6/30/2010 english for math -...
TRANSCRIPT
6/30/2010
ENGLISH FOR MATH
BOOK TWO | HAFIZ
MIPA PROGRAM STUDI MATEMATIKA
2
i
PENGANTAR
Tuntutan penggunaan bahasa Inggris dalam dunia
pendidikan saat ini sudah tidak dapat dihindarkan
lagi; Dengan maraknya Sekolah Bertaraf
Internasional (SBI) yang menggunakan bahasa
Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam proses
belajar. Referensi-referensi ilmu pengetahuan selalu
menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Lapangan pekerjaan
dan bidang pendidikan membutuhkan mereka yang
mampu bersaing; tidak hanya memiliki kecerdasan
matematis akan tetapi kecerdasan lain terutama
kecerdasan linguish.
Dengan demikian, STKIP HAMZANWADI Pancor-
Selong memberikan mata kuliah bahasa Inggris yang
relevan (English for Math) agar mahasiswa dapat
memahami konsep dan operasional Matematika
berbahasa Inggris; dapat menjelaskan dan
menguraikan kembali berbagai topic dalam bidang
ilmu Matematika dengan bahasa Inggris baik secara
lisan dan tertulis kepada orang lain; serta dapat
mengaplikasikan berbagai konsep dan operasional
Matematika dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal
Matematika yang berbahasa Inggris; sesuai dengan
kaidah-kaidah bahasa Inggris lisan dan tertulis.
Penulis,
Abdul Hafiz Efendi Wijaya
ii
DAFTAR ISI
PENGANTAR ............................................................................. I DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................ II
UNIT ONE ........................................................... 1
NUMBERS .................................................................................. 1 The Role of Spelling ........................................................................... 2
1. i before e, except after c. . . . ......................................... 2 a. In words that rhyme with hay ................................................ 2
b. Some other exceptions .......................................................... 2
2. A final y changes to i when an ending is added ....... 2
a. Except when the ending is ―ing‖ .......................................... 2
b. ―y‖ is preceded by a vowel .................................................. 2
3. English Numbers ................................................................ 2
Reading .............................................................................................. 3
1. Comprehending a Text ................................................... 3
Math Focus ........................................................................................ 6
1. Terms and Symbols of Multiplication ............................. 6
a. Factor ........................................................................................ 6
b. Variable .................................................................................... 6
c. Coeficient ................................................................................. 6
2. Properties of Addition and Multiplication ..................... 6
a. Commutative Property of Addition. ..................................... 6
b. Commutative Property of Multiplication. ............................ 7
c. Associative Property of Addition. ......................................... 7
d. Associative Property of Multiplication. ................................. 7
e. Distributive Property. ............................................................... 7
3. Order of Operations ......................................................... 7
GRAMMAR ......................................................................................... 8
1. Noun .................................................................................... 8
a. Common Nouns ...................................................................... 8
b. Proper Nouns............................................................................ 9
2. PRONOUN ......................................................................... 11
a. Personal Pronouns ................................................................. 12
b. Subject Pronouns ................................................................... 12
iii
c. Object Pronouns ................................................................... 12
d. Reflexive Pronouns ................................................................ 14
e. Possessive Pronouns .............................................................. 15
f. Demonstrative Pronouns ...................................................... 16
g. Interrogative Pronouns ......................................................... 17
h. Indefinite Pronouns ............................................................... 18
SPEAKING SPACE ............................................................................. 22
1. Identifying Objects ......................................................... 22
2. Question and Answer ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Talking About Number and Operation ....................... 22
WRITING ............................................................................................ 23
1. Writing Simple Sentence ................................................ 23
a. Parts of Simple Sentence ..................................................... 23
b. Nominal Sentence ................................................................ 24
c. Verbal Sentence (has a verb) ............................................. 24
d. Auxiliary Verbs ........................................................................ 24
2. Real Number Problems .................................................. 25
Exercise 6 ......................................................................................... 26
UNIT TWO ........................................................ 27
SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOT ................................................ 27 THE ROLE OF SPELLING .................................................................... 28
READING .......................................................................................... 28
1. Comprehending a Text ................................................. 28
Math Focus ...................................................................................... 32
1. Square Symbol ................................................................. 32
2. Perfect Squares. .............................................................. 32
3. Negative Exponents ....................................................... 32
4. Rational Exponents ......................................................... 32
5. Odd and Even Numbers ................................................ 33
6. Factors............................................................................... 34
GRAMMAR ....................................................................................... 34
1. Articles ............................................................................... 34
2. Using Nouns without Articles ......................................... 36
3. Determiners ...................................................................... 37
a. Demonstrative Determiners ................................................. 37
b. Quantifying Determiners ...................................................... 38
c. Interrogative Determiners .................................................... 41
d. Possessive Determiners ......................................................... 41
e. Numbers ................................................................................. 41
SPEAKING ......................................................................................... 42
iv
1. Talking About Exponents/Power and Root ................ 42
2. Talking About Squares and Square Roots .................. 43
WRITING ............................................................................................ 44
1. Tenses and Structures of Sentences ............................ 44
a. Basic Tenses ............................................................................ 44
b. Basic Sentence Structures .................................................... 46
2. Building Sentences .......................................................... 46
a. VERB enhancements ............................................................ 46
b. SUBJECT enhancements ...................................................... 47
3. Math Writing ..................................................................... 48
UNIT THREE ...................................................... 51
FRACTION .............................................................................. 51 The Role of Spelling ......................................................................... 52
READING SPACE .............................................................................. 52
1. Comprehending a Text ................................................. 52
MATH FOCUS .................................................................................... 56
1. Multiplying Fractions ....................................................... 56
2. Reciprocals ...................................................................... 56
3. Dividing Fractions ............................................................ 56
4. Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Like
Denominators .......................................................................... 57
5. Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Unlike
Denominators .......................................................................... 57
GRAMMAR ....................................................................................... 59
a. Adjectives tell about the size of people or things. ........... 59
b. Adjectives tell about the color of things. .......................... 59
c. Adjectives tell what people or things are like by
describing their quality. ................................................................. 59
d. Adjectives tell what things are made of. They refer to
substances. ..................................................................................... 60
e. Adjectives are made from proper nouns of place. ........ 60
6. The Order of Adjectives ................................................. 61
7. Adjective Endings ........................................................... 62
a. Adjectives end in -ful. ........................................................... 62
b. Adjectives end in -ous. ......................................................... 62
c. Adjectives end in -y. ............................................................. 62
d. Adjectives end in -less. ......................................................... 63
e. Adjectives end in -al. ............................................................ 63
f. Adjectives end in -ic, -ish, -ible, -able, -ive, -ly. ................. 63
g. Adjectives end in -ing. .......................................................... 64
v
8. Describing What Something Is Made Of .................... 64
9. Describing What Something Is Like .............................. 64
10. The Comparison of Adjectives ..................................... 65
a. The Comparative Form ........................................................ 65
b. The Superlative Form ............................................................ 66
SPEAKING ......................................................................................... 70
WRITING ............................................................................................ 71
UNIT FOUR ....................................................... 73
DECIMAL ................................................................................ 73 The Role of Spelling ......................................................................... 74
READING .......................................................................................... 75
1. Comprehending a Text ................................................. 75
MATH FOCUS .................................................................................... 78
GRAMMAR ....................................................................................... 79
1. Punctuation...................................................................... 79
2. The Conjuction of Compound Senteces.................... 80
3. Joining two sentences ................................................... 81
SPEAKING ......................................................................................... 83
WRITING ............................................................................................ 84
UNIT FIVE ......................................................... 88
STATISTIC ................................................................................. 88 READING .......................................................................................... 89
1. Comprehending a Text ................................................. 89
MATH FOCUS .................................................................................... 90
1. Mean ................................................................................. 90
2. Median .............................................................................. 91
3. Mode ................................................................................. 92
4. Ratio .................................................................................. 92
5. Proportion ......................................................................... 93
6. Probably ........................................................................... 94
GRAMMAR ....................................................................................... 95
SPEAKING ......................................................................................... 98
WRITING .......................................................................................... 100
POLITICAL POLLS .......................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1
UNIT ONE
NUMBERS
2
The Role of Spelling
1. i before e, except after c. . . . Achieve, believe, bier, brief, hygiene, grief, thief,
friend, grieve, chief, fiend, patience, pierce, priest
ceiling, conceive, deceive, perceive, receipt,
receive, deceit, conceit
a. In words that rhyme with hay Neighbor, freight, beige, sleigh, weight, vein,
and weigh
b. Some other exceptions Either, neither, feint, foreign, forfeit, height,
leisure, weird, seize
2. A final y changes to i when an ending is
added supply becomes supplies
worry becomes worried
merry becomes merrier
a. Except when the ending is “ing” crying, studying
b. “y” is preceded by a vowel obeyed, saying
3. English Numbers
1
one
2
two
3
three
4
four
5
five
6
six
7
seven
8
eight
9
nine
10
ten
11
eleven
12
twelve
3
13
thirteen
14
fourteen
15
fifteen
16
sixteen
17
seventeen
18
eighteen
19
nineteen
20
twenty
21
twenty-one
22
twenty-two
23
twenty-three 24
twenty-four
25
twenty-five
26
twenty-six
27
twenty-
seven
28
twenty-
eight
29
twenty-
nine
30
thirty
40
forty
50
fifty
60
sixty
70
seventy
80
eighty
90
ninety 100
one hundred ½
half
¼
quarter
¾ three quarter
Reading
1. Comprehending a Text Bacalah dan terjemahkan teks bacaan di bawah
ini, temukan kata-kata yang sulit dan penting
menurut anda kemudian jawablah pertanyaan -
pertanyaan
PLACE VALUE
Our number system is based upon powers of 10.
That is, the value of a digit (numeral) depends upon
its location in the number. Consider a given digit
location (its place in the number, not the value of the
numeral itself). The digit location to its immediate left
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is worth ten times as much as the given digit location.
The digit place to the immediate right is worth one-
tenth as much. This is called place value.
For example, in the number 456, the "5" tells how
many tens (place value is "10"), the "4" tells how many
hundreds (place value is 100, which is 10 x 10) and
the 6 tells how many ones (place value is 1, which is
1/10 x 10). This is sometimes called "the base 10
numbering system. The numeral to the far right tells
how many ones (1), the numeral to its left tells how
many tens (10 x 1), the next numeral to the left tells
how many hundreds (10 x 10), the next numeral tells
how many thousands (10 x 100), and so on with the
place value increasing by a factor of ten each time.
VOCABULARIES
Consider consider kkt. 1 mempertimbangkan. 2
menganggap. 3 memikirkan, mengingat. -
considered ks. betul-betul dipertimbangkan. -
considering kd. mengingat.
