's

reatest

value

s

ts

one-stop

shopping" haracteristic. t ntegrates remendous mount of

information, ollected

from

a multitude of

quality sources,

into

a

single,

quick-reference

format. sers

do

not

have

o

o

o

he library

an d

ift

through

olumes

of

books nd

periodicals

o

ather

current irpower

ata.

he

World Airpower

ompendium

rovides

he m wealth

of

knowledge

with the

click of a

mouse

button.

Notes

aber

Al-Ghatam

t

l. ,

T he

World

Air

Power

Compendium,"

Project

5-001,

(Maxwell AFB,

Ala.:

ir U niversity

Press, April

1995),

3 .

2

Ibid.,

3 .

3

ar l

Mueller,

Evaluation

f

CSC

esearch

roject

5-001," School

or

Advanced Airpower

Studies,

Air

Universtiy, Maxwell

AFB, Ala.,

M ay

1995),

1

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Chapter

2

Improvements/Methodology

Introduction

T he

purpose

of this

section is

to

explain

ho w

an d

why this

year's

team changed

the

World

Airpower ompendium.

hile

t

s ot

he

ntent of this ection o point ut

inadequacies an d

errors

within the first edition, it is necessary

to

highlight some of these

problems

o

the reader ca n gain a sense of the magnitude of improvements and

level

of

effort

made

y his year's

esearch

eam. he

ea m ubstantially hanged

iv e reas:

Program

esign,

oundels/Fin

lashes,

ountry

escriptions, nventory

ata,

nd

Presentation of

nventory

Data.

Program Design Improvements

T he

ea m made

ou r

rimary

esign modifications.

ll

ttempted

o

make

he

product more user friendly, efficient, an d effective. T he first changed ho w the inventory

data was

grouped. n the original ToolBook there were six aircraft categories

to

choose

from for each

individual

nation: Fighter/Attack, Bomber,

Reconnaissance,

Transport, an d

Trainer. he

new edition ha s folded

the

Bomber

section into

the

Fighter/Attack

section

an d renamed it "Combat"

ircraft.

he

ea m

id

his ecause

he

istinction between

bomber

nd fighter ircraft

s

ften blurry

nd lso

ecause nly 1

f

88

ountries

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actually had bomber

aircraft in the

classic strategic bomber" ense. dditionally, he

team changed

the

Reconnaissance"

ategory

to

Combat

Support"

o

eflect the wide

variety of upport ircraft ound

n

ha t

ection.

hus,

he

ix ld roupings were

replaced by five: Combat,

Combat

Support, Transport, Helicopter, and Trainer.

T he second

change

involved

removing

needless buttons

from

the

"country"

pages. n

the original

version,

f

a

nation had

no

transport aircraft (for

example)

ctuation of the

transport

button

on that country's

page

would result in

the

following

statement, Sorry,

Country X has no transport

aircraft." he

ToolBook had over 3 00

of

these

statements

needlessly

cattered

hroughout,

making

ts

peration

edious

nd

unfriendly.

n

his

year's

version,

f

a

country did no t have a particular aircraft

type,

he n that

button

was

removed

from

the

country's

page. he user now

doesn't

have

to waste

time electing

buttons

that

have no

associated

aircraft.

he

user may

no w make the assumption that if

the button

does

not exist, then the

country

does no t

have

that type

of

aircraft.

s

a

result,

operation

is

now

much more efficient an d

less tiresome.

Thirdly,

the team redesigned

the

index page.

nstead

of

having to

scroll

through

190

entries

to

ge t

to

the last

nations in the index (such as Zambia, Zimbabwe,

etc.)

a

simple

page

by page index

was

created.

ow

the user ca n ge t

to

an y

entry

in

the index with a

single

mouse

click.

The final change fixed the print function. n the original

version

the print

function

was

not

operational.

ow the user ca n easily obtain

hard copy report

similar

to

he

example

in

Figure

2-1

below. he ability

to

obtain

a

hard copy report fo r

an y

or

al l

of

the

nations in

the

ToolBook

greatly enhances

its

value as a "desk

top" reference.

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


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Figure

2-1. ample

Printout

Using th e Print

Function

Roundels/Fin

Flashes

Although

enhancing

the

ToolBook's

operation

was

important,

improving

its

content

was ee n

as

vital. n he

original

version

of

the

ToolBook,

3

countries

were

missing

roundels

nd fin

flashes.

n

ddition,

ix

nations

had outdated roundels

nd five had

roundels

of

ery

oor

uality.

he

methodology

or

edressing

hese

missions as

simple,

hard-nosed

research.

