termodinamika modul kuliah_2

8/9/2019 Termodinamika Modul Kuliah_2

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TERMODINAMIKA

IR.SUGIYANTO, M.TIR.SUGIYANTO, M.T

Oleh:Oleh:


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BAB I KONSEP DASAR TERMODINAMIKA

1. HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA PERTAMA.2. HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA KEDUA.

Prinsip h!" #er"$%in&"i!& %i'n&!&n p&%&per&n(&n'&n "$#$r)"$#$r *&!&r, #r*in, "esinpen%in'in +Refrigerator, boiler, !$"pres$r, pes&-#er*&n' %&n l&in)l&in.

Ter"$%in&"i!& &%&l&h il" &n' "e"pel&/&rih*n'&n +per#!&r&n &n#&r& p&n&s %en'&n !er/&.

H*n'&n #erse*# %i%&s&r!&n p&%& %& h!" %&s&r#her"$%in&"i!&, &i#:

SISTEM TERMODINAMIKA

P&%& pe"*&h&s&n #er"$%in&"i!&, *en%& !er/&&n' %i"&!s%!&n %ise*# %en'&n sistem. H&l#erse*# n#! "e"is&h!&n *en%& !er/& %en'&nse!elilin'n&.De0nisi %&ri sis#e" &%&l&h: s *&s&n &n'%ip&!&i n#! "enn/!!&n s *en%& !er/& %&l&"

per"!&&n #er##p.


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3

Is#il&h per"!&&n #er##p %&p *erp&per"!&&n #er##p !h&&l&n +imaginary &*erp& per"!&&n #er##p se*en&rn&.

U%&r& %i!$"presi %i %&l&" silin%er:%&l&" h&l ini sis#e" &%&l&h %&r&&n' %i!$"presi %&n per"!&&n#er##p &%&l&h silin%er +#er##pse*en&rn&.

%&r&

silin%er

Se*$n'!&h es #er&pn' %i &s &ir:%&l&" h&l ini sis#e" &%&l&h es&n' #er&pn' %&n per"!&&n#er##p &%&l&h *erp& &ir+#er##p !h&&l&n.

es

&ir

Se*$n'!&h es %&n &ir %i %&l&"#&n'!i: %&l&" h&l ini sis#e" &%&l&hes %&n &ir, per"!&&n #er##p&%&l&h *erp& per"!&&n &n'%i*&si #&n'!i +#er##pse*en&rn&.

&ires

#&n'

!i


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SISTEM TERTUTUP DAN TERBUKA

i!& ener'i #i%&! %&p %i!en&!&n !e sis#e", "&!&sis#e" %&l&" !e&%&&n %iis$l&si se"prn&.

Sis#e" #er##p

Sis#e" #er##p, &i# /"l&h"&ss& sis#e" p&%& per"!&&n#er##p #e#&p, #i%&! #er%&p

"&ss& sis#e" &n' !el&r, #e#&piener'i &n' *erp& !er/& &p&n&s %&p %i!en&!&n p&%&sis#e".Sis#e" #er##p %&n $l"e !$ns#&n

SISTEM TERTUTUP


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Sis#e" #er##p

Sis#e" #er##p, &i#/"l&h "&ss& sis#e" p&%&per"!&&n #er##p #e#&p,#i%&! #er%&p "&ss&sis#e" &n' !el&r, #e#&pi

ener'i &n' *erp& !er/&& p&n&s %&p %i!en&!&np&%& sis#e".

Sis#e" #er##p %&n $l"e*er*&h

Pis#$n %&p *er'er&!


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SISTEM TERBUKA

Sis#e" #er*!& #er/&%i p&%& %&er&h spesi0!, &i#&lir&n "&ss& & $l"e 3i%& p&%& "esin,seper#i Tr*in, K$"pres$r & N$4el.

"in "$#


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KOORDINAT DAN KEADAAN SISTEM

P&%& pe"*&h&s&n #er"$%in&"i!&: $l"e +5,

#e"perr +T, #e!&n&n +p, !er&p&n +density 6%&n l&in)l&in %ise*# se*&'&i !$$r%in sis#e".