Immediate immediate ks. 1 dengan segera. 2 dekat. -
immediately kk. dengan segera, sekarang juga,
dengan tidak melewatkan waktu, dengan serta
merta. i. ofter segera sesudah.
Worth worth kb. harga. -ks. 1 bernilai, cukup baik,
bermanfaat. 2 berharga. 3 seimbang.
……………… ………………………………………………
……………… ………………………………………………
……………… ………………………………………………
……………… ………………………………………………
……………… ………………………………………………
5
QUESTIONS 1
1. What is the power of our system numbers?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
2. What is digit location in a number?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
3. What is the worth of the left digit location?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
4. What is the worth of the right digit location?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
5. What is the place value?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
6. In the number 789.01. What is the "9" place value?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
7. Are quarter and half belonging to number?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
8. Angaka 9.999.999.999 masing-masing memiliki
place value. Isilah titik-titik di dalam kotak di
bawah ini dengan nama valuenya!
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
……
……
…
6
Math Focus
1. Terms and Symbols of Multiplication a. Factor
A factor is a number that is multiplied. A
product is the result of multiplication.
7 x 8 = 56.
7 and 8 are factors. 56 is the product.
Rpresent multiplication in the following ways:
A multiplication sign or a dot between factors
indicates multiplication:
7 x 8 = 56
7 • 8 _ 56
Parentheses indicate multiplication:
(7)8 = 56
7(8) = 56
(7)(8) = 56
Multiplication indicated when a number is
placed next to a variable: 7a = 7 x a
b. Variable A variable is a letter that represents an
unknown number. Variables are used in
equations, formulas, and mathematical rules.
c. Coeficient A number placed next to a variable is the
coefficient of the variable:
9d 9 is the coefficient to the variable d.
2. Properties of Addition and Multiplication a. Commutative Property of Addition.
When using addition, the order of the addends
does not affect the sum: a + b = b + a
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b. Commutative Property of Multiplication. When using multiplication, the order of the
factors does not affect the product:
a x b = b x a
c. Associative Property of Addition. When adding three or more addends, the
grouping of the addends does not affect the
sum. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c.
d. Associative Property of Multiplication. When multiplying three or more factors, the
grouping of the factors does not affect the
product. 5(ab) = (5a)b
e. Distributive Property. When multiplying a sum (or a difference) by a
third number, you can multiply each of the first
two numbers by the third number and then
add (or subtract) the products.
7(a + b) = 7a + 7b
9(a - b) = 9a - 9b
3. Order of Operations Anda harus mengikuti urutan-urutan operasi
Matematika berikut ini; PEMDAS
Parentheses: First, operations within parentheses.
Exponents: Next evaluate exponents.
Multiply/Divide: Then work from left to right in your
multiplication and division.
Add/Subtract: Last, work from left to right in your
addition and subtraction. Example
8 + 4 x (3 + 1)2 Parentheses
8 + 4 x (4)2
8 + 4 x 16 Exponents
8 + 64 Multiplication (and Division)
72 Addition (and Subtraction)
8
GRAMMAR
1. Noun
a. Common Nouns
People, places dan things termasuk common
nouns.
These common nouns are words for things.
Ruler, chair, hammer, bicycle, truth, Pen, table,
saw, ship, calculator, crayons, sofa, axe, truck,
television, pencil, loyalty,
These common nouns are words for animals
and young animals.
Dog puppy fox cub Goat kid
Cat kitten elephant calf Frog tadpole
Cow calf kangaroo Joey tiger cub
Horse foal bear cub whale calf
Sheep lamb lion cub
These common nouns are words for places.
bank airport school post office
hotel gas station university police office
library park station restaurant
museum farm mosque supermarket
mall zoo temple stadium
theater factory shop synagogue
hospital nursery gym church
These common nouns are words for people
who do certain things.
9
Singer, manager, sailor, gardener, dancer,
secretary, pilot, police, officer, artist, teacher,
driver, plumber, photographer.
b. Proper Nouns Nama-nama tertentu; people, places, dan
things adalah proper nouns dan selalu diawali
huruf capital.
These people’s names are proper nouns.
Robin Hood, Florence, Nightingale, Mom, Miss,
Park, Aladdin, Muhammad Ali, Dad, Mrs.
Taylor, Frankenstein, George,
The names of the days of the week and the
months of the year are proper nouns.
Monday January July
Tuesday February August
The names of special days and celebrations
are also proper nouns.
Independence Day Hultah NWDI day
Judgement day Muhammad Birhday
Ramadan Lebaran day
The names of famous places, buildings and
monuments are proper nouns.
The Birrul Walidain
The Al-Abrar
The Islamic Centre
The New Building of STKIP HAMZANWADI
The names of people who live in a particular
country are also proper nouns.
10
Country People
Lombok Sasakist
Java Javanist
Afghanistan Afghans
Australia Australians
Britain The British
China The Chinese
France The French
Germany Germans
Pakistan Pakistanis
Philippines Filipinos
Russia Russians
Nicaragua Nicaraguans
South Africa South Africans
India Indians
Indonesia Indonesians
Italy Italians
Japan Japanese
Korea Koreans
Malaysia Malaysians
Samoa Samoans
New Zealand New Zealanders
Spain Spaniards
Switzerland The Swiss
Thailand Thais
USA Americans
Vietnam Vietnamese
Exercise 1
Underline the common nouns and circle the proper
nouns in these sentences.
1. I told Uncle Ahmad about my accident.
11
2. Siti and Minah wore black cover.
3. The computer is broken.
4. We’re going to the town park tomorrow.
5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs.
6. My sister’s favorite soccer player is David
Beckham.
7. I’m watching a videotape about the Sahara
Desert.
8. The tourists visited Senggigi and saw the sun set.
9. Does this bus go to the Mataram?
10. We’re reading a story about a boy called Harry
Potter.
Exercise 2
Read and underline the common nouns and circle
the proper nouns.
Mr. Udin lives in Jorong in a big house by the Musholla.
He has a classic motorcycle. He likes to travel to
different countries. Last Lebaran, he went to Rinjani
montain and saw the Segara Anak lake. He enjoyed
eating fish every dinner.
2. PRONOUN
Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata yang
mengganti atau menempati posisi kata benda.
Terdapat beberapa kata ganti seperti dibawah ini;
12
a. Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns dapat digunakan sebagai
subject kata kerja atau object kata kerja.
b. Subject Pronouns Subject kata kerja (dengan kata kerja penuh
/action). Personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it,
we, dan they dapat digunakan sebagai
subject. Pelajari kalimat di bawah ini:
Lisa likes guitar.
She has a guitar.
Pada kalimat pertama, proper noun Lisa
adalah subject kata kerja likes. Sedangkan
pada kalimat kedua, pronoun she adalah
subject kata kerja has.
Berikut ini beberapa kalimat yang
menunjukkan personal pronouns yang
digunakan sebagai subjects kata kerja.
1. My name is Jamilah. I am fourteen.
2. My father works hard. He works in a factory.
3. My sister is older than me. She is twelve.
4. Our goose is very naughty. It likes to chase
children.
5. Dani and I are playing football. We like
sports.
6. Jaka and Jono are my brothers. They are
older than I am.
c. Object Pronouns
The object of a verb receives the action of the
verb. Personal pronouns; me, you, him, her, it,
13
us dan them dapat digunakan sebagai object
kata kerja. Perhatikan kalimat berikut ini:
Lisa likes geese. She likes to stroke them.
Pada kalimat pertama, geese adalah object
dari verb likes. Pada kalimat kedua, pronoun
them adalah object dari verb stroke.
Di bawah ini beberapa kalimat yang
menunjukkan bagaimana personal pronouns
yang digunakan sebagai objects of verbs.
1. I am doing my homework. Dad is helping
me.
2. Goodbye, children! I will call you later.
3. Where is Udin? I need to speak to him.
4. Miss Sri is very nice. All the children like her.
5. The plate is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
6. Uncle Jono called Minah to ask her a
question.
7. My chocolates are all gone. Someone has
eaten them.
First, Second, and Third Person Dalam grammar, orang yang berbicara
disebut first person, lawan bicara adalah
second person, dan orang yang dibicarakan
adalah third person. Di bawah ini adalah tabel
yang dapat membantu penggunaan
pronouns.
subject object
first person singular I me
second person
singular
you you
14
third person singular he him
she her
it it
first person plural we us
second person plural you you
third person plural
them they
d. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns adalah kata-kata yang
menunjukkan noun atau pronoun yang
merupakan subject dari kata kerja. Kata-kata;
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, dan themselves adalah reflexive
pronouns.
1. My brother built this computer himself.
2. Be careful not to cut yourself with that
knife.
3. Dedi was looking at himself in the mirror.
4. Udin fell and hurt herself.
5. Our cat washes itself after every meal.
6. We baked the cake by ourselves.
7. Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a
seat.
8. The children cleaned their room all by
themselves.
9. Bears like to rub themselves against a tree.
10. The bird washed itself by splashing in a
puddle.
11. The players train every day to keep
themselves fit.
12. Have yourselves a good time.
15
Berikut ini adalah tabel reflexive pronoun yang
digunakan untuk personal pronoun.
Singular
personal
pronoun
Reflexive
pronoun
Plural
personal
pronoun
Reflexive
pronoun
I (subject
pronoun)
myself we
(subject
pronoun)
ourselves
me (object
pronoun)
myself us(object
pronoun)
ourselves
you
(subject/
object
pronoun)
yourself you
(subject/
object
yourselves
pronoun)
he (subject
pronoun)
himself they
(subject
pronoun)
themselves
him
(object
pronoun)
himself them
(object
pronoun)
themselves
she
(subject
pronoun)
herself
her (object
pronoun)
herself
It itself
e. Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns digunakan untuk
membicarakan milik. Kata; mine, yours, his,
hers, ours, dan theirs adalah possessive
pronouns.
16
1. This book is mine.
2. Have you lost yours, Tom?
3. This pen is mine and that one is his.
4. Sarah has lost her cat. Is this cat hers?
5. I can see our car, but where is yours?
6. We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had
theirs.
Berikut ini adalah tabel possessive pronoun
untuk personal pronoun.
singular
personal
pronoun
possessive
pronoun
plural
personal
pronoun
possessive
pronoun
I, me mine we, us ours
You yours you yours
he, him his They, them theirs
she, her hers
f. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns digunakan untuk
menjelaskan sesuatu. Kata; this, that, these,
dan those are demonstrative pronouns.
1. This is my desk.
2. This is Minah’s house.
3. That is my friend’s house.
4. That’s my mother’s car.
5. You’ll have to work harder than this.
6. We can do better than that.
7. It’s raining again. This is awful!
8. Who is that knocking at the door?
9. Hi, Kathleen. This is Michael.
10. These are my pets.
11. These are sheep but those are goats.
12. Those are horses.
17
Note 1. Use this and these when you are talking about
things near you.