y

canning

ountless

books nd periodicals,

his

year's

team found

20

of

the

23

missing roundels. Some were found

in

the "Roundel Foldout

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


Supplement"

of he

une 995

ssue

of Air orces Monthly. thers

were dentified

through

current

aircraft

pictures

found

in

the

Encyclopedia

of the

World's

Air Forces

an d

the Naval

nstitute

Guide

o

World

Military

Aviation, nd

in

one

ase

the fin flash for

aircraft

from Belarus was found

in

photos from an article entitled "White Russia"

in

the

October

995

ssue

of

Air

orces

Monthly.

inding

nique

nd

ometimes

idden

information

uc h

s elarus'

ircraft

in lash as

bsolutely

ritical

n

reating

comprehensive

product. egrettably,

the

research

team could

no t

positively

identify

the

roundels

of

Hong

Kong,

Fiji,

an d

Turkmenistan.

n each

case,

pictures

of

these nation's

air

assets

were

found,

but

the

fin

flashes

or

roundels

could not

be

discerned or

verified.

Consequently,

he

ea m used

heir ational

lag

s

ubstitute, long

with

otation

explaining

this substitution.

Country

Descriptions

O ne

f he reatest

rawbacks

o

he

ffectiveness nd

alue f he riginal

ToolBook was

he

uperficial,

nconsistent,

nd

unbalanced

country

descriptions.

his

section of the ToolBook has the greatest potential fo r creating

a clear picture of a nation's

airpower

situation

by

coupling

how a

nation

distributes, organizes,

an d uses

its

airpower

assets with

its

inventory

data.

This potential was squandered

in

the original version.

he

descriptions

or

many

ations

were

nadequate

ne

ine entences

uch s

Congo's

military

s

ssisted

y

ussian

Military

dvisers."

n

umerous

ther

ases

he

description ontained

he ollowing: N o nformation s

vailable

n he Air

Force's

roles

an d missions

or

its

organization."

dditionally,

when

there

was

at

least some

form

of

description

it did not

contain information about

ho w

a nation's

irpower assets

were

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


distributed

mong

arious

efense

omponents

e.g.,

Navy,

Army,

Marines).

O n

he

whole,

this

area

provided

on e

of the best opportunities

to

improve

the

ToolBook.

This year's team

standardized the country descriptions by using

a

consistent format which

included

he

nformation escribed

below. The

ational

or why his nformation

was

added

is

also

included in the

discussion.

Nation's eneral ocation nd ordering ountries.

an y ations o ot

possess

ir

ssets

ufficient

or

lobal

ower

rojection,

onsequently heir egional

neighbors

constitute

their

near

an d

fa r horizons. y

presenting

written

information about

a

nation's

egional

location

nd

who

ts

eighbors

re ,

he

ToolBook

ca n

erve

s

he

departure point fo r a regional balance

of power analysis.

Form

o

Government and National Defense Structure. he

team

included each

nation's

form

of

government

in

the

description.

This contextual information

ca n

help

in

analyzing a particular nation's

airpower

assets. he components of

national

defense

(i.e.

Army, Navy, Air Force,

tc.)

ere

lso

ncluded

o

llow or n

as y

ransition n

explaining how

a

nation

distributes its ai r assets

among these

various

components.

Distribution, Organization, and

Roles

an d

Missions. his information

is the core

of the country

description.

ow a nation distributes,

organizes,

an d

uses

its

ai r assets is

the vital

link

to

the inventory data. Without

this information, the

inventory

data

is

just a

list of

aircraft. With

it,

a

clearer picture

of

a nation's airpower

situation

emerges.

Current

Trend Information.

n

order

to

provide a truly current product,

a portion

of the country description

was

devoted

to

the

most

recent trends or

changes

to

a

nation's

airpower

assets. he

team

highlighted

the paths

individual

nations

are taking

to

improve

or

hange heir

irpower

ituation. he y

erformed

horough

urvey of he atest

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


volumes

of World Air Power Journal an d Flight

International

to

provide the most current

information concerning

ircraft upgrades, urchases, ransfers,

r changes

n inventory.

The

eam

made ver

50

ntries

nd hanges s

esult

of

this

urvey,

making

he

ToolBook

a

truly current database.

Perhaps th e

best way

to

demonstrate the significant enhancement

resulting from the

ne w

country

descriptions

is through a

comparison

of

a previous

nd current description.

The following is the country

description

fo r

Sweden in the

original

version:

Most

of

the

Air

Force is

built

on

domestic production.

weden

has

plans

to

modernize its small fleet

with [the] new JAS

3 9

Gripen

(sic).

T he updated version paints a

more

comprehensive

picture:

Sweden s ocated in northern Europe bordering he Baltic Se a between

Norway

nd

Finland. his onstitutional monarchy maintains n Army,

Navy,

an d

Air Force. ir assets

re

distributed

among the

three

services.

