valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan: nilai sewa lahan

VALUASI EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA

LAHAN:NILAI SEWA LAHAN

Diabstraksikan : soemarno, jtnh fpub 2014

NILAI SEWA-EKONOMI

LAHAN

LAND ECONOMIC RENT = Sewa-ekonomi Lahan

SEWA LAHAN

“Jumlah uang yang diterima oleh pemilik lahan kalau ia menyewakan lahannya”.

Sewa-ekonomi “lahan” adalah bagian pembayaran atas “lahan” yang melebihi dari pendapatan yang diterima dari pilihan terbaik

penggunaan lahan yang mungkin dilakukan; dalam hal ini “lahan” dipandang mempunyai beberapa macam kegunaan.

Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... 5/11/2011 .

. Sewa Ekonomi – Konsep David Ricardo …

Economic rent on land is the value of the difference in productivity between a given piece of land and the poorest [and/or most distant], most costly piece of land producing the same goods (e.g.

bushels of wheat) under the same conditions (of labour, capital, technology, etc.).Productivity is defined here in terms of both:

1. The natural fertility of the soil; and the productivity of the existing technology in utilizing currently available labour and capital;

2. The relative distance from the same market:

3. We are discussing this in terms of regional economics with one market.4. This part of theorem, on the ‘distance from the market’, did not originate with Ricardo,

but rather with a German economist: Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783- 1850), who noted , some years after the publication of Ricardo’s Principles, that the closer a piece of land was to the urban core the higher was its market rent (reflecting economic rent).

5. You can readily appreciate the significance of this by noting that Toronto rents in the heart of the financial district on Bay or University are higher than those in, say, Orangeville or Bolton to the north of Toronto.

3. Thus productivity differences reflect the cost differences in supplying grain to that one market from that piece of land.


SEWA LAHAN ..… VON THUNEN

Von Thünen mengembangkan teori dasar konsep marginal produktivitas secara matematis, dan menyusun rumus sewa lahan:

R = Y(p − c) − YFm,

dimana R=sewa LAHAN; Y=hasil per unit tanah; c=pengeluaran produksi per unit komoditas; p=harga pasar per unit komoditas; F=harga pengangkutan; m=jarak ke pasar.

Model Von Thünen untuk lahan pertanian diciptakan dengan asumsi:1. Kota terletak terpusat di dalam keadaan terisolir2. Keadaan terisolir dikelilingi oleh alam liar.3. Lahan benar-benar datar dan tidak memiliki sungai atau pegunungan.4. Kualitas tanah (kesuburan tanah) dan iklim yang konsisten.5. Petani di keadaan terisolir mengangkut barang mereka sendiri ke pasar

melalui gerobak melewati tanah langsung ke pusat kota, tidak ada jalan.6. Petani bersikap rasional untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen.................... 5/11/2011 .

KESUBURAN TANAH - PRODUKTIVITAS…

Kesuburan tanah merupakan “kualitas tanah” dalam hal kemampuannya untuk menyediakan unsur hara yang sesuai, dalam

jumlah yang cukup , dalam keseimbangan yang tepat dan lingkungan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi spesies tanaman.

Kesuburan tanah merupakan manifestasi dari sifat dan kemampuan tanah.

Produktivitas Tanah merupakan “kemampuan tanah” untuk memproduksi sesuatu spesies tanaman dengan sistem pengelolaan

tertentu. Aspek pengelolaan yang dimaksud misalnya pengaturan jarak tanaman, pemupukan, pengairan, pemberantasan hama dan

penyakit, dll.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://ielmasblog.blogspot.com/2012/02/kesuburan-tanah-dan-produktivitasnya.html .................... 5/11/2011 .

PRODUKTIVITAS TANAH

Produktivitas tanah pada dasarnya adalah konsep ekonomi dan bukan sifat tanah, ada tiga hal yang terlibat:

1. Masukan (sistem pengeloalaan khusus), 2. Keluaran (hasil tanaman tertentu), 3. Tipe tanah.

Dengan menetukan biaya dan haraga, keuntungan bersih dapat dihitung dan digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menentukan nilai lahan, yang penting dalam penaksiran NILAI

SEWA-EKONOMI LAHAN.

Ada dua segi penting produktivitas tanah, yaitu:

4. Tanah yang berbeda mempunyai kapasitas yang berbeda untuk menyerap masukan (INPUT) PRODUKSI untuk menghasilkan keuntungan tertinggi.

5. Tanaman yang berbeda mempunyai kapasitas yang berbeda untuk meyerap masukan (input) produksi untuk menghasilkan keuntungan tertinggi pada tipe tanah tertentu.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://ielmasblog.blogspot.com/2012/02/kesuburan-tanah-dan-produktivitasnya.html .................... 5/11/2011 .

Model Indeks Produktivitas Tanah ..…

Neill’s (1979) productivity index was modified by Pierce et al. (1983). The productivity index was based on the use of simple easily

measurable soil properties to predict the effect of soil environment on root growth. This is expressed as follows:

rPI ∑ = S (Ai x Bi x Ci x Di x Ei x Wfi)

i=1

where: PI = productivity index; Ai = Sufficiency for available water capacity for the ith soil layer; Bi = Sufficiency for aeration for the ith soil layer; Ci = Sufficiency for pH for the ith soil layer; Di = Sufficiency for bulk density for the ith soil layer; Ei = Sufficiency for electrical conductivity for the ith soil layer; Wfi = Root weighting factor; r = Number of horizons in the rooting zone.

