1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.A halasaM gnakaleB rataL

gnaro helo imalaid kaynab gnay nauggnag utas halas nakapurem ireyN - gnaro

kiteglana tabo utas halas ini taas adaP .ainudid - nakanugid gnires gnay kiteripitna

awaynes nakapurem 1102HM awayneS .lomatesarap halada isakifidom

sarap lomate id ratfadret hadus gnay romon nagned 2102 nuhat adap IKAH nejtiD

p nanohomrep nagned nad 46900210200P neta ,.S.M ,omonruP iraH .srD rotnevni

tpA .rageT analuaM nad

bel aynkefe nanikgnumek nad kiteglana iagabes 1102HM awaynes sativitkA hi

d tapad ,lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid netop iuhateki aynnataki nalibatsek irad

XOC nagned - ,2 1102HM awaynes awhab nagned natakireb libats hibel C XO - 2

irad tahilret ini lah ,lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid lukelom natabmanep roks

,I lebat adap es awhab hadner hibel gnay igrene ikilimem 1102HM awayn (- )93,59

lomatesarap adapirad (- )64,76 nagned natakireb kutnu XOC - .)1102 ,omonruP( 2

roks nagnidnabreP .I lebaT lukelom natabmanep nagned lomatesarap aratna 1102HM

awayneS S padahret lukelom natabmanep rok XOC -2

lomatesaraP - 54,76 1102HM - 93,59

awaynes sativitkA kiteglana iagabes 1102HM tahilem nagned taukrepid aguj

skaretni nagned 1102HM awaynes aratna i XOC -2 nagneD . gnineercs lautriv

gnay onima masa nagned 1102HM awaynes nataki halmuj iuhatekid tapad

2

p tapadret XOC nietorp ada - awhab ,2 nataki halmuj ikilimem 1102HM awaynes

21( kaynab hibel gnay onima masa aki 8( lomatesarap nakgnidnabid )nat )nataki

XOC padahret ayniskaretni malad -2 s ,)1102 ,omonruP( nial atak nagned aggnihe

ikilimem 1102HM awaynes nakgnidnabid libats hibel nad tauk hibel gnay nataki

lomatesarap . lah nakrasadreB - akam ,sataid tubesret lah nakukalid naitilenep kefe

1102HM awaynes kiteglana araces oviv ni lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid gnay

ticnem adap edotem nagned c/blaB rulag natnaj ( taileg tseT gnihtirW .)

.B halasaM nasumuR

hakapA 02HM awaynes kiteglana sativitka ikilimem 11 netop hibel gnay

lomatesarap nakgnidnabid araces oviv ni ijuid gnay rulag natnaj ticnem adap

edotem nagned c/blaB taileg )tseT gnihtirW( ?

.C naitileneP naujuT

M sativitka iuhategneM kiteglana awaynes iagabes 1102H netop hibel gnay

lomatesarap nakgnidnabid araces oviv ni rulag natnaj ticnem adap ijuid gnay

edotem nagned c/blaB taileg )tseT gnihtirW( ?

.D naitileneP taafnaM

.1 isamrofni nakirebmem naka mumu araces ini naitileneP kiteglana kefe

gnay 1102HM awaynes gnay kiteglana sativitka ikilimem netop hibel

.lomatesarap nakgnidnabid

.2 iju aratna natiak gnatnet isamrofni irebmeM oviv ni nad okilis ni kefe

1102HM awaynes kiteglana omatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid gnay l

3

.E akatsuP nauajniT

.1 ireyN igoloisiF

gnay lanoisome nad irosnes namalagnep iagabes nakisinifedid tapad ireyN

niraj nakasurek aynada helo naktabikaid gnay nakgnaneynem kadit ,salej gnay nag

kasur gnurednec imalaid gnay itrepes nakrabmagret gnay utauses uata

( niaP fo ydutS eht rof noitaicossA lanoitanretnI .)