T he Swedish Naval Air Service is rganized into helicopter squadrons

used or nti-submarine

warfare,

ver he horizon arget cquisition or

surface

essels,

nd

eneral

ransport

uties.

he

av y

lso

as

operational ontrol

of

arious ixed wing

ircraft

used or iaison nd

pollution

ontrol.

he

Swedish Army Air Corps

maintains

both

ixed

wing

ircraft

nd

elicopters

or

asualty

vacuation,

ersonnel/cargo

transportation, scouting and reconnaissance, an d anti-tank missions (armed

M BB

Bo.105

helicopters). he

Air

Force maintains

the

lion's

share

of

the

air ssets

lthough n

ecent

years

udget

constraints ave esulted

n

drawdown

n

he verall umber f ighter quadrons ro m 0 o

projected 16

by

the

year

2000. he

JAS 3 9 Gripen

is

currently

undergoing

extensive ight test nd Sweden lans

o

btain 40 ingle ea t nd 4

tandem

ea t

ripens

o

eplace raken nd iggen

ircraft

n

he

interceptor

nd econnaissance

oles.

nitial

perational apability

s

planned

for

1997.

Coupling

n

nformative

escription

ike

he

ne

bove

with

urrent,

ccurate

aircraft nventory reates

much

learer

icture

of

nation's

irpower

tructure

nd

purpose.

With al l

188

country

descriptions revitalized

to

this standard

the ToolBook

is a

much richer,

more effective, an d useful product.

10

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Nations with

N o

Air

Assets

T he

riginal

ersion of

the ToolBook resented ations with o ir ssets n n

abrupt, nadequate

manner.

A

simple

statement, Sorry, Country

X ha s

no Air

Force"

was

all

that

was

provided fo r these

nations.

This year's team took

a

different approach

and

provided each of

these

19 nations with a data

page an d

narrative description similar

to the

other

nations'

descriptions.

f possible the

narrative

included

why the

nation ha s

no

ai r assets. he

country

description

in

the ToolBook fo r the

Marshall

Islands serves as a

good

example:

T he Marshall

Islands

are

located in

the North Pacific

Ocean,

two-thirds the

way

between

Hawaii

nd

Papua N ew

Guinea.

his

sland nation

has

constitutional

arliamentary

overnment

n

ree

ssociation ith

he

United tates.

ts

efense s he esponsibility of he nited States;

consequently,

it

ha s

no

defense

forces

or air

assets.

There

were

tw o easons

behind

this

xpansion. irst, dding

these ations o he

ToolBook

keeps he

product

consistent

with ac h

ation

n

the

world

having

ts

w n

page.

his

also

simplifies

a

future

research

team's

task

of

updating

the

ToolBook

if

an y

of

these

nations obtains ai r

assets. econdly,

knowing that

a

nation

has no air

assets, an d

why it

ha s

none,

ca n

be

important

when performing

a balance

of

power analysis within a

region. uc h

at a

provides he

tudent

or

war

amer

with

more

omplete egional

picture.

Fo r

similar

reasons,

he

team

also

added

Taiwan

an d

Hong

Kong

to

the

ToolBook.

These tw o "entities," while not

independent

nations, possess air assets which

play

a

vital

role

in

their

respective

regions. n

Taiwan's case, these ai r

assets constitute

a

substantial

military

capability and cannot

be considered

part

of

the

military

arsenal

of

the

People's

1 1

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Republic f

China.

Adding

hese

wo

olitical

ntities

akes he

ToolBook

more

complete.

Inventory

Data

T he nventory ata or ach ation s

he

ornerstone

f

he orld Airpower

Compendium. hile

t

s ifficult,

f

ot mpossible,

o

scertain

he

xact

ircraft

inventory

of

ny iven

ation,

eview

of

he riginal

ToolBook ndicated

hat

ts

accuracy ould be reatly improved. here were ountries mproperly dentified s

having o irpower

ssets:

he ahamas, ritria, stonia,

ierra

eone, iberia,

Namibia,

ajikistan,

nd

Maldives.

ompounding his

roblem

was he

mixing

f

aircraft types

(fighters in the

transport

section,

helicopters in the

fixed-wing

sections etc.)

throughout

he

ToolBook.

t

was lso

pparent

ha t

ast year's ea m ompiled

om e

nations' irpower inventories

from

a

single, ou t

of

date

source.

he one

single

error in

last

year's

ersion which

best

illustrates

his

ccuracy

problem

was

he declaration that

Iraq

had no

helicopters

n her inventory verall,

this

year's

team had

little

confidence

that he umerical icture resented by he World Airpower ompendium was wholly

accurate

or current. onsequently, he y

tarted

ro m

ground

ero"

n

ebuilding his

portion of the

ToolBook.

Before discussing

the

methodology

used

o

determine

the

aircraft

inventories, t

is

important

o

nderstand

he

ncertainty

nvolved

n

xecuting

uc h

ask.

s

Rene

Francillon tates

n

he

reface

o

is book Naval nstitute

Guide o

World

Military

Aviation

995,

Ascertaining the

aircraft

inventory

of any given ir force is ardly n

exact

science."