2. Use that and those when you are talking about
things farther away.
g. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask
questions. The words who, whose, what, which
and whom are interrogative pronouns.
1. Who used all my paper?
2. Who is Mom talking to?
3. Who are those people?
4. Whose pen is this?
5. Whose are these shoes?
6. What is your brother’s name?
7. What does Tom want?
8. What is the date today?
9. What do you want to be when you grow
up?
10. Which of these desks is yours?
11. Which do you prefer?
12. Which of your sisters is the tallest?
13. Whom did the President criticize?
Note
1) Ketika dalam tulisan dan speaking formal, anda
dapat menggunakan whom as the object of
verbs and prepositions. For example:
Whom did the lecturer criticize?
Whom is the principal talking to? or
To whom is the principal talking?
2) But you cannot use whom as the subject of a
verb. So you cannot say:
✘ Whom came to the party last night?
18
You have to say:
✔ Who came to the party last night?
3) Who can be used as the subject or the object of
a verb. For example:
Who broke the window? (as the subject)
Who are you inviting to your party? (as the
object)
4) Who can be used as the object of a preposition.
For example:
Who is Mom talking to?
5) You can also use whom as the object of a
preposition. For example:
Whom is Mom talking to?
6) If you put the preposition before the interrogative
pronoun, you must use whom, Forexample;
To whom is Mom talking?
h. Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to
any other word. Most indefinite pronouns
express the idea of quantity.
1. Everybody is welcome at the meeting.
2. Many prefer their coffee with sugar.
3. Does anybody care for a earthquake
victim?
4. Few choose to live in the desert.
Other Indefinite Pronouns
All each Most other
another either Neither several
any everybody nobody some
anybody everyone None somebody
anyone few no one someone
both many One such
19
The pronoun they is considered an indefinite
pronoun when it makes an indefinite
reference.
1. They produce a lot of rice in your state.
2. Why don't they repair the bad roads?
1
Exercisse 3
Tulislah subject atau object pronouns pada bagian
kalimat yang kosong.
My name is Riki. ………….. have two brothers. ………..
are both older than ………... Sometimes they take me
to the park and ………. play football together. I like
playing football with ………….. because they are very
good. We are going to the park today. Would you like
to come with ………? ………… can all play together.
Afterwards, ……….. can come to my house if ………….
want to. I think …….. will like my mother. She is very
funny and ………. makes delicious pelecing. Do
……….. like pelecing kangkung?
Exercise 4
Beberapa reflexive pronouns di bawah ini sengaja
dibuat salah dan benar. Tandai dengan tanda
rumput (√) jika benar dan tandai dengan (x) jika
salah. Kemudian tulislah reflexive pronoun yang benar
di tempat kosong.
1. Sometimes he washes the dishes all by himself.
………………………………………………………..
20
2. Dad had an accident. He cut herself with a knife.
………………………………………………………..
3. Sally washes the car by herself.
………………………………………………………..
4. Do you think the doctor can cure itself when he is
ill?
………………………………………………………..
5. The cat stays clean by licking itself.
………………………………………………………..
6. Anna and May made the dinner all by herself.
………………………………………………………..
7. Mom lets me walk to school by myself.
………………………………………………………..
8. Can you dress yourselves, boys and girls?
………………………………………………………..
9. David can swim all by himself now.
………………………………………………………..
10. This light is automatic. It switches itself on at night.
………………………………………………………..
Exercise 4
Read the following passage. Write the missing
demonstrative pronouns in the blank spaces.
21
Henry and I went for a walk on the beach. ―What’s
………………………. over there?‖ I asked. ―It looks like
broken glass,‖ said Henry. He gave me a bag. ―Put it
in ………………..,‖ he said. I put the broken glass into
the bag. ―We’d better put ………………. in the trash,‖
I said. He took the bag from me. ―You have to hold it
like ………….,‖ said Henry, ―so that you don’t cut your
hand.‖
Exercise 5
Write the missing possessive pronouns in the blank
spaces to complete the sentences.
1. I chose this seat first so it’s ……………..
2. Can we borrow your coloring pens? We’ve lost
…………….
3. We live in the city and they live in the countryside.
Our house is smaller than ……………
4. Is this a pencil ………….?
5. Sally is looking for her gloves. Are these gloves
…………….?
6. Can Julie use your bike? …………….is broken.
7. Tom got the books mixed up. He thought mine
was ………………and his was ………………….
22
SPEAKING
1. Identifying Objects
What’s that? Apa itu?
That’s a book. Itu sebuah buku
Is this your book? Apakah ini bukumu?
No, that’s not my book. Bukan, itu bukan buku saya
Whose book is this? Milik siapa buku ini?
That’s your book. Itu bukumu
And what’s that? Dan apa itu?
Is that a book? Apakah itu sebuah buku?
No, it isn’t. Bukan, itu bukan sebuah buku
It’s a pencil. Itu adalah sebuah pensil
Is it yours? Apakah itu milikmu?
Yes, it’s mine. Ya, itu milik saya
Where’s the door. Dimana pintunya?
There it is. Itu disana
Is this book his? Apakah buku ini miliknya?
2. Talking About Number and Operation Duta : Hi Din. Today is Speaking. What is the topic?
Derry : Our topic is number and its operation
Duta : By the way, we know the real numbers; those
are whole numbers, integers, rational
numbers, and irrational numbers.
Derry : Would you please to give me some
examples?
Duta : Ok. Whole numbers are also known as
counting numbers. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . .
Integers are positive and negative whole
numbers and the number zero. . . . –3, –2, –1, 0,
1, 2, 3 . . .
Rational numbers are all numbers that can be
written as fractions, terminating decimals, and
repeating decimals. Rational numbers include
integers. ¾, ½, 0.25, 0.38658, 0.666
Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot
23
be expressed as terminating or repeating
decimals. , 1.6066951524.
Derry : Concerning with numbers, we have to know
math symbol. The most common math
symbols are;
= is equal to
≠ is not equal to
> is greater than
≥ is greater than or equal to
< is less than
≤ is less than or equal to
Duta : That is right! But also, we have to know some
terms, symbols, properties of multiplication
and addition, and the order of math
operation.
WRITING
1. Writing Simple Sentence
a. Parts of Simple Sentence
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
When S V O How Where When
I counted The
money
I counted The
money
quickly
I counted The
money
quickly In my
room
I counted The
money
quickly In my
room
yesterday
Those part of sentences arise from these
questions
What or who are you thinking …………….
24
about?
What is he/she doing? …………….
What is he/she ……….…………….? …………….
How does he/she ………………….? …………….
Where does he/she ……………….? …………….
When does he/she .……………….? …………….
b. Nominal Sentence Kalimat tanpa kata kerja menggunakan
auxiliary verbs seperti ; are; am, is, are, was,
were, and be. Example
Indonesian Lateral translate True translate
Udin sakit Udin sick Udin is sick
Sekolah ku di
sana
My school there My school is
there
Adikku tinggi My little brother
tall
My little brother
is tall
Mereka di sini They here They are here
c. Verbal Sentence (has a verb) The verb change dependent on the tenses.
Examples
Nenek tidur pada
siang hari
Grandma sleeps during
the day
Orang itu lari
pontang-panting
That man runs wildly
Saya makan banyak I eat a lot
d. Auxiliary Verbs
Helping Verbs
Primary Modal
25
do (to make simple
tenses, and questions
and negatives)
can could
be (to make continuous
tenses, and the
passive voice)
may might
have (to make perfect
tenses)
will would
shall should
must ought (to)
"Do", "be" and "have" as
helping verbs have exactly
the same forms as when
they are main verbs
(except that as helping
verbs they are never used
in infinitive forms).
Modal helping verbs are
invariable. They always
have the same form.
Primary helping verbs are
followed by the main verb
in a particular form:
do + V1 (base verb)
be + -ing (present
participle)
have + V3 (past participle)
"Ought" is followed by the
main verb in infinitive form.
Other modal helping verbs
are followed by the main
verb in its base form (V1).
ought + to... (infinitive)
other modals + V1 (base
verb)
"Do", "be" and "have" can
also function as main verbs.
Modal helping verbs
cannot function as main
verbs.
2. Real Number Problems 1) The number –16 belongs in which of the
following sets of numbers?
a. rational numbers only
b. whole numbers and integers
c. whole numbers, integers, and rational
numbers
d. integers and rational numbers
e. integers only
26
Answer
d –16 is an integer because it is a negative
whole number. It is also a rational number
because it can be written as a fraction. All
integers are also rational numbers. It is not a
whole number because negative numbers
are not whole numbers
2) If a > 37, which of the following is a possible
value of a?
a. –43
b. –37
c. 35
d. 37
e. 41
Answer
e. a > 37 means that a is greater than 37.
Only 41 is greater than 37.
Exercise 6 Buatlah kalimat dengan mengisi kolom!
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
When S V O How Where When
27
UNIT TWO SQUARE and
SQUARE ROOT
28
The Role of Spelling
1. A silent e is dropped when adding an ending that
begins with a vowel . . .
advance + -ing= advancing
surprise + -ing= surprising
2. But kept when the ending begins with a
consonant
advancement, likeness
3. Unless the e is preceded by a vowel
argue + -ment= argument
true +-ly= truly
4. Adding a prefix seldom changes the spelling of a
word.
misspelled
unnecessary
dissatisfied
disinterested
misinform
READING
1. Comprehending a Text Bacalah dan terjemahkan teks bacaan di bawah
ini, temukan kata-kata yang sulit dan penting
menurut anda kemudian jawablah pertanyaan –
pertanyaan.
29
Squares and Square Roots
Some math problems will ask
you to calculate a square or
a square root of a number.
This lesson will explain what
squares and square roots
are and show you how to
calculate them. When you
think of a square, you probably think of a box shaped
figure with four equal sides. As you’ll see in this lesson,
that’s a good way to think about squares and square
roots.
A square of a number is just the number multiplied by
itself. So the square of 4 is 4 × 4 = 16. How does this
relate to a square-shaped figure? The area of a
square is the amount of space a square takes up. To
calculate the area of a square, you multiply the
length of one side by itself. That is why the area of a
square is sometimes written as s squared, or s2. Any
time a number is written with a2 raised after it, it
means to multiply the number by itself, or to square
the number.
To find a square root of a number you have to think
backwards. You will be given the area of an entire
square. The answer to the problem, or square root, is
the length of only one side of the square. That is, the
square root of a number is a number that when
multiplied by itself equals the number given in the
problem. You may have seen this symbol before: .
This is the symbol for a square root. When it is written
over a number, you are being asked to find the
square root of that number.