Ke&%&&n sis#e" #er'&n#n' p&%& !$$r%insis#e" +5, T, p , *il& !$$r%in sis#e"*er*&h "&!& !e&%&&n sis#e" /'& &!&n*er*&h.D&l&" #er"$%in&"i!&, *es&r&n sis#e" &%&l&h:

1. Bes&r&n e7#ensi8 %ipen'&rhi $leh "&ss& &"$le sis#e", "is&l: $l"e, !&p&si#&s p&n&s, !er/&

%&n l&in)l&in.2. Bes&r&n in#ensi8 #i%&! %ipen'&rhi "&ss& & "$lesis#e", "is&l: #e!&n&n, #e"perr, !er&p&n %&nl&in)l&in.


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Un#! "enen#!&n *es&r&n in#ensi8 & e7#ensi8%&p %i'n&!&n pe"is&h&n "en/&%i %& *&'i&n%&ri !e&%&&n sis#e".

Bes&r&n in#ensi8, &i# /i!& *es&r&n #erse*#

"&sih #e#&p s&"& p&%& %& *&'i&n %&ri sis#e".

Bes&r&n e7n#ensi8, &i# /i!& *es&r&n #erse*#*er*&h +"is&l "en/&%i se#en'&h %&ri !$n%isi&-&l p&%& %& *&'i&n %&ri sis#e".


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D&ri *es&r&n e7#ensi8, %iper$leh h&r'&)h&r'& spe00!+specic value %&n h&r'&)h&r'& "$l&r +molal specicvalue %&ri s sis#e" +*en%& !er/&.

sistemmassa

extensifBesaranspesifikNilai =

K$$r%in

sis#e"1. 5$l"e /enis & $l"e spesi0!5$l"e spesi0! +specic volume &%&l&hper*&n%in'&n &n#&r& $l"e %en'&n "&ss& %&risis#e".

= lb

ft

kg

m

m

Vv

33

;

"+"&ss&

5+$l"e

silin%er

sis#e"


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2. 5$l"e spesi0! "$l&r5$l"e spesi0! "$l&r +molal spesic volume 9&%&l&h per*&n%in'&n &n#&r& $l"e %en'&n /"l&h

"$le %&ri sis#e".

sistemmolejumlah

extensifbesaranmolarjenisNilai =

=

molelbft

molekgm

nVv

33

;*

5$l"e+5

M$le+n

T&*n'

sis#e"

9: $l"e /enis "$l&r +";!')"$le < 8#;=*")"$le

5 : 5$l"e +"< 8#

n : /"l&h "$le +'r&") "$le < !') "$le


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SUBSTITUSI RUMUS:

sistemmolekulberatBMBM

mn == ;

"l&h "$le &%&l&h per*&n%in'&n &n#&r&"&ss& %en'&n *er "$le!l %&ri si#e"

m

VBM

BM

m

V

v

.

* ==

m

Vv =

vBMv .* =


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>. Ker&p&n "&ss&Ker&p&n "&ss& +density, 6 &%&l&h per*&n%in'&n&n#&r& "&ss& %en'&n $l"e sis#e".

=

33 ;

ft

lb

m

kg

V

m

m

VBM

v

.

* =

BM

v = *

m

Vv =v1=

5&ri&si %ensi# '&s #erh&%&p #e!&n&n %&n #e"perr,Te!&n&n n&i! %ensi# n&i!Te"perr n&i! %ensi# #rn.Un#! s$li% & li?i% *er#e!&n&n, %ensi# h&"pir!$ns#&n.

Ker&p&n "&ss& 6 +rh$ "erp&!&n !e*&li!&n%&ri $l"e spesi0! %&ri sis#e".


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@. Spesi0! Gr&i#Spesi0! 'r&i# +SG &%&l&h per*&n%in'&n &n#&r&densitysis#e" %en'&n densitype"*&n%in'. Nil&i

densitype"*&n%in' n#! li?i% &%&l&h &ir p&%e"perr @ +1 !';"> %&n n#! '&s &%&l&h%ensi# %&r& +2C,@ !';">

Un#! li?i%

OH

sistemsistemSG

2

=

D&ri nil&i SG %&p %i!e#&hi *en%& !er/& +sis#e""en'&pn' %i %&l&" &ir, /i!& nil&i SG 1.