1

T he

best

one

ca n

hope

fo r is a

sort

of

"census"

or

a

"best guess estimate"

12

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derived from

multiple

sources.

2

This

year's

team

understood that

there were

no

definitive

answers

in

creating

accurate

inventory

data,

o

they

se t

ou t

to

provide the

best

possible

"estimates."

he y first

selected

a

sufficient

number

of credible

sources.

he following

table is

a

list

of

the primary

sources

used:

Table

2-1.

Primary

Sources

fo r

Inventory Data

Military Balance 1994-1995

an d 1995-1996

Jane's

Sentinel

(6 Volumes)

DMS Foreign Military Markets (4 Volumes)

World Air

Power

Journal

(11 Volumes)

Naval

Institute

Guide

to

World Military

Aviation

1995

"Air

Forces of the

World," Flight International,

uly

1995

"World

Military Aircraft

Inventory,"

Aviation Week and Space

Technology,

January

1996

The

team

then

used

numerous

techniques to verify an d

deconflict

the data

presented

by these sources.

he

first technique

involved

sorting an d

organizing

the data because

the ources resented

heir

ata ifferently. econd method nvolved ecognizing

alternative aircraft

designations

and

sorting

them

based

on

more common

designations.

For example,

Sweden's

Lockheed

C-130 Hercules

aircraft are referred

to

as

TP-84s

and

the Piper PA-31

Navajo

carries

he

Swedish

designation

of

TP-54.

ecognizing

these

variations

also

helped reduce

apparent data

conflicts.

Once

he

eam liminated

he

pparent

ata

onflicts

ue

o

iffering

ource

presentation,

organization,

an d alternate designations

they

compared

the data from these

13

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


sources

fo r ach an d every aircraft

entry

in

the ToolBook. f

multiple sources greed

then

he y

elected

his

ata s

he

best

estimate. or

xample,

he

ource

o

ource

comparison

of

the

MiG-21s

possessed

by

the nation

of

Mali

is

presented

in

Table

2-2.

Table

2-2. Comparison

o

Inventory

Data (Mali

MiG-21s)

Military Balance

Jane's Sentinel

1 1

DMS Market

10

Flight

International

10

Naval Institute

Guide

10

Aviation

Week

10

Note:

orld Air

Power Journal did not have current information on

Mali's air

assets.

In

this

instance, the

team estimated

the

number

of MiG-21s in

Mali's

inventory

to be

"10." he

underlying

premise fo r

using

this

"preponderance of evidence" technique

was

that all six sources

arrived

at

their

estimates independently. he

process

logic would

be

flawed

if,

fo r example,

Flight

International, the

Naval

Institute book,

and Aviation Week

used the

DMS

Foreign

Military

Markets as their

primary source.

s

a

whole these four

sources

would then constitute

a

single

source

an d

the "better" estimate

would

be "11."

The ea m

had

o

erify

he

ndependence of

each ource

o

alidate he ogic n

his

method. o

do

this

they investigated where each

of

the

seven

references

obtained their

information.

or example, Jane's Sentinel

lists

its

sources as United

Nation's Missions,

Embassies,

Consulates,

the CIA,

Defense

Ministries of

various countries,

an d

the N A TO

Press Office. Military

Balance

lists

fifteen

independent

first hand sources, few of

which

are

he am e

s

Jane's

entinel.

After investigating he

ources

or

each

of the even

14

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


references,

he

ea m was

onfident

ha t

he

preponderance

of

evidence"

method was

logically

sound.

This method

could

not

be used

in

all instances. n some cases, none of

the

sources

agreed or

an

equal

number

of sources

gave

on e

number

an d

an

equal

number

gave another

number.

n

hese

ases, he

ea m

had

o udge he elative

redibility

of

he

even

references

o

rovide est stimate.

ublication

ates

ere lso aken nto

consideration when

making

this

judgment. n general, World

Air

Power Journal an d the

Naval

Institute

Guide

to World

Military

Aviation

seemed to be the most

credible

sources

with

the

Military

Balance,

Flight

International,

an d

Jane's

Sentinel

not

too

fa r behind.

These ources Naval

Guide

nd World

Air

Power

Journal) rovided ther

means

o

corroborate

much of their

information

including photographs,

tail numbers,

and specific

aircraft locations. onsequently, their

data carried

more weight

in those instances where

a judgment had

to

be made.

Presentation

of

nventory

Data

This ear's

team

significantly changed he presentation of

the

inventory data

in

an

attempt

to

improve

its

precision

an d

effectiveness.