malaD sulumits ,sigoloisif naadaek )sanap ,kinakem ,aimik( naka

akubmem ,les narbmem adap satilibaemrep nahaburep aynidajret nakbabeynem

aN lanak + gnay nakbabeynem naidumek aggnihes ,noska gnajnapesid ada

farays slupmI .farays slupmi isimsnart malad nakulrepid gnay isasiraloped

utiay ,remirp nerefa farays sinej aud iulalem lanips adrok ujunem nakratnahid

A tubares - A tubareS .C tubares nad atled - kep atled nad majat ireyn padahret a

7002 ,itawakI( amal nad lupmut ireyn padahret akep C tubares nakgnades ,sanap .)

ireyn utiay aud igabid ireyn aynlasa nakrasadreB ireyn nad fitpesison

kitaporuen . usgnal isalumits helo nakbabesid gnay ireyn halada fitpesison ireyN gn

.sanap uata aimik gnasgnar ,sinakem araces kiab ,)rotpesison( ireyn rotpeser adap

utiay ,aynisakol nakrasadreb aud idajnem igal nakadebid tapad fitpesison ireyN

gnay ireyn utiay kitaporuen ireyn nakgnadeS .larecsiv nad kitamos ireyn

ada nakisakilpmignem isgnuf nakbabeynem gnay ,farays rutkurts adap aredec ayn

kecyM( refirep nupuam tasup kiab ,farays metsys adap gnapmiynem gnay kkd ,

.)1002

4

ireyn nad tuka ireyn idajnem nakadebid aguj ireyn aynamal nakrasadreB

nakbabesid gnay ireyn halada tuka ireyN .kinork anerak fitpesison sulumits helo

.larecsiv uata toto irad lamronba isgnuf uata tikaynep sesorp uata naukalrep

nakasurek satabes nad salej aynisakol ,isketedid hadum ini ireyn aynasaiB

ta nalub utas irad hibel patenem gnay ireyn halada kinork ireyN .nagniraj sataid ua

aynsurahes gnay utkaw utaus ulrep T .nahubmeynep imalagnem naak kusamre

gnay utkaw kutnu patenem gnay ireyn utiay netsisrep ireyn halada kinork ireyn

ed hubmak gnay ireyn utiay neruker ireyn uata amal utnetret lavretni nagn

,gnuztaK( .)8991

ak ireyN amatrep ,nahaburep aud ayntikides imalagnem nahadebmep aner

haletes audek ,fitpesison gnasgnar nakbabeynem iridnes uti nahadebmep anerak

isarepo ratikes haread adap isamalfni nopser aynidajret anerak nahadebmep

taz nasapelep idajret anamid - j helo aimik taz les nad kasur gnay nagnira - les

taZ .isamalfni - ,nimatsih ,nidnalgatsorp halada nial aratna tubesret aimik taz

el ,P isnatsbus ,ninikidarb ,ninotores u taz anamid niertok - narepreb tubesret taz

iagabes ,kanuhcS( ireyn irad iskudsnart .)0991

rotpesisoN 1.1

isoN amaturet aynkatel ,hubut hurules id ada gnay ireyn rotpeser halada rotpes

rep adap id ,idnes aluspak ,tiluk naakum gnidnid ratikes id atres ,muetsoirep malad

ynah rotpesison iaynupmem aguj malad nagrO .harad hulubmep aynhalmuj ajas a

.tikides hibel n rotpeseR naakumrep nagned sabeb farays gnuju apureb irey

gnadak aggnihes ,saul gnay rotpeser - ebmus nakutnenem kutnu tilus gnadak ireyn r