Nil&i Spesi0! 'r&i# %&ri *e*er&p& li?i%


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F. Ber spesi0! +Spesi0( ei'h#Ber spesi0! &%&l&h *er s sis#e" per s&n$l"e.

= 3. mN

gsistem

N$#&si ' &%&l&h 'r&i#&si *"i .. ";s2

ONTOH SOA: KEADAAN SISTEM

O2

" @ !'

5 ,J">

silin%er

S silin%er "e"pn&i $l"e, 5 ,J", *erisi O2+$!si'en %en'&n "&ss&, "

@ !'. Ten#!&n & $l"e spesi0!, *$l"e spesi0! "$l&r, ( /"l&h "$le %&n

% %ensi# %&ri O2%i %&l&" silin%er

Peneles&i&n:& 5$l"espesi0!, kg

m

m

Vv

3

15,04

6,0 ===


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* 5$l"e spesi0! "$l&r, 9 BM.

molekg

mv

==3

8,415,0.32*

BM: *er "$le!l, BM O2 1J +2 >2

( "l&h "$le,

125,032

4

2

===OBM

mn

% Densi#,

3666,6

15,0

11

m

kg

v===

O2

" @ !'

5 ,J">

silin%er


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J. Te!&n&n +pressure, p

Bil& per"!&&n s 4 +p&%, (&ir %&n '&s"eneri"& '&&)'&& l&r "&!& *&'i&n per"!&&n

4 &n' "eneri"& '&& #e'&! lrs &!&n "en'&l&"i#e!&n&n.Te!&n&n &%&l&h '&& #e'&! lrs p&%&per"!&&n %i*&'i l&s pen&"p&n'n&.

= 2222 ;;;

inlb

ftb

mN

cmkg

AF

: '&& &n' *e!er/&

A : l&s pen&"p&n'

[ ]ascalam

N=

2


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Se(&r& "", pen'!r&n "en''n&!&n s&n !P& &1 !P& 1 P&1Mp& 1 !P& 1JP&

S&n #e!&n&n l&in &n' *i&s& %i'n&!&n &%&l&h *&r.1 *&r 1FP& ,1 Mp& 1 !P&

S&n "$s0r s#&n%&r:

1 & 11>2F P& 11,>2F !P& 1,1>2F *&r

Bes&r #e!&n&n &*s$l# #er'&n#n' *es&rne!&n&n pen'!r&n p&%& "&n$"e#er +gauge

pressure p&%& sis#e".

D&l&" #er"$%in&"i!&, #e!&n&n +p ""n&sel&l %in&!&n %&l&" h&r'& &*s$l#, /&%i#e!&n&n +p "en&!&n #e!&n&n &*s$l# %&risis#e";4.


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Bil& #e!&n&n pen'!r&n +gauge pressure sis#e"%i &s #e!&n&n "$s0r, "&!&:

P &*s$l# P pen'!r&n L P "$s0r

Bil& #e!&n&n pen'!r&n +gauge pressure sis#e" %i*&-&h #e!&n&n "$s0r, "&!&:

P &*s$l# P "$s0r P pen'!r&n

Te!&n&n pen'!r&n +"&n$"e#er


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Gr&0! per*&n%in'&n Te!&n&n"$s0r, &*s$l# %&n

pen'!r&n


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M&s!

Kel&r

Peneles&i&n:

Sisi "&s!, #e!&n&n !er/&%i *&-&h #e!&n&n"$s0r:

P&*s P" P'&'e 1@, F,

psi&

Sisi !el&r, #e!&n&n !er/& %i &s #e!&n&n"$s0r:P&*s P"L P '&'e 1@, L > @@,

psi&

Bl$-er %&r& *er$per&si p&%& #e!&n&n his&p+suction pressure psi' %&n #e!&n&n !el&r

+discharge pressure > psi'. Hi#n' #e!&n&n&*s$l# %&r& p&%& sisi his&p %&n sisi !el&r.

ONTOH SOA: TEKANAN ABSOUT


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Te!&n&n "$s0r "&n$"e#er & "$s0r #e!ni!:

22 000.1011 m

kg

cm

kg

atm ==

Te!&n&n "$s0r *&r$"e#er & "$s0r &*s$l#&%&l&h #e!&n&n "$s0r r&)r& p&%& per"!&&n &ir

l, &i# p&%& !e#in''i&n J "" !$l$" &ir r&!s&+H' %&n #e"perr .