First,

the

manufacturer and

common

(or

N A T O )

ode ames were dded o

ac h

ircraft

ntry y

eferring

o

he

World

Encyclopedia

f

Aircraft

Manufacturers,

he

Naval

nstitute

Guide

o

World

Military

Aviation,

nd

Jane's All

the

Worlds

Aircraft

995-1996.

his

nformation

llows

or

quicker

an d

easier

recognition

of aircraft.

t

also

provides the user

some

initial

guidance

if

he hooses

o

nvestigate

articular ircraft sing utside ources ecause most

aircraft reference books

organize

their

information based

on

the manufacturer

or

common

15

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


name. n

general, dding

manufacturer nd common

names

reated

more

thorough,

professional

product.

Second,

the team

broke

ou t

aircraft

models an d variants

in as much detail

as

possible.

They did this

because

different variants

may have

vastly

different capabilities s

is

the

case

ith

he

an y

ariants

f

he

iG-21 ircraft.

While

uch

iscriminating

information

was

ifficult

o

ompile, t was wholly

necessary

o

make he ToolBook

effective. s D r. Mueller

stated, "I t

is

precisely this sort of

information

that

is

absolutely

indispensable.

t

is

his

aliber

of

information

which erious

cholars

nd

w ar

am e

designers

require."

3

The

team

also included

information

regarding

the

distribution

of

aircraft

within a

nation's

defense branches

e.g.,

Air Force, Army,

Navy,

Marines,

Coast Guard).

he y did

this

both

n

he

arrative

nd n

he

nventory. gain,

uc h recision

elps

o

reate

complete picture

of

a nation's

airpower

situation.

Finally, he

ea m

resented

he nventory

ata

umerically,

with

nation's

most

abundant

aircraft listed first

an d

all

variants

of a particular

type

(e.g., F-16A,

B,

C, D )

grouped

together. he

purpose was

to

standardize the

presentation of

the

data

and allow

the

user

an

opportunity

to

easily

recognize which

ai r

assets

n

a nation's nventory

are

most

abundant

an d

which

are not. he

research

team

felt

that

these four

changes

in the

presentation f nventory

ata,

ubtle s hey

may

ppear,

ak e

or much more

valuable,

effective

ToolBook.

16

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


Notes

1

en e

Francillon,

Naval

nstitute

Guide

o

World Military

Aviation,

Maryland:

Naval

Institute

Press, 995), x.

2

Rene

Francillon,

Naval

nstitute

Guide

o

World Military Aviation, Maryland:

Naval

Institute

Press, 995), x.

3

arl Mueller, Evaluation f ACSC

esearch

roject 5-001," School or

Advanced Airpower

Studies,

Air

University,

Maxwell

AFB,

Ala.,

M ay 1995), 2.

17

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Chapter

3

Administration

and

Recommendations

ToolBook U se

This year's team did

not alter

the

basic

structure

of

the ToolBook so using it is

still

simple

an d enjoyable.

he

following description of

its

operation

came

from

the

original

ToolBook

report

with various

changes.

The

symetrix Corporation ToolBook

.0

oftware

rovides

lear,

ttractive

format

or resenting he

ata.

po n

ntering he

rogram

he user

eceives

brief

overview

of

the

ToolBook

application

followed

by

several

options

vailable

to

etrieve

the

data.

ne method is

o navigate to

he

world

map

which

has

been divided into

2

geographic regions.

he user

ca n

then

navigate

to

the

region

of

interest by

selecting

one

of

the

12

region titles on

the

world

map.

nce

on

the

regional map

the

user

ca n

ge t

to

the

country

pages

by selecting the country of

interest

from the

map

or from the country

list.

A second more direct method

to

get

to

the country

pages is

to

go

to

the

index

an d select

the

desired

country

by

clicking

on

the

name

of

the

country.

ither

method

brings

up

the

desired

individual country page

as

shown

in

the

Figure

3 -1

below.

18

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


SS=>

Wor ld

A ir

Powe r

Compend i um

-A C S C

Y96

Fi le Eage Help

Bolivia

3

located in the centra

Andes

Moun ta i ns

o f

Sou th

sr f rer tea

a n d shares

barkers with

P e r « , €b*te. Argentina.

IParaguay,

a n d Brazil.

Bolivia

ha s a

republics«

fan»

o f

mqvemmeat.

Herdofens©

forces

CDRSIS of

A r m y , Navy,

pnd»din9 M&rine$),A*r Force, mti National I^Dj ice b r anc h es *

tfr a*$sts are attributed among the Air

force.

Navy,

a n d

iPot ica^

with

the

majority

of

the

aircraft

beiomjing

to

1he

Air

Farce,

JTho

Air

Force

i$

o rgan««*«*

into

Brigades with

subordinate

|gröM|ü$

arranged

by

fwictiäöat

missions.

TNi?&

ffltasiops

o re

jjcambaVffgmer operatic v t

traasport

an d training.