.)6991 ,notyuG( tapet araces

5

nakasurek ,mirtske tagnas gnay uhus padahret fitisnes tagnas rotpesisoN

nahab ,kinakem - t aimik nahab ilumitS .les nakasurek tabika raulek gnay amature

tirdned adap ilumitS .ireyn naklubminem tapad aynagitek irad tauk tagnas gnay

iapacnem tubesret nagnasgnar aguj nad ,isasiraloped nakbabeynem rotpesison

ka sulumits akam ,laisnetop gnabma itawelem nad noska aggnih naksuretid na

iapacnem ,nawanuG( tasup faras nanusus .)9002

2.1 nidnalgatsorP nanareP

rotaidem aratna iD - .nidnalgatsorp nakumetid ini lakol iskaer rotaidem D ilawai

gnay ,tanodihkara masa idajnem les narbmem dipilofsof isadarged nagned

helo iaratnarepid helo tabmahid ini amatrep pahaT .2A esapilofsof mizne

.dioretsokitrok A tanodihkara mas iulalem habuid naka kutnebret gnay :rulaj aud

rulaj amatrep gnay nakutnebmep nagned rihkareb gnay esanegiskoolkis

nad naksapelid naidumek ini taz ,nidnalgatsorp nem naka utiay isamalfni nakbabey

apureb nialeS .lakol )ametire( naharemek ,lakol ireyn asar naklubminem ,amede

uti aguj naklisahid gnay nidnalgatsorp gnuju naakepek naktakgninem - faras gnuju

.)fitpesison( ireyn gnasgnar padahret utiay audek gnay rulaJ sanegiskoopil gnay e

rihkareb .neirtokuel aynkutnebret nagned ayad naktakgninem neirtokueL

tabika sabeb lakidar naklisahgnem nad raelkunilop kitkatomek isel aynidajret

,ydubaiteS( .)5002

.2 miznE esanegyxoolcyC )XOC(

miznE esanegyxoolcyC gnay mizne utaus halada )XOC( sisetnis sisilatakgnem

raseb halmujes isaidemem nidnalgatsorP .tanodikara masa irad nidnalgatsorp

,gnubmal nasipal gnudnilep iserkes ,ireyn ,isamalfni kusamret hubut id sesorp

6

pmem laner isufrep naknahatre iska kolbmem SNIA tabO .teletalp isagerga nad

irad ini laH .nidnalgatsorp rotaidem iskudorp naknurunem gnay XOC mizne

nupuam )isamalfniitna ,kiseglana( fitisop gnay kiab ,kefe audek naklisahgnem

.)naharadrep nad laner isufrep nanurunep ,gnubmal suklu( fitagen gnay miznE

3 idajnem igabret XOC , XOC utiay - ,1 XOC - XOC nad 2 - 3 )4002 ,ittehgniM( .

.3 kiteglanA

asar ignarugnem kutnu nakanugid gnay awaynes uata tabo halada kiteglanA

inkay ,nagnolog aud malad igabid kiteglana mumu araceS .ireyn uata tikas

non kiteglana - ,lomatesarap :aynlasim( kitokran nad )lasotesa akitokran kiteglana

:aynlasim( asar ignarugnem kutnu atirednep adapek nakirebid kiteglanA .)nifrom

nagniraj irad ireyn rotaidem aynsapelret helo naktabikaid ini ireyn asar ,ireyn

faras gnuju id ireyn rotpeser gnasgnarem naidumek kasur gnay nupuata refirep id

( nial tapmet ojdrakeoS nad onodnawsiS 5991 , ).

1.3 . kitokran kiteglanA

awayneS - ilakes tauk gnay kiteglana ayad ikilimem ini nagnolog awaynes

itit nagned .tasup faras nanusus id ajrek k aynmumu ini sinej kiteglanA

)nakrudinem nad nakaderem gnay tafis( naradasek ignarugnem naklubminem nad

namayn naasarep ( airofue ,) ,isautibah nad isnarelot naktabikagnem

alajeg nagned sikisp nad kisif nagnutnagretek - alajeg isnenitsba naanuggnep alib

itnehid .)2002 ,ajdrahaR nad yajT( nak

7

nakgnologid tapad kitokran akiteglana ,aynajrek emsinakem nakrasadreB

:)2002 ,ajdrahaR nad yajT( utiay macam agit idajnem

a arac nagned ireyn asar nakgnalihgnem tapad ,taipo sinogA )

faras metsis adap dioipo rotpeser takignem ,nifrom :hotnoC .

