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ABSTRAK

EFEK LARVISIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MENGKUDU

(Morinda citrifolia L.) TERHADAP LARVA Aedes sp.

Stevani Dewi Setyako, 2017

Pembimbing I : Budi Widyarto L., dr,. MH

Pembimbing II : Dr.Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr., M.Kes

Demam berdarah merupakan penyakit yang ditularkan melalui cucukan nyamuk

terinfeksi saat menghisap darah manusia. Temephos yaitu insektisida untuk

memutuskan rantai perkembangan larva nyamuk, tetapi mempunyai beberapa efek

samping sehingga diperlukan larvisida alami seperti daun mengkudu (Morinda

citrifolia L.) Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui apakah ektsrak etanol daun

mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) mempunyai efek larvisida terhadap larva

nyamuk Aedes sp dan membandingkan efeknya dengan Temephos.

Desain penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental laboratorik. Larva Aedes sp sebanyak

875 ekor dibagi 7 perlakuan dengan 5 pengulangan dan setiap gelas berisi 25 larva

dengan dosis masing-masing perlakuan yaitu Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu

(EEDM) 0,25%; 0,5%; 1%; 2%; 4%; akuades (kontrol negatif) dan Temephos

(kontrol positif). Data yang dihitung jumlah larva mati dalam 24 jam. Analisis

data menggunakan uji Anava satu arah dilanjutkan uji Tukey HSD.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelompok EEDM 0,25% dibandingkan dengan

akuades didapatkan hasil berbeda bermakna (p<0.05), sedangkan pada EEDM

0,5%; 1%; 2%; 4% didapatkan hasil berbeda sangat bermakna (p<0.01).

Kemudian kelompok EEDM 0,25%; 0,5%; 1%; 2%; 4% dibandingkan dengan

Temephos menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat bermakna (p<0.01).

Simpulan didapatkan EEDM berefek sebagai larvisida terhadap larva Aedes sp

dan memiliki efek yang sangat lemah dibandingkan dengan Temephos.

Kata kunci: daun mengkudu, Morinda citrifolia L., larvisida, Aedes sp.

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ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF NONI FRUIT (Morinda citrifolia L.) LEAVES

ETHANOL EXTRACT ON Aedes sp. LARVAE

Stevani Dewi Setyako, 2017

Preceptor I : Budi Widyarto L., dr,. MH

Preceptor II : Dr.Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr., M.Kes

Hemorrhagic fever is a disease transmitted through infected mosquito’s spit when

it sucks human blood. Temephos is an insecticide used to cut the chain of

mosquito larvae development, but it possesses several adverse effects, and

therefore, a natural larvacide such as noni fruit leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.) is

needed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether noni fruit (Morinda

citrifolia L.) leaf extract had a larvacidal effect towards Aedes sp. larvae and

compared its effect with Temephos.

This was a laboratory experimental study. Eight-hundred and seventy-five Aedes

sp. larvae was divided into 7 treatment groups with 5 repetitions and each glass

was filled with 25 larvae each with Noni Fruit Leaves Ethanol Extract (NFLEE)

0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, aquadest (negative control) and Temephos (positive

control). Measured data was dead larvae within 24 hours. Analyzed data was

tested with one way ANOVA test continued with HSD Tukey test.

The result showed NFLEE group 0.25% had a significant difference when

compared to aquadest (p<0.05), as in NFLEE 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% groups there

were a highly significant difference when compared to aquadest (p<0.01). Then,

NFLEE group 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% had a highly significant difference

when compared to Temephos (p<0.01).

As conclusion, NFLEE had a larvacidal effect on Aedes sp. larvae but with

weaker effect compared to Temephos.

Keywords: noni fruit leaves, Morinda citrifolia L., larvacidal, Aedes sp.

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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN .......................................................................... ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN ............................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... v

KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................. xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1

1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ....................................................................... 3

1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan ........................................................................ 3

1.3.1 Maksud Penelitian .............................................................. 3

1.3.2 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................... 3

1.4 Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah ........................................................... 4

1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ............................................................ 4

1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ................................................................. 4

1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ....................................................................... 4

1.6 Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................................ 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Nyamuk Aedes sp ........................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Taksonomi Nyamuk Aedes sp ............................................... 6

2.1.2 Morfologi Nyamuk Aedes sp ................................................ 6

2.1 3 Sikus Hidup Nyamuk Aedes sp ............................................. 7

2.1.3.1 Telur .......................................................................... 7

2.1.3.2 Larva ......................................................................... 7

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2.1.3.3 Pupa ........................................................................... 8

2.1.3.4 Nyamuk Dewasa ....................................................... 8

2.2 Demam Berdarah ........................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Etiologi ................................................................................ 9