30
Your Vocabularies
Square square kb. 1 kwadrat, (empat) persegi. 2 Sl.: seorang
yang konvensionil, orang yang ketinggalan zaman
mengenai mode. 3 (village) alun-alun. 4 hasil
perkalian. 5 lapangan persegi.
root root kb. 1 akar (of aplant, tooth). 2 sumber. 3 asal
kata, kata dasar (of a word). 4 akar pangkat. -rooted
ks. berakar. deeply r. berurat-berakar.
calculate calculate kkt. menghitung. -kki. memperhitungkan.-
calculated ks. yg sdh diperhitungkan.-calculating ks.
yg memperhitungkan semua.
Shaped shape kb. 1 bentuk. 2 potongan (of clothes, jewelry).
3 keadaan, kondisi. -kkt. 1 membentuk (s.t.). 2
menentukan (o's future). -kki. memperoleh bentuk
tertentu.
Figure
equal sides
Multiplied
Amount
Space
Length
Backwards
Entire
Tricky
Even
Though
31
Exercise 7
Do you understand what square and square root are?
Express here!
1. What is a box shaped figure with four equal
sides?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
2. What is square?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
3. What is square root?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
4. How does square relate to a square-shaped
figure?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
5. What is the area of a square?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
6. How do you calculate the area of a square?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
7. How do you find a square root of a number?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
32
Math Focus
1. Square Symbol The symbol for square root is . This symbol is
called the radical. The number inside of the
radical is called the radicand.
= 6 because 62 = 36
36 is the square of 6, so
6 is the square root of 36
2. Perfect Squares. The square root of a number might not be a whole
number. For example, there is not a whole number
that can be multiplied by itself to equal 8,
because = 2.8284271 . . . .
1 is a perfect square because = 1
4 is a perfect square because = 2
9 is a perfect square because = 3
3. Negative Exponents Negative exponents are the opposite of positive
exponents. Therefore, because positive exponents
tell you how many of the base to multiply
together. Negative exponents tell you how many
of the base to divide.
a-n =
3-2 = = =
4. Rational Exponents Rational numbers are numbers that can be written
as fractions (and decimals and repeating
33
decimals). Similarly, numbers raised to rational
exponents are numbers raised to fractional
powers: 4½, 25½,
For a number with a fractional exponent, the
numerator of the exponent tells you the power to
raise the number to, and the denominator of the
exponent tells you the root you take.
4½ = 1 = = 2. The numerator is 1, so raise 4 to a
power of 1. The denominator is 2, so take the
square root.
= 1 = = 2 The numerator is 1, so raise 8 to a
power of 1. The denominator is 3, so take the cube
root.
5. Odd and Even Numbers An even number is a number that can be divided
by the number 2 to result in a whole number. Even
numbers have a 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0 in the ones place.
2 34 86 1,018 6,987,120
Consecutive even numbers differ by two:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 . . .
An odd number cannot be divided evenly by the
number 2 to result in a whole number. Odd
numbers have a 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 in the ones place.
1, 13, 95, 2.827, 7.820.289
Consecutive odd numbers differ by two:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 . . .
Even and odd numbers behave consistently when
added or multiplied: even + even = even and even x even = even
odd + odd = even and odd x odd = odd
odd + even = odd and even x odd = even
34
6. Factors Factors of a number are whole numbers that,
when divided into the original number, result in a
quotient that is a whole number. Example;
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18 because
these are the only whole numbers that divide
evenly into 18.
The common factors of two or more numbers are
the factors that the numbers have in common.
The greatest common factor of two or more
numbers is the largest of all the common factors.
Determining the greatest common factor is useful
for reducing fractions. Examples
The factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.
The factors of 21 are 1, 3, 7, and 21.
The common factors of 28 and 21 are therefore 1
and 7 because they are factors of both 28 and
21. The greatest common factor of 28 and 21 is
therefore 7. It is the largest factor shared by 28
and 21.
GRAMMAR
1. Articles The words ―a, an, and the‖ are called the articles.
The words ―a and an‖ are indefinite articles. They
are used with singular nouns. Use a before nouns
that begin with a consonant. Use an before nouns
that begin with a vowel.
John is reading a book.
35
Would you like a peach?
Is that a dog or a fox?
You’ll need a ruler and a pencil.
Is there also an entrance at the back of the
building?
Have you ever seen an elephant?
I always take an apple to school.
Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow?
Would you like to live on an island?
NOTE
1) Some vowels have a consonant sound as
well as vowel sound. Use the article a with
nouns that begin with these vowels:
Is there a university in your town?
Does every child in the school wear a
uniform?
We are taking a European vacation
this summer.
2) Some words begin with a silent h. Use an
with nouns that begin with a silent h:
We’ve been waiting here for an hour.
Meeting the president was an honor
for all of us.
3) The word ―the‖ is called the definite article.
Use the before a noun when you are
talking to someone who already knows
which person or thing you mean.
Dad is sitting in the garden.
Who made the mess on the carpet?
36
Turn the television off now.
I’ll wait for you in the car.
The boys are upstairs and the girls are
outside in the street.
2. Using Nouns without Articles
a. When you are talking about something in
general, not a particular thing, use a noun
without an article. You can also use plural
nouns without an article.
Frogs are my favorite animals.
Children like playing games.
Babies cry a lot.
Glasses are things that you wear to correct
your eyesight.
Birds are animals that can fly.
People enjoy watching television.
b. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally
used without a or an. The article the, however,
may be used with nouns that don't show
quantity.
I like sunshine.
I sometimes have fruit for breakfast.
You’ve got dirt on your face.
A clock measures time.
Put sugar in your tea to make it sweet.
I need time to think of a new plan.
Would you pass me the salt, please!
Can I borrow the paint when you’ve
finished?
37
3. Determiners
Determiners, or noun signals, are special adjectives
used before nouns. There are different kinds of
determiners.
a. Demonstrative Determiners The words this, that, these and those are also
special pronouns called determiners. They are
used to point out which thing or person you
mean. They are called demonstrative
determiners.
Use this and these to talk about things and
people that are near you.
Use this with singular nouns.
Who lives in this house?
This car belongs to my mom.
Does this key fit the lock?
This book is my favorite.
Who gave you this money?
This cheese tastes fun
Use these with plural nouns
These trousers are too short.
I don’t like these comics.
These biscuits don’t taste very good.
I bought these apples for lunch.
Is there an adult with these children?
Use that and those to talk about things that are
farther away from you.
38
Use that with singular nouns
This chair is mine and that chair is yours.
That animal is making a funny noise.
Would you pass me that book, please?
Who is that man talking to Dad?
How much is that dress?
Use those with plural nouns
I gave my sandwiches to those boys.
Those children go to a different school.
These shoes are mine and those shoes are
yours.
These apples look fresh but those apples look
rotten.
Those people are from Africa.
b. Quantifying Determiners Words such as many, much and several tell
about quantity without giving an exact
number. They are called quantifying
determiners. Some quantifying determiners are
used only with plural nouns. They are few, a
few, fewer, many, several and both.
Few people have been to the moon.
We went to Europe many years ago.
A few children are absent today.
Several friends went with me.
I have fewer CDs than you.
Both brothers have dark hair.
Some quantifying determiners can be used
with plural nouns and nouns that show no
exact number. They are all, half, some,
39
enough, a lot of, lots of, more, most, other and
plenty of.
All children seem to like chocolate.
We’ve eaten all the food in the refrigerator.
Half the balloons have burst already.
Jenny spends half her time watching
television.
Some girls like to play football.
Can I have some water?
Do you have enough books to read?
I don’t have enough material to make a
dress.
A lot of people like burgers.
There’s a lot of fruit in the bowl.
They went to a park with lots of animals in it.
You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice
cream.
You’ve got more brothers than I have.
There’s more space in my room than yours.
Most teachers enjoy teaching.
Most lemonade contains sugar.
He likes playing with other children.
They had never tasted other food.
Plenty of my friends have seen the Harry
Potter movies.
Drink plenty of water every day.
Some determiners can be used only with nouns
of no exact number. They are little (meaning
not much), a little (meaning some), much and
less.
We have little time to play.
There’s a little rice left.
40
Does the teacher give you much
homework?
I’ve got less ice cream than you.
Some quantifying determiners can only be
used with singular nouns. They are another,
every and each.
I need another pencil.
He likes every child in the class.
Each house is painted a different color.
The quantifying determiners either and neither
refer to two people or things.
I don’t like either drink.
Neither sister has long hair.
Some quantifying determiners are used with
singular, plural, or nouns of no exact quantity.
They are any, no, no other and the other.
Any dog will bite if it’s afraid.
Are there any good books in the library?
There wasn’t any space in the cupboard.
No child likes getting hurt.
There were no pencils in the drawer.
We’ve done no work today.
There is no other way of solving the
problem.
She has no other friends.
We have no other food in the refrigerator.
Do you like this picture or the other
picture?
The other boys laughed at him.
I like the other music better.
41
c. Interrogative Determiners The words what, which and whose are used
before nouns to ask questions. Interrogative
determiners appear just before nouns.
What time is it?
Which boy is your brother?
Whose pen is this?
d. Possessive Determiners The words my, your, his, her, its, our and their
are used before nouns to show ownership.
They are called possessive determiners.
I gave my sandwich to John.
Is this your desk?
Alan crashed his bike into a wall.
Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean.
The dog was licking its paws.
There’s a snake in our garden.
Susan and Peter have invited me to their
party.
e. Numbers Numbers are determiners, too. Numbers are
often used before nouns to tell you exactly
how many people or things there are.
Our family has two dogs.
There are twelve months in the year.
We bought three pizzas.
My grandfather lived for a hundred years.
42
Exercise 12
Notice the determiners in the following passage. What
kind of determiners are they? Put a D in the blank
after a demonstrative determiner, a Q after a
quantifying determiner, an I after an interrogative
determiner, a P after a possessive determiner and an
N after a number.
Sally is my ……. friend. We play together every …….
day. I usually go to her …….. house to play. Her ……..
parents are very nice, but she has two ……. brothers
who sometimes spoil our …….. games. Last week, her
…….. brothers pulled my ……. hair. Sally’s mom was
very angry with them. ―Stop behaving in that ………..
rough way!‖ she shouted. I’m glad I don’t have any
…….. brothers.
SPEAKING
1. Talking About Exponents/Power and
Root
Amat : Hi Udin! Do you still remember our
teacher’s explanation about
exponent?
Udin : Absolutely I remember.
Nunung : He asked us yesterday but none of
students could answer
Udin : Well! I’ll reveal the definition of
exponent. Exponent tells you how
many times a number. the base is a
43
factor in the product.
Nunung : Could you show me an example?
Amat Yes, I could. Three power five. Let’s see
35 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 243
3 is the base. 5 is the exponent.
Udin : To make clear, Mr. Wibawa also
explain about laws of exponents; first;
any base to the zero power equals 1,
second; when multiplying identical
bases, keep the same base and add
the exponents.