.lodamart nad niditep ,nodatem ,nioreh ,niedok

b rotpeser utas halas ikududnem nagned ajrekeb ,taipo sinogatnA )

,nifrolan ,noskolan :hotnoC .faras metsys adap dioipo

.nifublan nad nifronerpub ,nisozatnep

c gnem nagned ajrekreb ,isanibmoK ) ipatet ,dioipo rotpeser taki

.anrupmes nagned aynajrek isavitkagnem kadit

noN kiteglanA .2.3 - kitokran

tabO - akiteglana tabo nagnolog tubesid gnires ini tabo - uata kiteripitna noN

itnA ladioretS - sgurD yrotamalfnI DIASN .)DIASN( nakamanid aguj akiteglana

irep naknurunem kadit ,tasup faras nanusus ihuragnepmem kadit anerak ,ref

naradasek nahigatek naktabikagnem nupuata )5991 ,ojdrakeoS nad onodnawsiS( .

.4 lomatesaraP

na tavired utas halas halada lomatesaraP nad kiteglana ajrek ikilimem gnay nili

itna kiterip aynkiteparet gnatner ,helorepid hadum ,harum lomatesaraP .kiab gnay

gnipmas kefe ,ipatet nakA .ireyn nad mamed isatagnem malad fitkefe nad rabel

.lebisreverri tafisreb gnay rapeh sisorken nakbabeynem tapad lomatesarap

nama sisod nakataynem ADF isadnemokeR kadit lomatesarap ismusnokgnem

8

id aisureb kana nad asawed gnaro igab maj 42 akgnaj malad gm 0004 irad hibel

.nuhat 21 sata

lomatesaraP nairebmep haletes susu id anrupmes nad tapec nagned isprosbaid

ap ,isamalfni apnat ireyn nad mamed isatagnem kutnU .laro idajnem lomatesar

II esaf emsilobatem imalagnem lomatesarap ,mizal sisod adaP .amatu nahilip tabo

nok iskaer( ukulg nagned nial aratna )isaguj gnay tagujnok naklisahgnem tanor

ad nad kiskot kadit nakapurem lomatesaraP .niru iulalem nakiserkskeid tap

kiteglana kutneb malad aisenodnI id iakapid kaynab nad ralupop gnay kiteripitna

5,0 malad iapacid iggnitret amsalp radaK .isanibmok uata laggnut naaides - maj 1

1 amsalp orap utkaw nagned laro nairebmep haletes - maj 5,2 nad onodnawsiS(

)5991 ,ojdrakeoS .

em lomatesaraP bawaj gnuggnatreb gnay nitesanef fitka tilobatem nakapur

rotibihni nakapurem gnay kiteglana kefe padahret XOC id tauk - .)5002 ,kkd siK( 2

gnikcoD raluceloM XOC mizne padahret lomatesarap iska )lukelom natabmanep(

XOC id tabmahgnem tauk lomatesarap awhab nakkujnunem - roks ialin nagned 2

( lukelom natabmanep - XOC id tabmahgnem hamel nad )9,561 - ( 1 - nad )9,061

XOC - ( 3 - .)1102 ,kkd ihseruQ( )941

1102HM awayneS .5

lomatesarap isakifidom utas halas nakapurem 1102HM awayneS utiay .

nagned nakitnaggnem likla sugug HC( 3 C adap takiret gnay lomatesarap ) linobrak

tahilret gnay itrepes ,1102HM awaynes halkutnebret aggnihes ,nial sugug nagned

:tukireb 2 nad 1 rabmag adap

9

lomatesarap awaynes rutkurtS .1 rabmaG 1102HM awaynes rutkurtS .2 rabmaG

3 rabmaG 1102HM awaynes kubreS .

adap tahilret gnay itrepes palikgnem matih anrawreb 1102HM awayneS

abreb kadit ,3 rabmag .492 utiay )MB( lukelom tareb nagned tihap asareb nad u

,ralopnon hibel tafisreb 1102HM awaynes ,lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid akiJ