The Bolivian

tonyAviation

etemeet

« $ e $ its aircraft

for

liaison and transport

las

Ä

do&$ r*ot

oas s -a s s

any corsbat

air

a**«t8. iko *i$o, &«

iNavy

and

Military

Police

fly

only

non -com hat fixed wing aircraft

jfor

liaison

duties

a n d patroL

C o m b a t

S u p p o r t

T ra n s p o r t

Hel icopte r

....:

T ram in t

Figure 3-1. ample Country Page

The data

available

on

this

ountry page includes graphic

of the roundel/fin flash

that ppears n

he

ountry's military ircraft nd arrative escribing he nation's

airpower structure.

ircraft

inventory

data

is grouped

by

type:

combat,

combat

support,

transport,

helicopter,

an d

training. f

a

nation

does no t have a

particular

aircraft

type then

there will be no button for that type on the page. nventory data appears

when the user

clicks

n

the esired aircraft

type.

Additionally, he print function

provides

n

easy

to

read,

ard

copy

of

the

country

description

and inventory

data.

19

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


Distribution

Appendix hows he 5 urrent oolBook sers. fter eing hown

demonstration,

the

USAF

R O T C Headquarters recently

decided

to

incorporate the

World

Airpower ompendium nto

ts

urriculum.

he y ill rovide he unding or ts

distribution to

over 00 R O T C

detachments.

hese

detachments

nd

the

original

users

will

eceive

op y

of

he

pdated

ToolBook

long with

etter ccompanying he

product

(Appendix

B) nd

new nd

improved

loading

instructions

Appendix

C). This

year's

eam

nedded

to

hange

the

loading

instructions

not

only

to orrect

some

minor

errors

an d clarify the process, but

also

to

accommodate those institutions

which already

have the ToolBook

software

loaded an d

merely

need

to

update the

database.

his

year's

team

also

worked

with

the

Air

Command

an d Staff College

Technical

division

to

place

the ToolBook

on

the Internet.

t can

be

found

using the following

Internet address:

ftp

://wwwacsc.

au. af.mil/public/airpo wer/

Recommendations for

Future Research

The

orld

Airpower ompendium s aluable roduct or

ilitary

tudents,

educators,

an d w ar

game

designers. t

ha s

tremendous potential

an d

could

be

expanded

in

many different

ways. ome future

branches

within the ToolBook could present data on

nations'

ir efense ystems, irfields, ir-launched

weapons,

r

ven

ontain

hort

description

of

ll

he

ircraft

n

he

ToolBook.

he

arrative

ould

e

xpanded

o

include military alliances

to

which

a nation belongs. owever, ny expansion must be

balanced with

the need to

keep

he

ToolBook's

ize

manageable

not only

fo r

ease of

distribution but

also fo r

its

potential

users.

8/10/2019 Ada 331834


Implementing further changes, large or

small,

hile

at

the same

time

updating the

core

data

within

the

ToolBook will

require

a

much

larger

research

team. his year's team

initially

ntended

o xpand he

oolBook

n ew f he irections isted bove.

Unfortunately,

the

condition

of the

original

ToolBook coupled

with

the

team's

size

forced

them

to

abandon

these aspirations. pdating

the

contents of the ToolBook ro m

scratch

and

deciphering

the software scripting

in

order

to

make

changes were

major

undertakings

an d

left

insufficient

time

fo r other

enhancements.

f Air

Command an d

Staff

College

desires

to

expand the scope

of the World Airpower

Compendium then

it must provide the

manpower

to

do

so.

ex t

year's

team

should

be

composed

of

a

minimum

of

six

to

eight

officers. four-person team

would

be

sufficient to

update

the

data

within

the

ToolBook

only because

this

year's team completely

overhauled the product.

21

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Chapter 4

Summary

T he World Airpower

Compendium is

now

a

premier reference

document fo r

airpower

assets throughout the world.

It

creates a clear

picture

of

the

world's

airpower

situation

by

coupling

current and

accurate

aircraft

inventories

with

rich

narrative

descriptions

of

how

nations

distribute,

organize,

an d use

their

air

assets. uc h

information

will

have

a variety

of valuable purposes

in

today's complex, ever-changing global

environment.

This

year's

ersion is

ow

ignificantly

more omprehensive,

ccurate, nd

user

friendly. hanges

in

the ToolBook's content ut it on par with many prominent airpower

publications,

while

changes in its

operation

no w

make it

more efficient an d enjoyable

to

use.

he

World Airpower Compendium

may not

be as technologically

advanced

as other

ToolBook

pplications,

but

it

does

not need

to be.

What

the

it lacks

in

glitter

it

surely

makes up for in

precision,

usefulness,

and

effectiveness. t is a "must-have" resource for

military students, educators, and

w ar gaming professionals.