Nunung : That right. Let’s prove to these
examples. I will write for you guys.
For the first law;
(12xy)0 =1
800 = 1
8,345,8320 = 1
For the second law;
bm x bn = bm+n
Udin : Wow! Great!
2. Talking About Squares and Square Roots
Mamik Adi : Gus, El! Would you please to
explain about this definition; The
square of a number is the product
of a number and itself.
Agus Yes, I would. Take for example, the
number 25 is the square of the
number 5 because 5 x 5 = 25.
Elly You have to remember that the
square of a number is represented
by the number raised to a power of
2, like the following operation;
44
a2 = a x a 52 = 5 x 5 = 25
Agus So, the square root of a number is
one of the equal factors whose
product is the square.
For example, 5 is the square root of
the number 25 because 5 x5 = 25.
Mamik Adi Thank you my buddies!
Elly You are welcome! By the way, I
have a note about the square
concept. I will read for you. Please
listen to me!
WRITING
1. Tenses and Structures of Sentences
a. Basic Tenses
SIMPLE past Present future
singular I was Am will be
you were Are will be
he/she/it was Is will be
plural we were Are will be
you were Are will be
they were Are will be
PERFECT past Present future
singular I had
been
have
been
will have
been
you had
been
have
been
will have
been
he/she/it had
been
has been will have
been
plural we had
been
have
been
will have
been
45
you had
been
have
been
will have
been
they had
been
have
been
will have
been
CONTINUOUS past Present future
singular I was
being
am being will be being
you were
being
are being will be being
he/she/it was
being
is being will be being
plural we were
being
are being will be being
you were
being
are being will be being
they were
being
are being will be being
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
past Present future
singular I had
been
being
have
been
being
will have
been being
you had
been
being
have
been
being
will have
been being
he/she/it had
been
being
has been
being
will have
been being
plural we had
been
being
have
been
being
will have
been being
you had
been
being
have
been
being
will have
been being
they had
been
being
have
been
being
will have
been being
46
b. Basic Sentence Structures
S-V He sleeps.
S-V-O She eats rice.
S-V-O-O She told him a lie.
S-V-N He is a doctor.
S-V-Adj The doctor is sick.
S-V-Adv The doctor is here.
2. Building Sentences Remember, the S - V relationship is at the "heart"
of every sentence. All sentences are build around
this core. To give a sentence more substance, you
may enhance the subject or verb:
a. VERB enhancements Change the verb in the following tense or
aspect or a combination of the two.
He eats. (simple present)
He will eat. (future/modal)
He is eating. (continuous)
He has eaten. (perfect)
He has been eating. (combination)
He should have been eating. (combination)
Add an adverb or adverb phrase, or
prepositional phrase.
He should have eaten already/ by now.
He was eating in the kitchen.
Add an adverbial clause.
He was eating when the bus arrived.
47
Add a participial phrase.
Having finished his homework, he ate.
b. SUBJECT enhancements
Change the noun to a pronoun or vice versa.
He eats.
John eats.
Add an article, demonstrative, or possessive.
The man eats.
This man eats.
His father eats.
Note:
1) Subjects and Objects may be enhanced in
similar ways.
Subject Object
Add an object
John eats rice.
The man eats an apple.
Add an adjective or adjectives
The handsome man
eats
The man eats the
big, red apple
Add a prepositional phrase
The man in the
kitchen eats
The man eats an
apple from the bowl
Add a relative (adjective) clause
The man who lives
next door eats
The man ate the
apple that I bought
48
Use quantifiers
Some of the men
eat
They eat some of the
apples
Use a noun clause
Whoever gets here
first can eat
He eats whichever
apple he chooses
2) Enhance both the subject and the verb to
make sentences more interesting.
The man who lives on the corner is
eating his lunch now.
The men from the health club eat every
day after working out.
The tall, green men from Mars are
eating tuna sandwiches.
Some of the men ate the apples (that) I
left on the table.
Whenever he feels like exercising, the
fat man eats a huge meal instead.
3. Math Writing
Some important expression for this season are;
a. What is the length of one side of a square that
has an area of 144 square inches?
b. A square has an area of 576 square meters.
What is the length of one of its sides?
c. Find the length of one of the sides of a square
that has an area of 3,600 square centimeters.
49
Questions and Answers
1) What is ?
The problem is asking you to calculate the
square root of 25. Ask yourself what number
multiplied by itself equals 25. If you have
memorized the list of common squares, this
problem is not very hard. Even if you haven’t
learned the list of common squares yet, though,
you can figure this problem out: 5 × 5 = 25. So
the square root of 25 is 5.
2) What is the length of one side of a square that
has an area of 121 square inches?
The problem is asking you to calculate the
square root of 121. Ask yourself what number
multiplied by itself equals 121? You know that 11
× 11 is 121. Thus, the square root of 121 is 11,
and the length of one side of a square with an
area of 121 square inches is 11 inches.
3) Which of the following is equivalent to ?
a. 13
b. 14
c. 15
d. 16
e. 17
Answer
b. = 14 because 14 x 14 = 196.
4) What is the length of one side of a square that
has an area of 144 square inches?
50
Answer
The problem is asking you to calculate the
square root of 144. Ask yourself what number
multiplied by itself equals 144. You know that 12
× 12 is 144. Thus, the square root of 144 is 12,
and the length of one side of a square with an
area of 144 square inches is 12 inches.
5) A square has an area of 576 square meters.
What is the length of one of its sides?
Answer
The problem is asking you to calculate the
square root of 576. The square root of 576 is 24,
and the length of one side of a square with an
area of 576 square meters is 24 meters.
6) Find the length of one of the sides of a square
that has an area of 3,600 square centimeters.
Answer
The problem is asking you to calculate the
square root of 3,600. The square root of 3,600 is
60, and the length of one side of a square with
an area of 3,600 square centimeters is 60
centimeters.
51
UNIT THREE
FRACTION
52
The Role of Spelling
1. We form plurals in English by adding-s or-es.
shoes
porches
boxes
bushes
blitzes
2. For words ending in a consonant plus-y, change
the-yto-iand add-es. For proper nouns, keep the-y.
toys
companies
Kennedys
READING SPACE
1. Comprehending a Text Bacalah dan terjemahkan teks bacaan di bawah
ini, temukan kata-kata yang sulit dan penting
menurut anda kemudian jawablah pertanyaan -
pertanyaan
Fraction
We use fractions to talk about money. For example, a
quarter is 25 cents, or ¼ of a dollar. Four quarters, or
¼, equal one dollar. We also use fractions to talk
53
about time. An hour is a fraction of a day. One hour is
of a whole day. One day is a fraction of a week: .
What fraction of a year is one month? Your school
grades are probably written in fractions. If you
receive a 90 out of a total of 100 possible points, then
your grade is the fraction . Some teachers grade
out of 20 possible points. If you receive a 19 out of 20
points, then your grade is the fraction .
What is fraction? Imagine
that you and a friend order a
whole pizza for yourselves. The
pizza is cut into nine slices. If
one of you eats the whole pizza
and doesn’t share with the
other one, then you would eat
nine of the nine slices, or . But what if you ate two
slices and your friend ate three slices? Then you ate
of the pizza, your friend ate of the pizza, and of
the pizza is left over. The number , , and are all
fractions.
Notice
That fractions are two numbers that represent a part
of a whole. The two numbers are separated by a bar.
The bar means ―divide the top number by the bottom
54
number.‖ The top number is called the numerator.
The numerator tells you how many parts of the whole
are being talked about. For example, of the pizza
shown above refers to two slices of a pizza that has
been cut into nine slices. The bottom number in a
fraction is called the denominator. The denominator
tells you how many equal parts the whole has been
divided into. The pizza shown previously has been
divided into nine slices, so the denominator is 9. What
if you had cut the pizza into eight slices? Then the
denominator would be 8.
Vocabularies
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
……………………… …………………………………………..
55
Question
1. What is numerator?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
2. What is denominator?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
3. What is equivalent?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
4. What is the fraction of day? Write down its
fraction!
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
5. What is the fraction of week? Write down its
fraction!
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
6. What is the fraction of year? Write down its
fraction!
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
7. Write a fraction to represent the part of each
whole that is shaded in.
a. c.
……………… ………………
56
b. d.
……………… ………………
MATH FOCUS
1. Multiplying Fractions
To multiply fractions, simply multiply the numerators
and the denominators:
2. Reciprocals What is reciprocal and swap?
To find the reciprocal of any fraction, swap its
numerator and denominator.
Examples Fraction: Reciprocal:
3. Dividing Fractions Dividing a fraction by another fraction is the same
as multiplying the first fraction by the reciprocal of
the second fraction:
57
4. Adding and Subtracting Fractions with
Like Denominators To add or subtract fractions with like
denominators, add or subtract the numerators
and leave the denominator as it is:
5. Adding and Subtracting Fractions with
Unlike Denominators To add or subtract fractions with unlike
denominators, find the Least Common
Denominator, or LCD, and convert the unlike
denominators into the LCD. The LCD is the smallest
number divisible by each of the denominators.
For example, the LCD of and is 24 because 24
is the least multiple shared by 8 and 12. Once you
know the LCD, convert each fraction to its new
form by multiplying both the numerator and
denominator by the necessary number to get the
LCD, and then add or subtract the new
numerators.
Example
58
Practice Question
Which of the following expressions is equivalent to
Answer
a. The expression in the equation is
So you must evaluate each answer choice to
determine which equals
Therefore, answer choice a is correct.
59
GRAMMAR
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They give
you more information about people, places, and
things.
Kinds of Adjectives
a. Adjectives tell about the size of people or
things.
a big house a long
bridge
tiny feet a large
army
a high
mountain
big hands a huge
ship
a short
man
a short skirt a tall
building
a thin boy long
trousers
b. Adjectives tell about the color of things.
a red carpet a gray suit a brown bear
a white
swan
an orange
balloon
green peppers
a blue
uniform
a yellow ribbon black shoes
c. Adjectives tell what people or things are
like by describing their quality.
a beautiful
woman
a young
soldier
a flat
surface
a cold
winter
60
a
handsome
boy
an old
uncle
a hot
drink
a sunny
day
a rich
couple
a poor
family
a deep
pool
cool
weather
a strange
place
a familiar
voice
a kind
lady
d. Adjectives tell what things are made of.