.tubesret awaynes audek irad )P gol( isitrap neisifeok ialin irad tahilid asib ini lah

nialin 37,2 utiay 1102HM irad P goL gol nagned nakgnidnabid akij raseb hibel ay

)P gol( isitrap neisifeok ialin raseb nikameS .82,0 rasebes utiay lomatesarap P

aggnihes tubesret awaynes ralopnon tafisreb nikames akam ,awaynes utaus

nay tabo esatnesorp nad narbmem submenem kutnu hadum nikames aguj paresid g

s sisetnis emsinakeM .)6002 ,itnaS nad irS( raseb nikames naka 1102HM awayne

itrepes rabmag 4 tukireb :

9

lomatesarap awaynes rutkurtS .1 rabmaG 1102HM awaynes rutkurtS .2 rabmaG

3 rabmaG 1102HM awaynes kubreS .

adap tahilret gnay itrepes palikgnem matih anrawreb 1102HM awayneS

abreb kadit ,3 rabmag .492 utiay )MB( lukelom tareb nagned tihap asareb nad u

,ralopnon hibel tafisreb 1102HM awaynes ,lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid akiJ

.tubesret awaynes audek irad )P gol( isitrap neisifeok ialin irad tahilid asib ini lah

nialin 37,2 utiay 1102HM irad P goL gol nagned nakgnidnabid akij raseb hibel ay

)P gol( isitrap neisifeok ialin raseb nikameS .82,0 rasebes utiay lomatesarap P

aggnihes tubesret awaynes ralopnon tafisreb nikames akam ,awaynes utaus

nay tabo esatnesorp nad narbmem submenem kutnu hadum nikames aguj paresid g

s sisetnis emsinakeM .)6002 ,itnaS nad irS( raseb nikames naka 1102HM awayne

itrepes rabmag 4 tukireb :

9

lomatesarap awaynes rutkurtS .1 rabmaG 1102HM awaynes rutkurtS .2 rabmaG

3 rabmaG 1102HM awaynes kubreS .

adap tahilret gnay itrepes palikgnem matih anrawreb 1102HM awayneS

abreb kadit ,3 rabmag .492 utiay )MB( lukelom tareb nagned tihap asareb nad u

,ralopnon hibel tafisreb 1102HM awaynes ,lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid akiJ

.tubesret awaynes audek irad )P gol( isitrap neisifeok ialin irad tahilid asib ini lah

nialin 37,2 utiay 1102HM irad P goL gol nagned nakgnidnabid akij raseb hibel ay

)P gol( isitrap neisifeok ialin raseb nikameS .82,0 rasebes utiay lomatesarap P

aggnihes tubesret awaynes ralopnon tafisreb nikames akam ,awaynes utaus

nay tabo esatnesorp nad narbmem submenem kutnu hadum nikames aguj paresid g

s sisetnis emsinakeM .)6002 ,itnaS nad irS( raseb nikames naka 1102HM awayne

itrepes rabmag 4 tukireb :

01

NH2

OH

H

N

OH

H

H

H

H2N N

O

H

H

O C NH

NH3+

HN

OH

HO C NH

H

N

OH

C

H

N

H

O

H

N

OH

H

-H

O C NH

C

O

NH2N

OH

H

C

O

NH

H

-NH3N

OH

C

ON

OH

H

H H

OH

NC

O

N

H

OH

H

-H

OH

NC

OH

N

OH

H

H

HN C NH

OH OH

O

1-(4-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)urea

M .4 rabmaG emsinake sisetnis awaynes 1102HM

g adaP tahilret 4 rabma 1102HM awaynes halada sisetnis lisah kudorp awhab

1( - 4( - nelahthpanyxordyh -1- )ly -3- 4( - nahabreb awaynes utaus ,aeru)lynehpyxordyh