Other parameters like nutrients, management, climate and genetic factors are presumed to be constant.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.agrosciencejournal.com/public/agro7o3-1.pdf.................... 5/11/2011 .

Mkodel Indeks Produktivitas Tanah …

. Neill’s model (1979) did not take care of some soil parameters such as organic carbon, available phosphorus and exchangeable aluminium that exert key influence on the

productivity of tropical soils. Consequently, a modifixation was carried out to include these three sufficiencies. The modified expressions are as follows:

rP1Mi = ∑ (Ai x Ci x Di x Wfi).

Where: P1Mi = Modified productivity index that involves the exclusion of sufficiencies for aeration and electrical conductivity.

P1M2 = ∑ (Ai x Ci x Di x Ji x Ki x Li x Wfi).

Where: P1M2 = Modified productivity index that involves the inclusion of sufficiencies for organic carbon, available phosphorus and exchangeable aluminium with simultaneous exclusion of sufficiencies for aeration and electrical conductivity; Ji = Sufficiency for organic carbon for the ith soil layer; Ki = Sufficiency for available phosphorus for the ith soil layer; Li = Sufficiency for exchangeable aluminium for the ith soil layer.

The sufficiencies for available water capacity, bulk density, pH and root weighting factor for this modification were as established by Pierce et al. (1983), while other sufficiencies

were established in this research.


. Kecukupan Kandungan C-organik .. …

A sufficiency of 1.0 was assigned for

organic carbon content of 2.0 percent in the

study area. It is presumed that soil

productivity approaches zero at organic carbon content of 0.5 or less

(Enwexor et al., 1981).

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.agrosciencejournal.com/public/agro7o3-1.pdf .................... 5/11/2011 .

The rating of organic carbon (Source: Enwezor et al.( 1981 )

Organic carbon content (%) Sufficiency0.50 0.00.65 0.10.80 0.20.95 0.31.10 0.41.25 0.51.40 0.61.55 0.71.70 0.81.85 0.92.0 and above 1.0

Source: Enwezor et al.( 1981 )

Enwezor, W.O. Udo, E.J. and Sobulo, R.A. (1981). Fertility Status and Productivity of acid sands. In: Acid of Southeastern Nigeria. Monograph No. 1 Soil Sci. Soc. of Nigeria 56-73pp.

. Kecukupan untuk P-tersedia ..…

In this study, a sufficiency of 1.0 was assigned for

the highest available phosphorus content of 50

Cmol kg-1 and it is assumed that soil

productivity declines at available phosphorus of

15 cmol kg-1 or less (Landon, 1991).


Sufficiency rating of available phosphorus

Available phosphorus Sufficiency

5 0.1

10 0.2

15 0.3

20 0.14

25 0.5

30 0.6

35 0.7

40 0.8

45 0.9

50 1.0

1. Landon, J.R. (eds). (1991). Booker tropical Soil Manuel: A Handbook for Soil Survey and Agricultural land Evaluation in the Tropics and Sub-tropics. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Third Avenue, New York, U.S.A. 474pp.

. Kecukupan untuk Aldd …

The highest sufficiency of 1.0 was assigned for

exchangeable aluminium concentration

of 2.8 cmol kg-1. Soil productivity approaches zero at exchangeable

aluminium concentration of 14.0 cmol kg-1 and

above (Pratt, 1966;

Mclean and Gilbert, 1927).


Sufficiency rating of exchangeable aluminium

1. Mclean, F.T. and Gilbert, B.E. (1927). The relative aluminium tolerance of crop plants. Soil Sci. 24: 163-175.

2. Pratt, F.P. (1966) Aluminium. Department of Soil and Plant nutrition, University of California Div. Agric, Sci. 12pp..

Exchangeable aluminiumconcentration (cmol kg-1)

Sufficiency

2.8 1.0

5.6 0.8

8.4 0.6

11.2 0.4

14.0 and above 0.2

REFERENSI

1. Bergstrom, J. C., B. L. Dillman, and J. R. Stoll. 1985. “Public Environmental Amenity Benefits of Private Land: The Case of Prime Agricultural Land.” Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 17(1):139-149.

2. Bergstrom, J. C., J. R. Stoll, J. P. Titre, and V. L. Wright. 1990. “Economic Value of Wetlands-Based Recreation.” Ecological Economics 2(2):129-147.

3. Crocker, T. D. 1985. “On the Value of the Condition of a Forest Stock.” Land Economics 61(3):244-254.4. Diamond, D. B., Jr., 1980. “The Relationship Between Amenities and Urban Land Prices.” Land Economics

56(1):21-32.5. Loomis, J., and Anderson, P. 1992. “Idaho v. Southern Refrigerator.” In Natural Resource Damages: Law and

Economics, Ward, K. M. and Duffield, W. J. (ed.), Wiley Law Publications, New York, pp. 389-414.6. Palmquist, R. B., and L. E. Danielson. 1989. “A Hedonic Study of the Effects of Erosion Control and Drainage

on Farmland Values.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71:55-62.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.hss.energy.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/valuation.pdf.................... 31/10/2011 .

valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan: nilai sewa lahan

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