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Appendix

A

Current World

Airpower

Compendium ToolBook Users

Air Force

Chief of Staff

Cameroon

Canadian

Forces

Command

an d Staff

College

Canada

Forsvarsakademiet Svanemoellen, Kaserne

Denmark

Flyvevaabnets Officers

skole

Jonstrupvej

28 6

Denmark

College Interarmees

de

Defense

Fachbereich

Fuehrungslehre

Luftwaffe

Hellenic National

General

Staff

(War Game

Directorate)

France

Germany

Greece

College

of

Air

Warfare

Defence

Services

Staff College

India

India

Scuola

di

Guerra

Aerea

Italy

Royal

Jordanian

Air

Force

Air

Staff College

Jordan

Republic of

Korea

Embassy

Korea

The

National Defense

Academy

T he

Army

Commander,

Malawi

Army

Headquarters

Latvia

Malawi

The

Kamzu

Military College

Malawi

Air Command and Staff

College

The

National

War College

Nigeria

Nigeria

Royal

Norwegian Staff College

Norway

Avenida

Manuel

Prado

Ugerteche

Peru

Institute

de

Altos Estudos da

Forca Aerea

Portugal

3

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Air Force

Information

and Resource

Center

Singapore

SAFTI Military

Institute

Singapore

Singapore

Command

an d

Staff College

Singapore

Cuartel

Geperal

de l

Ejercito

de l

Aire

Spain

Kommando Generalstabskurse

Switzerland

Militärische

Fuhrungs

schule

Switzerland

Stab Operative Schulung

Switzerland

Stabs-und

Kommandantenshule Armeeausbildungszentrum

Switzerland

Turkmenistan

Military

High

School

Turkmenistan

Joint

Services

Defence

College

United

Kingdom

Royal

Air

Force

College,

Cranwell

United

Kingdom

Royal

Air Force

Staff College

United Kingdom

Royal

College

of Defence

Studies

United

Kingdom

Army

Command

an d General

Staff College

United States

of America

Naval

War College

United States of

America

4

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Appendix

B

Typical

Letter

to

Accompany Final

Product

(Foreign

Nations)

25

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Appendix

C

Program

Loading

Instructions

The

World Airpower

ompendium

96.01

ersion)

s

n

pdated,

omprehensive

database of al l

the world's airpower

assets.

T he

disks

yo u have received contain al l

of

th e

files yo u will

need

to

ge t the updated program running on

your

computer.

If

yo u

have the

previous

ersion

of

the

ToolBook

with ll

ts ssociated

oftware ou

an

kip

o

he

section

titled

"Revising

the

ToolBook"

nd

follow

those

instructions.

f

yo u

are

loading

the

ToolBook

or

he

irst

ime

ollow

he

teps

elow

n

he

ection

itled

N ew

ToolBook

Users." T he program

requires

Windows .1

nd

at

least

2M B

of

hard disk

space on your computer

an d

it

runs

best

using

at

least

a

48 6

processor.

New

ToolBook

Users

1.

n

your hard

drive,

create

a

directory

called

MTB30.

2.

opy al l of

the

files

from the

disk

labeled

Airpower,

Disk 1 of 2 to

the MTB30

directory.

There

should now be

2

files

(airpower.exe

andpkunzip.exe)

in

MTB30.

3.

.

Place

the disk

labeled

Runtime,

Disk

1

of 2

in

drive

"a:"

b.

n

he

Windows

File

Manager,

o

o MTB30

irectory.

se he

File

Run"

command an d

type

the

following:

c:\mtb30\pkunzip.exe

a:\runtime.zip

c.

Follow

the

directions

on

the

screen:

•

hen the computer

asks

you

to

"Insert the last disk of backup

et—Press

key

when

ready"

ut the Runtime Disk 2

of2

in

drive

"a "

an d hit

an y key.

•

hen the

computer

asks

yo u to

"Insert

Disk #1—Press

a

key when

ready"

put

in

Runtime

Disk 1

of

2

in

drive

"a"

an d

hit

an y key.

•

hen the computer asks you

to

"Insert

Disk

#2—Press

a

ke y

when

ready" put in

Runtime

Disk

2

of2 again an d hit any

key.

• ou should now have

3

files

in the

MTB30 directory:

airpower.exe

pkunzip.exe runtime.exe

N O T E :

You may have

to

reinitialize

the

file

manager

to

find runtime.exe

7

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4.

In the

MTB30 directory, run (double

click)

runtime.exe

5. Copy

c:\tnib30\asym.ini

to

c:\windows\asym.ini

6.

R un

(double

click)

c:\mtb30\airpower.exe

7.

R un

(double

click)

c:\mtb30\mtb30run.exe

an d

open file airpower.tbk

You

are

now

ready

to

us e

the

program.

8.

To

reopen

the

ToolBook

after

it ha s

been closed us e

the

File

manager

to

get

to

he

MTB30 directory

and complete

step

#7 again.

Revising

he

ToolBook

These

steps

should

only

be

followed if

you have

already

loaded th e

ToolBook®

and

still

have

al l

the

associated

software

in

the

MTB30

directory

from

last

year.

1

lace the

disk

labeled

Airpower, Disk

1

ofl in drive "a".