They refer to substances.
a plastic
folder
a porcelain
vase
a clay
pot
a silk dress
a paper
bag
a concrete
road
a glass
door
a metal
box
a cotton
shirt
a wooden
spoon
a stone
wall
a jade ring
e. Adjectives are made from proper nouns
of place. These adjectives are called adjectives of
origin.
a Mexican
hat
a British police
officer
a Spanish
dance
the French
flag
an American
custom
an Italian car
a Japanese
lady
Washington
apples
a Filipino dress
an Indian
temple
61
6. The Order of Adjectives Adjectives are used to describe a single noun or
pronoun. When you use two or more adjectives,
the usual order is: size, quality, color, origin,
substance. For example:
a small size Green color plastic box
substance
a stylish quality Red color Italian car origin
Here are more examples.
a large Indian temple a long Chinese silk robe
delicious Spanish
food
a colorful cotton shirt
crunchy Australian
apples
an old graceful Japanese
lady
a tall white stone
building
a short handsome English
man
Adjectives of quality sometimes come before
adjectives of size. For example:
beautiful long hair
elegant short hair
Adjectives of size always come before adjectives
of color. For example:
beautiful long black hair
elegant short red hair
If you use any adjective of substance, it comes
after the color adjective. For example:
a beautiful long black silk dress
62
7. Adjective Endings Adjectives have many different endings.
a. Adjectives end in -ful. These adjectives describe noun or pronouns
that are full of something or have a lot of
something.
a beautiful
face
a painful
injury
a careful
student
a cheerful
baby
a joyful smile a helpful
teacher
a powerful
machine
a wonderful
time
playful
children
a skillful player a useful book colorful
clothes
b. Adjectives end in -ous. a famous writer a courageous
soldier
a generous
gift
a mountainous
area
an adventurous
explorer
a humorous
film
a dangerous
job
mischievous
children
marvelous
results
a poisonous
snake
c. Adjectives end in -y. a messy
room
a noisy car dirty
hands
an easy
test
a sleepy
dog
a cloudy
sky
thirsty
children
a lazy
worker
a muddy
path
a sunny
day
stormy
weather
juicy fruit
63
d. Adjectives end in -less. Describe a person or thing that does not have
something.
a cloudless
sky
a meaningless
word
homeless
people
a sleeveless
dress
a fearless
fighter
harmless
animals
a careless
driver
a useless tool seedless
grapes
a joyless song
e. Adjectives end in -al. a national flag a coastal
town
magical
powers
musical
instruments
personal
possessions
medical
equipment
electrical
goods
a traditional
costume
f. Adjectives end in -ic, -ish, -ible, -able, -
ive, -ly.
a fantastic
singer
a terrible
mess
an imaginative
story
an energetic
dog
a sensible
answer
expensive
jewelery
basic
grammar
horrible
smells
talkative
children
enthusiastic
shouting
visible
footprints
a creative
artist
a selfish act a likeable
child
friendly
teachers
foolish comfortable a lovely dress
64
behavior clothes
stylish clothes valuable
advice
a lively cat
childish talk suitable
colors
an elderly man
g. Adjectives end in -ing.
loving
parents
a boring story an outstanding
swimmer
a caring
nurse
a gleaming car an exciting ride
a flashing
light
an interesting
book
chattering
monkeys
a smiling
face
a disappointing
result
shocking news
8. Describing What Something Is Made Of Some nouns can be used like adjectives.
For example, if you have a chair that is made of
plastic, you can use the noun plastic as an
adjective and say that the chair is a plastic chair.
If you have a watch that is made of gold, you can
say it is a gold watch. But the nouns wood and
wool can’t be used like this. To make adjectives of
these nouns you have to add en.
noun adjective example
wood wooden a wooden door
wool woolen a woolen jumper
9. Describing What Something Is Like
65
There’s another way to make adjectives from
nouns. Suppose you want to say that something is
like a certain material, although not made of it. To
make these adjectives, add -en to some nouns
and -y to other nouns.
noun adjective example
gold golden a golden sunrise (= bright yellow
like gold)
silk silky or
silken
silky skin (= as soft as silk)
lead leaden a leaden sky (= dark gray like
the color of lead)
10. The Comparison of Adjectives
a. The Comparative Form To compare two people or things, use the
comparative form of an adjective. The
comparative form is usually made by adding
er to the adjective.
adjective comparative
form
adjective comparative
form
dark darker old older
hard harder slow slower
light lighter young younger
warm warmer rich richer
high higher poor poorer
cold colder tall taller
low lower small smaller
fast faster soft softer
66
Note
The word than is often used to compare two
things or people. For example, you say:
Mr. Lee is taller than Philip.
A car is faster than a bike.
b. The Superlative Form When you compare three or more people or
things, use the superlative form of an
adjective. The superlative form is usually made
by adding est to the adjective.
adjective superlative
form
adjective superlative
form
dark darkest old oldest
warm warmest young youngest
light lightest rich richest
cold coldest poor poorest
high highest tall tallest
fast fastest small smallest
low lowest soft softest
slow slowest hard hardest
Note
The word the is often used before the
superlative form. For example:
A bee is a small insect.
A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the
smallest.
If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the
comparative and st to form the superlative.
adjective comparative superlative
67
nice nicer nicest
close closer closest
large larger largest
rude ruder rudest
safe safer safest
wide wider widest
Suppose the adjective is a short word that
ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in
the middle. Just double the consonant and
add er to make the comparative and est to
make the superlative.
adjective comparative superlative
sad sadder saddest
wet wetter wettest
slim slimmer slimmest
thin thinner thinnest
big bigger biggest
Suppose the adjective has two syllables and
ends in y. Just change the y to I and add er to
make the comparative and add est to make
the superlative.
adjective comparative superlative
easy easier easiest
heavy heavier heaviest
funny funnier funniest
lovely lovelier loveliest
dirty dirtier dirtiest
pretty prettier prettiest
noisy noisier noisiest
tidy tidier tidiest
68
happy happier happiest
friendly friendlier friendliest
naughty naughtier naughtiest
tiny tinier tiniest
Exercise 13
Read the following passage and underline the
adjectives. Write S above adjectives of size, C above
adjectives of color, Q above adjectives of quality
and O above adjectives of origin.
Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and
expensive shops. In summer, it’s a very hot place.
People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There
are beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest
and look up at the wide blue sky. There are big parks
for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and
watch other people. British tourists take photographs
of the strange plants and colorful birds.
Exercise 14
The following sentences contain adjectives made by
adding endings to nouns. Write the noun that each
adjective comes from on the line after each
sentence.
She’s always making careless mistakes.
69
It was a very painful injury.
Witches and wizards have magical
powers.
These oranges are very juicy.
Dogs are usually more energetic than
cats.
Our neighbors are not very friendly.
She keeps her toys in a large wooden
box.
Take off your muddy shoes before you
come in.
May I borrow your pencil sharpener?
Mine is useless.
What a beautiful dress!
Exercise 15
Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the
verbs in parentheses. Remember that both present
participles and past participles can be used as
adjectives. Choose the adjective that suits the
sentence best. The first one has been done for you.
1. It wasn’t a very interesting (interest) movie.
2. We could hear the …………………(excite) fans
screaming.
3. I hope the pupils don’t think that my classes are
…………….(bore).
4. My dad had a very ………….……. (worry) look on
his face.
5. Have the police found the ………………….(steal)
car yet?
70
6. The supermarket sells lots of
…………..………(freeze) food.
7. The players on the ……………(.win) team don’t
look tired at all.
8. Some of the old houses had ……….……(break)
windows.
SPEAKING
Using fraction for daily life
Kaka : Do you know? My uncle will back from
Mataram tomorrow.
Adi : Yes, he promise to us for Pitza
Bimbi : Waw! Tomorrow we will study together
here, will we?
Kaka : I see. I told him yesterday. Firstly, we have
to cut the Pitzza to equal part.
Adi : Oh no!
Kaka : We have to cut a half for my family.
Bimbi : No problem!
Kaka : So, a half of Pitzza will divide to a three
parts. I don’t know how to divide fairly.
Bimbi : We have a half of Pitza, so we have
divide to three part; for Kaka, for
Adi, and for me.
Kaka : It is not fair!
Adi : Ok. We have a part, its mean ½ but we
have to divide to three part. Let’s see the
71
fraction in order to get a fair quotien.
Bimbi : That’s right. We have to cut the Pitzza to
six parts; two parts for Kaka, two parts for
Adi, and two parts for me.
Kaka : It is really fair quotient.
WRITING
Anda masih mengingat kolom-kolom the part of
simple sentence, kalau anda lupa silahkan buka buku
anda! Tulislah cerita berikut ini ke dalam kolom yang
telah di siapkan. Dengan demikian, pada sesi ini
anda akan latihan menempatkan komponen kalimat
pada tempat yang sebenarnya.
Aunt Mary had a problem with her teeth. She went to
the dentist yerterday. Five people were sitting in the
waiting room. All those patients were waiting
patiently. They sat in row very neatly. Some were
reading old magazine. Some were staring at the
ceiling. No one talked.
72
Aunt Mary sat nest to a man. He was sitting at the
corner. He was trying to make conversation, ―You
have toothace, I don’t‖ Anne Marry mumbled. She
couldn’t talk. The man was persistent. He talked a lot.
He laughed a lot. Finally, he burst out laghing. He
couldn’d help it. Everybody looked anggrily at him.
Everybody with toothaches should have been angry.
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
When? S V O How? Where? When?
73
UNIT FOUR DECIMAL
74
The Role of Spelling
How to Pronounce -ed in English
Kata kerja regular dalam bentuk past simple tense
dan past participle yang diakhiri dengan –ed.
contohnya
base verb
(v1)
past simple
(v2)
past participle
(v3)
work worked worked
Sebagai tambahan, beberapa kata sifat (adjectives)
dibentuk dari past participle yang berakhiran -ed.
Contohnya: I like painted furniture.
Jawaban terhadap: How do we pronounce the -ed?
Yaitu: dengan tiga cara - / Id/ or / t/ or / d/
If the base verb ends
in one of these
sounds:
example
base
verb*:
example
with -ed:
pronounce
the -ed:
unvoiced /t/ want wanted / Id/
voiced /d/ end ended
unvoiced /p/ hope hoped / t/
/f/ laugh laughed
/s/ fax faxed
/S/ wash washed
/tS/ watch watched
/k/ like liked
voiced all other
sounds,
for
example
play played / d/
allow allowed
beg begged
75
Note
Fax ends in the letter "x" but the sound /s/;
Like ends in the letter "e" but the sound /k/.
Exceptions
The following -ed words used as adjectives are
pronounced with /Id/:
aged dogged ragged
blessed learned wicked
crooked naked wretched
READING
1. Comprehending a Text Bacalah dan terjemahkan teks bacaan di bawah
ini, temukan kata-kata yang sulit dan penting
menurut anda kemudian jawablah pertanyaan -
pertanyaan
Decimal
Decimal is a special kind of
fraction that you use every day
when you deal with
measurements or money. You
will learn what decimals are
and how to read them. You’ll
compare them, convert them
to fractions, and you will also
76
learn how to perform mathematical operations with
them.