2.2.2 Epidemiologi ....................................................................... 10

2.2.3 Transmisi ............................................................................. 11

2.2.4 Gejala Klinik........................................................................ 12

2.2.5 Diagnosis ............................................................................. 13

2.2.6 Pemeriksaan Penunjang ....................................................... 13

2.2.7 Penatalaksanaan ................................................................... 14

2.2.8 Prognosis ............................................................................. 15

2.3 Cikungunya .................................................................................... 15

2.4 Yellow Fever................................................................................... 16

2.5 Filariasis ......................................................................................... 17

2.6 Pengendalian Vektor ...................................................................... 18

2.7 Tanaman Mengkudu....................................................................... 19

2.7.1 Taksonomi Mengkudu ......................................................... 19

2.7.2 Nama Daerah ....................................................................... 20

2.7.3 Morfologi Mengkudu .......................................................... 20

2.7.4 Mengkudu Sebagai Larvasida ............................................. 21

2.8 Temephos ....................................................................................... 23

BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .............................................................. 25

3.1.1 Alat Penelitian ..................................................................... 25

3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian .................................................................. 25

3.2 Objek Penelitian ............................................................................. 25

3.3 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................... 26

3.3.1 Lokasi Penelitian ................................................................. 26

3.3.2 Waktu Penelitian.................................................................. 26

3.4 Besar Sampel .................................................................................. 26

3.5 Rancangan Penelitian ..................................................................... 27

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3.5.1 Desain Penelitian ................................................................. 27

3.5.2 Variabel Penelitian .............................................................. 27

3.6 Prosedur Penelitian......................................................................... 28

3.6.1 Persiapan Hewan Coba ........................................................ 28

3.6.2 Pembuatan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu ....................... 28

3.6.3 Prosedur Kerja Penelitian .................................................... 29

3.7 Analisis Data .................................................................................. 30

3.7.1 Metode Analisis ................................................................... 30

3.7.2 Hipotesis Statistik ................................................................ 30

3.7.3 Kriteria Uji ........................................................................... 30

3.8 Etik Penelitian ................................................................................ 31

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1 Hasil Percobaan dan Pembahasan .................................................. 32

4.2 Pengujian Hipotesis Penelitian ....................................................... 35

4.2.1 Hipotesis Penelitian 1 .......................................................... 35

4.2.2 Hipotesis Penelitian 2 .......................................................... 36

BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1 Simpulan ........................................................................................ 37

5.2 Saran ............................................................................................... 37

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 38

LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 42

RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................ 56

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

4.1 Jumlah Larva Mati Dalam 24 Jam ............................................................... 32

4.2 Hasil Uji Tukey HSD ................................................................................... 33

L 5.1 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu 0,25% Setelah

24 Jam ....................................................................................................... 47

5.2 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu 0,5% Setelah

24 Jam .............................................................................................. 47

L 5.3 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu 1% Setelah

24 Jam ....................................................................................................... 47

L 5.4 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu 2% Setelah

24 Jam ....................................................................................................... 48

L 5.5 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu 4% Setelah

24 Jam ....................................................................................................... 48

L 5.6 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Akuades Setelah 24 Jam ................................ 48

L 5.7 Jumlah Larva Mati Pada Temephos 1 ppm Setelah 24 Jam ................... 48

L 6.1 Hasil Uji Normalitas ................................................................................ 49

L 7.1 Anava Satu Arah ...................................................................................... 50

L 7.2 Uji Homogenitas ..................................................................................... 50

L 7.3 Uji Anava ................................................................................................. 50

L 8.1 Tukey HSD .............................................................................................. 51

L 8.2 Tukey HSD Homogenous Subsets .......................................................... 52

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Nyamuk Aedes aegypti ........................................................................... 7

2.2 Siklus Hidup Aedes sp ............................................................................ 8

2.3 Rata-rata jumlah kasus demam berdarah atau yang dicurigai dilaporkan

ke WHO ................................................................................................. 10

2.4 Buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) ................................................. 20

2.5 Pohon mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.)................................................ 21

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

Lampiran 1 Lembar Persetujuan Komisi Etik Penelitian ............................. 42

Lampiran 2 Determinasi Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) ....................... 43

Lampiran 3 Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) . 44

Lampiran 4 Perhitungan Dosis ..................................................................... 45

Lampiran 5 Data Hasil Penelitian ................................................................ 47

Lampiran 6 Hasil Uji Normalitas Shapiro-Wilk .......................................... 49

Lampiran 7 Hasil Uji Statistik Anava .......................................................... 50

Lampiran 8 Hasil Uji Statistik Tukey-HSD ................................................. 51

Lampiran 9 Foto Penelitian .......................................................................... 53

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