arap nad lotfan nagned nakisanibmokid aeru rasad - gnitrats iagabes lonefonima

.lairetam

asa nataki halmuj ikilimem 1102HM awayneS kaynab hibel gnay onima m

XOC padahret ayniskaretni malad lomatesarap nakgnidnabid - nagned aggnihes ,2

11

libats nad tauk hibel gnay nataki ikilimem anerak netop hibel 1102HM nial atak

XOC nagned aynnataki malad lomatesarap nakgnidnabid - .2

masA - onima masa awaynes iskaretni utnabmem malad narepreb gnay

XOC nagned 1102HM - ,815_EHP :nial aratna onima masa 21 kaynabes 2

,283_NSA ,802_NLG ,)183 ,012 ,902 ,502( _EHP ,783_PRT ,)583 ,843(_RYT

iskaretni nakgnades ,5 rabmag adap tahilret itrepes ,583_RHT ,035_RES

arap XOC nagned lomates - :nial aratna onima masa 8 helo utnabid aynah 2

tahilret gnay itrepes ,783_PRT ,)583 ,843 ,602(_RYT ,)183 ,012 ,502 ,002(_EHP

:tukireb 6 rabmag adap

5 rabmaG . masA - XOC nagned 1102HM iskaretni malad narepreb gnay onima masa - 2

1102HM

onima amasA

21

6 rabmaG masA . – malad narepreb gnay onima masa i lomatesarap iskaretn

XOC nagned -2

rotpeseR XOC -2 iagabes nidnalgatsorp nakutnebmep malad fitka narepreb

naka les gnidnid ,akul imalagnem taas adaP .tanodikara masa irad ireyn rotaidem

gnem aggnihes kasur f mizne helo dipilofsof naklisah esapilofso -A2 , anamid

naka ini dipilofsof odikara masa idajnem habuid tan narepreb gnay iagabes

sorp aynkutnebret rosrukrep rotpeser irad nareP .nidnalgat XOC -2 taas adap halada

,nidnalgatsorp nakutnebmep dnagil evitan rotpeser nagned natakireb naka XOC -2

XOC nakfitkagnem naka aggnihes - .nidnalgatsorp nakutnebmep malad 2

tsorP ireyn rotaidem idajnem naka gnay halini nidnalga )1102 ,enurB nad zniH( .

lomatesaraP

onima amasA

31

.6 gnikcoD reluceloM )lukeloM natabmaneP(

reluceloM d gnikco )lukelom natabmanep( kutnu edotem utaus nakapurem

nataki nakiskiderpmem dnagil zeravlA( rotpeser nagned kkd .)5002 , nautneneP

sativitka lukelom natabmanep roks adap nakrasadid dnagil utaus nanuruneP . ks ro

nakisakidniid nataki nalibatsek iagabes dnagil nagned roks licek nikames ,rotpeser

naklisahid gnay akam naka ibats nikames iskiderpid tapad aggnihes aynnataki l

nikames .tubesret awaynes netop nagned halada ini lomatesarap emsinakeM

nagned isitepmokreb dnagil evitan nagned natakireb kutnu XOC -2 arep aggnihes n

padahret lomatesarap XOC -2 halada .)9002 ,omonruP( fititepmok rotibihni

S 1102HM awayne id ratfadret hadus nejtiD nagned 2102 nuhat adap IKAH

p nanohomrep romon .srD rotnevni nagned nad 46900210200P neta iraH

,.S.M ,omonruP tpA rageT analuaM nad .

d reluceloM gnikco rutkurts nakisatneserpmem tapad gnay umli nakapurem

lom iska isalumisnem tapad nad kiremun araces lukelom nagned tubesret luke

naamasrep - .)5991 ,ojdrakeoS nad onodnawsiS( naamasrep d reluceloM gnikco

haubes nakumenem malad isatupmok sesorp nakapurem nagil d lebitapmok gnay

itapmenem malad igrene nad irtemoeg araces gnidnib etis margorP .nietorp utaus

deynem gnay halada aynaratnaid ini isakilpa nakai OM ,kcodotuA ,STNALP ,E

dloG ,kcoD baL sugrA nad .)1102 ,omonruP(

ialin malad nakataynid rotpeser nad nagil utaus iskaretni tauk retemaraP .roks

pisnirP lukelom natabmanep roks ataki isisop isakifitnedi nakukalem utiay gnay n

isaluklakgnem nagned tapet nak licek nikameS .hadneret igrene roks gnay

41

et gnay iskaretni tauk nikames itrareb ,naklisahid aratna idajr dnagil rotpeser nad