Decimals are numbers written with a dot, or a
period, either to the far left or somewhere in the
middle. The dot is called a decimal point. The
numbers to the left of the decimal point are whole
numbers. Those to the right of the decimal point are
fractions, or parts, of whole numbers.
When you see a decimal, here’s how to read it.
Step 1: Begin reading from left to right. Read the part
of the number that is to the left of the decimal point
as you would any other whole number. Step 2: Read
the decimal point as the word and. Step 3: Read the
number to the right of the decimal point as you
would any other number. But then follow it with the
name of the decimal. You can determine the name
of the decimal by counting the number of digits to
the right of the decimal point.
You probably already know that each digit in
the number 1,234 represents a place value. A place
value is a position in the number. So, for example, the
1 in 1,234 stands for 1 thousand. The 2 stands for 2
hundreds, the 3 stands for 3 tens, and the 4 stands for
4 ones. These are the place values that occur to the
left of a decimal point. Each digit to the right of a
decimal point also has a place value. The names and
positions of several place values are shown below.
hu
nd
red
-th
ou
san
ds
ten
-th
ou
san
ds
tho
usa
nd
s
hu
nd
red
s
ten
s
on
es
ten
ths
hu
nd
red
ths
tho
usa
nd
ths
ten
-th
ou
san
dth
s
hu
nd
red
-
tho
usa
nd
ths
, .
77
Vocabularies
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
…………… …………………………………………….
Questions
Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah dengan
singkat dan jelas!
1. What is decimals number?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. What is the symbol of decimal numbers?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
3. Where is the position of dot and period symbol
of decimal numbers?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
78
4. What is called a decimal point?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
5. What are numbers to the left of the decimal
point?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
6. What are those to the right of the decimal point?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
7. How to read a decimal?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
8. What is place value?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
9. What is the posisition number of hundret at
decimal point?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
10. How to compare decimal numbers?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
MATH FOCUS
Comparing Decimals
When comparing decimals less than one, line up
the decimal points and fill in any zeroes needed to
have an equal number of digits in each number.
79
Example
Compare 0.8 and 0.008.
Line up decimal points 0.800
and add zeroes 0.008.
Then ignore the decimal point and ask which is
greater: 800 or 8? 800 is bigger than 8, so 0.8 is
greater than 0.008.
GRAMMAR
1. Punctuation
Independent clauses can be connected (or
separated, depending on your point of view) in a
variety of ways. When two ideas come together
and either one of them can stand by itself — as its
own, independent sentence — the following kinds
of punctuation are possible. (Review, also, the
sections on Coherence: Transitions between Ideas
and on avoiding Run-on Sentences.)
Period + start a new sentence
My grandmother refuses to go to bed
early. She thinks she's going to miss out
on some of the action.
Comma + conjunction (and, but, for,
nor, yet, or, so)
My grandmother refuses to go to bed
80
early, and I'm afraid she's going to
catch a bad cold.
Semicolon by itself. Where you have
used a semicolon, you could have used
a period, but the semicolon, you felt, is
better (probably because the
independent clauses are so closely
related and nicely balanced).
In spite of her cold, my grandmother
refuses to go to bed early; she is afraid
she will miss something.
Semicolon + conjunction or other
transitional expression however
(bagaimanapun, betapapun, biarpun.
-ksam. (akan) tetapi), moreover (selain
itu, lagi pula, tambahan lagi,
nevertheless (namun, meskipun
begitu/demikian), therefore(oleh
karena itu), as a result, consequently . . .
) followed by a comma.
My grandmother has stayed up late
four nights in a row; as a result, she
cannot seem to get well.
2. The Conjuction of Compound Senteces
Berikut ini beberapa kata sambung (conjunction)
yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua
kalimat majemuk setara (compounde sentence)
dan contohnya.
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Joining Words Examples
and Anne likes the butcher
and the baker
so Anne likes the baker so
he goes to baker shop
every day
but Anne like the baker but
she don’t like chocolate
yet/but Anne like the fred chiken
yet hate cooked chiken
or Does Anne like fred
chiken or cooked
chiken?
Both – and
(kedua-duanya)
Anne likes both the
butcher and the baker
Either – or
(salah satu dari)
Anne must choose either
butcher or baker
Neither – nor
(tidak satupun dari
keduanya)
Neither Anne nor Budy
like the swimming
Not only – but – as well
(tidak hanya “ini”
tetapi “itu” pula)
Anne not only like the
baker but goes to baker
shop every day as well
Not only – but also Anne not only likes the
baker but also goes to
baker shop every day
3. Joining two sentences Cara menggabungkan dua kalimat setara
(compound sentence):
1. Garis bawahi bagian kalimat yang sama
2. Pastikan kedua tenses kalimat sama.
He finished his lunch. He went bock to his
office
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He finished his lunch and went back to his
office
I did not know the answer. I asked a friend
I did not know the answer so I asked a friend
I asked udin, he did not know the answer
I asked Udin but he did not know the answer
Shall I talk to Nina? Shall I talk to Nini?
Shal I talk to Nina or Nini
I like apples. I like oranges
I lke both apples and oranges
I lke either appel or oranges
I like not only apples but oranges as well
I like not only apples but also oranges
I don’t like apples. I don’t like oranges
I like neither apples nor oranges
Note:
Dengn kata sambung neither – nor di atas
auxiliary verb don’t tidak ditulis karena
diwakili oleh neither (not either) dan nor (not
or)
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SPEAKING
Using decimal for prize
Decimal is a special kind of fraction that you use
every day when you deal with measurements or
money. The following expressions are show the
decimal of prize.
A : Where are the pencils?
B : They're on the second shelf.
C : Okay, thanks.
A : How much is this mirror?
B : It's $19.95.
C : Okay. I'll take it.
A : How much does this cost?
B : That one is $5.00.
C : How about this one?
A : How much are these?
B : They're $4.00 each
C : That's too expensive
A : Do you have any t-shirts?
B : What size? Medium or Large?
C : Large.
A : That comes to $26.59.
B : Here's $30.00.
C : Your change is $3.41
A : That will be $17.48.
B : Here's $17.50. Keep the change.
C : Thanks.
Express these and fill the blank sentences!
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1. Where are they?
They are over there …………. I am here,
……… they will come soon
2. What are you going to say?
I shall to say good job ………….. you have a
mistake at number two
WRITING
Let’s Write Precise
Menulis Precis atau ringkasan dengan kalimat
sederhana.
Exercise 18
Susunlah kalimat di bawah ini menjadi kalimat yang
benar!
1. Aunt Mary – to the dentist – went – yersterday.
……………………………………………………………
2. Spoke – slowly – Tina.
……………………………………………………………
3. Noel – ran – to the street.
……………………………………………………………
4. Fragnant flowers – in good soil – grow.
……………………………………………………………
5. Beautifully – the children – behave.
……………………………………………………………
6. The shop – good groceries – sells
……………………………………………………………
7. Does not talk to – Mary – the man.
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……………………………………………………………
8. Near here – the hospital – is.
……………………………………………………………
9. Drinks – the baby – a lot of milk.
……………………………………………………………
10. The news – listenet to – I – carefully.
……………………………………………………………
Exercise 19
Latihan berikutnya adalah menulis sebuah cerita
pendek. Untuk membuat cerita pendek ini, anda
akan dituntun oleh beberapa kalimat berikut. Munkin
anda pernah tidak menyukai seseorang, pikirkan dia
sekarang dan isilah titik pada beberapa kalimat di
bawah ini.
Kalimat di bawah ini digunakan untuk menulis sebuah
cerita.
I don’t like ………………………
How is she? Is he horrible? ………………………
How does she walk? ………………………
How does she eat? ………………………
How does she speak? ………………………
Does she live with you? ………………………
Can you feel her presence
all the time?
………………………
Does this make yiu anggry? ………………………
Did you meet her
yesterday?
………………………
What did she do to you? ………………………
What else did she do? ………………………
Dit it make you hate her
more?
………………………
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Tulislah kalimat tersebut menjadi sebuah cerita, di
bawah ini!
I don’t like Minah. She is horrible. …..…………………….
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………
Write Decimal Question
Berikut ini adalah contoh soal dan penjelasan yang
membahas tentang decimal. Perhatikan soal ini dan
buatlah di buku kerja anda soal yang serupa tapi
tidak sama.
Which of the following inequalities is true?
a. 0.04 < 0.004
b. 0.17 < 0.017
c. 0.83 < 0.80
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d. 0.29 < 0.3
e. 0.5 < 0.08
Answer d.
Answer choice a: 0.040 > 0.004 because 40 > 4.
Therefore, 0.04 > 0.004. This answer choice is FALSE.
Answer choice b: 0.170 > 0.017 because 170 > 17.
Therefore, 0.17 > 0.017. This answer choice is FALSE.
Answer choice c: 0.83 > 0.80 because 83 > 80. This
answer choice is FALSE.
Answer choice d: 0.29 < 0.30 because 29 < 30.
Therefore, 0.29 < 0.3. This answer choice is TRUE.
Answer choice e: 0.50 > 0.08 because 50 > 8.
Therefore, 0.5 > 0.08. This answer choice is FALSE.
88
UNIT FIVE STATISTIC
89
READING
1. Comprehending a Text Bacalah dan terjemahkan teks bacaan di bawah
ini, temukan kata-kata yang sulit dan penting
menurut anda kemudian jawablah pertanyaan -
pertanyaan
STATISTIC
Statistics are everywhere in news reports, sports, and
on your favorite websites. Mean, median, and mode
are three common statistics that give information on
a group of numbers. They are called measures of
central tendency because they are different ways of
finding the central trend in a group of numbers.
Ratios and proportions are ways to compare these
statistics. Similarly, you see probabilities or predictions
all the time. Listening to the weather report, you may
hear that there is a 60% chance of rain tomorrow. At
karate lessons, you may hear that 19 out of 20
advanced students will attain a brown belt. On
television, you might hear that four out of five dentists
recommend a certain toothbrush. These are all ways
to express probability. In this section, you will also
learn what probability is and how to calculate it.
Exercise 20
Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini!
1. Where can you find statistics?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
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2. What are kind of statistics that give information on
a group of numbers?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
3. What are called measure of central tendency?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
4. What are ways to compare the statistics?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
5. Where can you find ratios and proportions?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
MATH FOCUS
1. Mean Mean is just another word for average. The mean,
or average, is one of the most useful and common
statistics. You probably already average your
grades at school regularly, so you may already
know the basic steps to finding the mean of a set
of numbers.
Step 1: Add all the numbers in the list.
Step 2: Count the number of numbers in the list.
Step 3: Divide the sum (the result of Step 1) by
the number (the result of Step 2). Another way to
think about the mean is in the form of this
equation:
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Example
Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 5, 7,
19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
Step 1: Add all the numbers in the list.
5 + 7 + 19 + 12 + 4 + 11 + 15 = 73
Step 2: Count the number of numbers in the list.