2. U se he File Manager

o

et

o he MTB30 irectory ou reated as t ear.

Replace

the old

airpower.exe file

an d

with

the

new

airpower.exe

from

the

"a "

drive.

3 .

R un (double click) the

new

airpower.exe

file.

This

will

"inflate" me

ne w

updated

ToolBook.

4.

un

(double click) c:\mib30\mtb30run.exe

and open

file airpower.tbk

5 .

You

are no w ready

to

use

the

program.

6.

To

reopen

the ToolBook

after

it has been closed

us e

the File

manager

to

get

to

the

MTB30

directory

an d

complete

step

#7

from

above.

8

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Bibliography

Articles/Periodicals

"Aircraft

Service

Markings."

Joint Service Recognition

Journal

(December

1983):

insert.

Air Forces of

the

World."

Flight

International 48 ,

no .

4479

(July

1995):

29-65.

"Defense."

Flight

International

488-4513 (September 1995-March 996).

"Military Aviation

Review."

World

Air

Power

Journal

12-22

Summer

1993-Winter

1995).

"Roundel

Foldout

Supplement."

Air

Forces

Monthly

7

(June

1995):

insert.

Rozendaal,

Frank G.

White

Russia."

Air

Forces Monthly

91

(October

1995):

22-29.

"Strength

of

the

RAF." Royal

Air

Force 1995, no .

7

(1995): 41-44.

"World

Military

Aircraft

Inventory."

Aviation

Week

and

Space echnology 44, o.

(January

1996):

179-194.

Books

Beaver, Paul,

ed . Jane's

Sentinel North Africa.

Surrey:

Sentinel House,

1995.

Jane's Sentinel

South

China Sea.

Surrey: Sentinel

House,

1995.

Jane's Sentinel The Balkans.

Surrey:

Sentinel

House,

1995.

Jane's

Sentinel

The

Gulf

States.

Surrey:

Sentinel

House,

1995.

Central

Intelligence

Agency. The

World Fact Book. Washington: Brasseys,

1995.

Corely, Felix,

ed .

Jane's Sentinel Commonwealth

of

Independent

States.

Surrey:

Sentinel

House,

1995.

Dushkin

Group.

Global

Studies

Middle

East.

Connecticut:

Brown

an d

Benchmark,

1995.

English,

drian,

d. ane's

entinel entral

merica

nd

he

aribbean.

urrey:

Sentinel

House,

1995.

Europa World Yearbook. Kent: Staples

Printers, 1995.

Forecast friternational/DMS. Foreign Military

Markets Asia, Australia, nd

Pacific Rim.

Connecticut: Forecast International,

1995.

oreign Military

Markets

atin

merica, aribbean.

onnecticut:

orecast

International,

1995.

Foreign

Military

Markets Middle East,

Africa.

Connecticut: Forecast

International,

1995.

Foreign

Military

Markets

NATO

an d

Europe. Connecticut: Forecast

International,

1995.

Francillon,

Rene

.

Naval

Institute

Guide

o

World

Military

Aviation

995.

Maryland:

Naval

Institute

Press,

1995.

29

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Gunston,

Bill.

World Encyclopedia

ofAircraft Manufacturers. Maryland: Naval Institute

Press,

1993.

Hunter,

Brian,

d.

The

tatemen's earbook 994-1995.

N ew York: St.

Martin

Press,

1994.

International nstitute

or

trategic

tudies.

Military alance

994-1995. ondon:

Brasseys,

1995.

Military

Balance

1995-1996. London: Brasseys,

1996.

Jackson,

aul.

ane's

All

he

World's

Aircraft

995-1996.

urrey, K:

nternational

Thomas Publishing

Co.,

1995.

Slade,

Carole,

W illiam Giles

Campbell

nd

Stephen Vaughan Ballou.

Form

nd

Style

Research

Papers,

Reports, Theses.

Boston:

Houghton

Mifflin.

Taylor, Michael J ., ed. Encyclopedia

of the

World's Air Forces. N ew

York:

Facts on

File,

1988.

United

States

Air

Force. The

Tongue

and

Quill, AFH 37-137.

31 August

1994.

Multimedia/Other

ABC-CLIO.

Exergy,

he

ource

of

Current

World Information

D-ROM.

California:

ABC-CLIO, December

1995.

Al-Ghatam Jaber,

et al.

"The

World Air

Power

Compendium,"

Project

95-001.

Maxwell

AFB,

Ala.: ir

University

Press,

April 1995

Mueller, Karl. Evaluation of

ACSC

Research

Project 5-001." School or Advanced

Airpower

Studies, Air

University,

Maxwell

AFB,

Ala.,

M ay 1995. Photocopy.

"U S Recognized ountries of he World." United tates Department f tate,

W ashington,

D.C.

Government

Printing

Office,

1995.

ada 331834

Documents