,omonruP( 02 .)90

,takgnis araceS tubesret nagnutihrep mukgnarid nagned : sumur

∆ G nib = G∆ wdv + G∆ H nataki + G∆ ghc H nataki + G∆ kibofordih + G∆ isamrofed

.7 edoteM naijugnep kiteglana ayad

kiteglana ayad naijugnep kutnu nakanugid gnay edotem aparebeB ,legoV(

)2002 :tukireb iagabes halada

.a edoteM toH - etalp

edotem nakapurem ini edoteM nem kutnu nakanugid ilakgnires gnay isaulaveg

utaus akiteglana ayad ini edotem adap nakanugid gnay ireyn gnasgnaR .awaynes

apureb toh - etalp 55 uhus uhus nagned sanap gnay ± 5,0 º ticnem ikak anamid C

sata ek nakkatelid toh - etalp rem naka ticnem itnan akam , gnay sanap ireyn nakasa

sata id iral uata aynikak takgnagnem ticnem nagned iadnatid toh - etalp nad

utkaw utiay isnetal utkaw aynamal halada itamaid gnay nopseR .aynikak italijnem

sataid nakkatelid ticnem kajes nakulrepid gnay toh - etalp ,nakrateggnem iapmas

.tapmolem iapmas uata ,italijnem

.b aimiK gnasgnaR edoteM

ini edoteM helo nakbabesid gnay kiteglana ayad naijugnep edotem nakapurem

anam gnay ,aimik gnasgnar aimik gnasgnar ini irebmem naka ireyn asar nak

naabocrep naweh adap taileg apureb p pukuc ini edoteM . naijugnep kutnu ake

nairebmeP .hamel kiteglana ayad nagned awaynes nakanuggnem akiteglana

ggnihes ireyn asar nakgnalihgnem uata ignarugnem naka kiteglana awaynes a

51

.gnarukreb naka ireyn nopser akataynem utnetret utkaw malad taileg isneukerF n

y ireyn tajared .nakasarid gna

.c gnasgnaR edoteM sinakeM

nakanugid gnay talA ini edotem adap retemiseglana halada . ini talA

natapecek adap nanaket nahabmanep nakirebmem ajrek pisnirp iaynupmem

d nanakeT .natsnok naabocrep naweh ikak kapalet adap nakirebi aynraseB .

nanaket ,tubesret nanaket gnasgnar tabika ireyn nakasarem sukit taas adap tatacid

irid naksapelem kutnu ikak kapalet kiranem sukit nagned iadnatid gnay irad

.nakenep

.F iroeT nasadnaL

gnay lomatesarap isakifidom utas halas nakapurem 1102HM awayneS

sativitka ikilimem netop hibel nikgnum gnay kiteglana araces oviv ni

.lomatesarap nakgnidnabid 1102HM awaynes awhab iuhatekiD libats hibel

nagned natakireb XOC -2 irad tahilret ini lah ,lomatesarap nagned nakgnidnabid

lukelom natabmanep roks rene ikilimem 1102HM awaynes awhab hibel gnay ig

hadner (- )93,59 lomatesarap adapirad (- 54,76 ) ned natakireb kutnu nag XOC - 2

iskiderpid tapad aggnihes kiteglana sativitka ikilimem 1102HM awaynes awhab

top hibel gnay .lomatesarap gnidnabid ne

.G sisetopiH

1102HM lomatesarap isakifidom utas halas nakapurem nanikgnumek gnay

araces oviv ni kefe iaynupmem kiteglana gnay nakgnidnabid netop hibel

naj ticnem adap lomatesarap g edotem nagned c/blaB rulag nat taile gnihtirW(

.)tseT