There are seven numbers in the list.
Step 3: Divide the sum (the result of Step 1) by
the number (the result of Step 2). =
10.4
So, the mean is 10.4.
2. Median The median is the middle number in a group of
numbers arranged in sequential order. In a set of
numbers, half will be greater than the median and
half will be less than the median.
Step 1: Put the numbers in sequential order.
Step 2: The middle number is the median.
Example:
Find the median of the following set of numbers: 5,
7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
Step 1: Put the numbers in sequential order.
4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 19
Step 2: The middle number is the median. The
middle number is 11.
So, 11 is the median.
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3. Mode The mode refers to the number in a set of numbers
that occurs most frequently. To find the mode, you
just look for numbers that occur more than once
and find the one that appears most often.
Example:
Find the mode of the following set of numbers: 5, 7,
9, 12, 9, 11, 15.
The number 9 occurs twice in the list, so 9 is the
mode.
Example:
Find the mode of the following set of numbers: 5, 7,
19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
None of the numbers occurs more than once, so
there is no mode.
Example:
Find the mode of the following set of numbers: 5, 7,
9, 12, 9, 11, 5.
The numbers 5 and 9 both occur twice in the list, so
both 5 and 9 are modes. When a set of numbers
has two modes, it is called bimodal.
4. Ratio Ratios and proportions are often found in
textbooks and news reports. You’ll also find them
in math word problems. What are rasios? A ratio is
a way of comparing two or more numbers. There
are several different ways to write ratios.
Here are some examples of ways to write ratios.
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with the word to: 1 to 2
using a colon (:) to separate the numbers: 1 : 2
using the term for every: 1 for every 2
separated by a division sign or fraction bar: ½
Example:
Write the following ratio as a fraction: five girls to six
boys.
The question asks you to write the ratio as a
fraction:
Example:
A painter mixes two quarts of red paint to three
quarts of white paint. What is the ratio of red paint
to white paint?
There are several ways you could write this ratio:
2 quarts of red paint to 3 quarts of white paint, or 2
to 3
2 quarts red paint: 3 quarts white paint, or 2:3
or
5. Proportion A proportion is a way of relating two ratios to one
another. Let’s say you read in your school
newspaper that 8 out of 10 students at your school
are expected to take the PSAT this year. If there
are 100 students in your school, then 80 students
are expected to take the test this year. This is an
example of a proportion. Proportions can be
written as equations. For example, this proportion
can be written as: = . Proportions show
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equivalent fractions. Both and reduce to the
same fraction:
6. Probably We hear probabilities all the time. Listening to the
weather report, you might hear that there is a 60%
chance of rain tomorrow. At school, you might
hear that 19 of 20 students will pass math this year.
On TV, you might hear that of dentists
recommend a certain brand of toothpaste. These
are all ways of expressing probabilities.
WHAT IS PROBABILITY?
Probability is the mathematics of chance. It is a
way of calculating how likely it is that something
will happen. It is expressed as the following ratio:
The term favorable outcomes refer to the events
you want to occur. Total outcomes refer to all the
possible events that could occur. A probability of
zero (0) means that the event cannot occur. A
probability of 50% is said to be random or chance.
A probability of 100% or 1.00 is certain to occur.
Probabilities can be written in different ways:
As a ratio : 1 out of 2 (1:2)
As a fraction :
As a percent : 50 %
As a decimal : 0.5
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Exercise 21
Fill in the blank with the words given below!
Mean Median Mode
Ratio Proportion Probably
1. …………………………… is a way of comparing
two or more numbers.
2. …………………………… is the middle number in a
group of numbers arranged in sequential order.
3. ………………………….. is the mathematics of
chance. It is a way of calculating how likely it is
that something will happen
4. …………………………… refers to the number in a
set of numbers that occurs most frequently.
5. Divide the sum by the number is a way for finding
the ……………………………
6. …………………………… is a way of relating two
ratios to one another.
GRAMMAR
Dalam membahas statistik terkadang kita membahas
tentang frequensi, dengan demikian materi grammar
pada sesi ini membicarakan tentang Adverb of
Frequency, comparative, dan superlative.
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Adverb of Frequency
a. Adverbs come before the main verb
Examples;
Andy always comes late.
Neny often comes late this week.
b. Adverbs come after ―be‖
Examples;
Udin is always absent this week
Minah is never lought.
c. The order of adverbs of frequency
Always 100% all of the time
Usually 100% most of the time
Often 50% much of the time
Sometimes some of the time
Seldom almost never
Never 0% not at any time
Exercise
Kerjakan soal-soal latihan, seperti contoh di bawah!
Udin smokes all of the time
Udin always smokes
Udin drinks milk some of the time
Udin sometimes drinks milk
1. Pather drinks coffee some of the time
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
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2. He almost never drinks alcoholic drinks
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
3. Mr. Dedy drinks coffee much of the time
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
4. Mrs. Nonik drinks jamu most of the time
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
5. Mr. Dedi has coffee in the morning most of the
time.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
6. Mrs. Nany has coffee at 10 A.M. all of the time
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
7. Maryna almost never eats in a restaurant.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
8. Dery eats lunch in restaurant all of the time.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
9. Amat eats at home much of the time.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
10. Agus has dinner in a restaurant some of the time.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
98
SPEAKING
Expressing Possibility
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh kata dan
ungkapan yang digunakan untuk membicarakan
sebuah kemungkinan (possibility).
May
Might
Can
Could
Maybe
Perhaps
Probably
Contoh dalam percakapan
A : We can stay here in the classroom for the
evening.
B : I'd rather not. It's only a few minutes of praying.
A : We may be late for the next subject.
B : Well, let me know what you decide.
A : We might not go anywhere but we past praying
time.
B : That's too bad. I hope we choose a better
consideration.
A : We could go to mosque for praying.
B : That would be better
A : Or we could go home for a moment.
B : That would be late
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Exercise 22
Say in English
1. Anda tidak mungkin merokok di ruangan ini!
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………….
2. Anda tidak boleh meninggalkan ruangan ini
sebelum saya datang?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………….
3. Semua siswa tidak diperkenankan mencontek!
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………….
4. Sekarang di Pancor panas, hari ini tidak mungkin
turun hujan.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………….
5. Dia adalah seorang yang terkenal. Mungkin saja
dia akan menjadi ketua.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………….
100
WRITING
Writing complex sentences
Berikut ini kata sambung yang digunakan untuk
menggabungkan kalimat majemuk bertingkat atau
complex sentence.
1 When
He ran when he shaw me
2 Until
We shall work until we are tired
3 After
I shall call you after I have finished all this work
4 As soon as
She went home as soon as she finished her
shopping
5 While
I was working in the garden while Mum was
working in the kitchen
6 So …. That (sangat …. Sehingga)
I was so tired that I went to sleep immediately
7 Before
Dinosaurus had been extinct before men
appeared on earth
8 Because/ as/ since/ for
He didn’t give a word because/as/since/for he
was affaraid he would tell them the wrong story
9 To/ in order to (untuk)
He behaves politely to/in order to impress the girl
10 So as not to (berarti untuk/ supaya tidak.
Kebalikan in order to)
I went to the cake shop so as not to meet crazy
Tommy
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11 Although (berarti meskipun; dapat diganti
dengan despite / in spite of)
The officer did not let him go althought he
insisted
12 Who (berarti yang untuk orang)
I don’t know who you are
13 Which (berarti yang untuk selain orang)
I don’t know which bike is yours
14 That (berarti yang untuk orang dan benda)
The few that came were very enthusiastic
15 Whose (berarti yang sebagai kata sambung
yang menunjukkan kepemilikan orang)
16 That is Cinta, whose rabbit hopped onto your
table
of which (berarti yang sebagai kata sambung
yang menunjukkan kepemilikan bukan orang)
17 The car, of which the rear window is broken,
parked outside Cinta’s house
(of which dapat di ganti dengan with)
NOTE
Dalam menggabung kalimat majemuk setara; kedua
kalimat menggunakan tenses sama. Sedangkan
dalam kalimat majemuk bertingkat tenses, yang
dipakai setiap anak kalimat bisa berbeda. Tenses
yang digunakan tergantung kepada makna yang
ingin disampaikan.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini!
He missed the train. He did not hurry (past-past)
He missed the train because he did not hurry.
He will go into the dark room. He is afraid (future –
present)
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He will go into the dark room although he is affraid
I want to go to the bookstore. I want to buy a
dictionary (present-present)
I want to go to the bookstore to buy a dictionary.
I found the door unlocked. I went into the house (past
– past)
Finding the door unlocked, I went into the house
The house was destroyed in 2000. It has now been
completely rebuilt. (past – past)
Destroyed in 2000, the house has now been
completely rebuilt.
Exercise
Pilih dan tulis kembali dengan kata sambung yang
tepat di bawah ini.
In order to So that Which that Tired of
1. He would get home early. He could go to sleep
right away.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………
2. Tomy is very shot. He needs a chair to take the
book off the shelf.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………
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3. Aditya was tired of being called lazybones. He
wrote of things he would be doing that day
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………
4. She is the most beautiful woman. I ever met her
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………
5. Men work very hard. They want to earn a lot of
money and be rich.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………
104
UNIT SIX GRAPS, TABLES,
and CHARTS
105
Reading
1. Comprehending a Text Bacalah dan terjemahkan teks bacaan di bawah
ini, temukan kata-kata yang sulit dan penting
menurut anda kemudian jawablah pertanyaan -
pertanyaan
Reasons For Study
The charts below show the main reasons for study
among students of different age groups and the
amount of support they received from employers.
106
The first graph shows that there is a gradual decrease
in study for career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of
students under 26 years, study for their career. This
percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every
decade. Only 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over
49yr olds studing for career reasons in late adulthood.
Conversely, the first graph also shows that study
stemming from interest increases with age. There are
only 10% of under 26yr olds studing out of interest. The
percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the
fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late
adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study
for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds
study for interest in comparison to 18% studing for
career reasons in that age group.
The second graph shows that employer support is
maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26yr
students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third
decade of life, and then increses in late adulthood
up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer
support is only for career-focused study, but the
highest level is for those students who mainly study for
career purposes.
Exercise
Under construction
107
Speaking
Simple Presentation
Introduction
(Good morning, afternoon, evening)
I'm happy to be here.
I'm glad to have this opportunity to . . .
Today, I'd like to talk (to you) about . . .
My topic today is . . .
The focus of my remarks is . . .
I'd like to share some thoughts on (topic)
Main points
Let me start by . . .
First, let me tell you about . . .
I've divided my topic into (three) parts: (They are . . .)
Giving examples
For instance,
Let me illustrate,
To illustrate,
Conclusion
In conclusion,
To conclude,
To summarize,
To sum up,