Densi# H' 1>,FJ !';%" ,1>FF !';("

1 & ,1>FF !';(" 7 J (" 1,>>2 !';("

1 & 1,>>2 "


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1 & J "" H' +p&%&

)0(6,7350332,1

760

11

0

2 !pa"aHgmmcm

kg

atm ===i!& #e"perr n&i!, "&!& #in''i !$l$" H' /'&n&i!, "&!& #e!&n&n &*s$l# *&r$"e#er p&%e"perr %&p %iseles&i!&n %en'&n r"s

e!speri"en:B B +1 ,12 #

B: #in''i !$l$" H' &!#&l p&%& # B: pe"*&(&&n #in''i !$l$" H' p&%&

D&l&" h&l ini, #e!&n&n %&r& "$s0r &%&l&h:

=

2

0

6,735 cm

kgBp


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Un#! !$n%isi #e!&n&n &n' ren%&h, pen'!r&n"en''n&!&n #in''i !$l$" &ir. Tin''i !$l$" &ir&%&l&h 1>,FF !&li le*ih *es&r %&ri #in''i !$l$"

H'. 1 "" H' 1>,FF "" H2O

Sehin''&: 1 & J "" H' 1>,FF 7 J 1.>>2 ""

H2O

1,>>2 "" H2O

&%i: 1 " 1 " H2O

H&sil pen'!r&n &n' *&'s h&n& n#! &ir

*er#e"perr @, #e#&pi p&%& !$n%isi &!#&lpen''n&&n #in''i !$l$" &ir h&n& n#!pen'!r&n #e!&n&n &n' ren%&h, sehin''&!$re!si #e"perr %&p %i&*&i!&n.


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D&l&" s&n British, #e!&n&n &*s$l# %&n#e!&n&n pen'!r&n "&sin' ) "&sin'

%in&!&n %&l&"psia+pound per square inchabsolut %&npsig+pound per square inchgauge.

1 "$s0r &*s$l# 1,1>2F 7 1FN;"2

1@, l*;in2

1.>>2 !';"2

1,>>2 !';(" J "" H'

2,2 in H' 1,>22 " H2O

TEKANAN


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Te!&n&n s#e&" *$iler %i "&n$"e#er "enn/!!&n C!';(". Ten#!&n #e!&n&n &*s$l# s#e&" /i!& p&%&

*&r$"e#er %i r&n'&n "enn/!!&n #in''i !$l$" "" H' p&%& # 2F.Peneles&i&n:

Te!&n&n *&r$"e#er p&%& # &%&l&h:

B +1 ,12 7 2F J "" H'

6,735

697=pTe!&n&n %&r& "$s0r:

Te!&n&n &*s$l# s#e&": atap 947,86,735

6978 =+=

ONTOH SOA: TEKANAN ABSOUT


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. Te"perr +T

S!&l& #e"perr "#l&! &%& %& "&(&"&i#:D&l&" s&n in#ern&si$n&l:

T&*s 2> L T Q. +K Kelin

D&l&" s&n Bri#ish:

T&*s @J L T Q +R R&n!ine

( ) 000 325

9 += !#F# ( )000 329

5 = F#!#

Ter%&p *es&r&n #e"perr "enr# s!&l&,&i#:

KE5IN, EIUS, RANKINE %&n ARENHEIT.


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H*n'&n &n#&r& s!&l& #e"perr !elin,(el(is, r&n!ine %&n 8&renhei# &%&l&h se*&'&i*eri!# :

Ti#i! %i%ih +steampoint

Ti#i! *e! +icepoint

N$l &*s$l# +absolutezero

R K

>>J2 212 1

) @J

@2 >2 2>

) 2>

Ke#er&n'&n:

1. >2 2>K @2R

2. 1 212 >>K J2R


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$n#$h s$&l:

$% 0

672)373(5

9373

==

%$ 273)492(9

5492

0 ==

F! 00 21232)100(5

9100 =+=

!F 00

3,93)32200(9

5200 ==


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1 Se*&h T&*n', $l"e 1F 8# *erisi Ni#r$'en

%en'&n "&ss& 1 l*". Hi#n' $l"espesi0!, $l"e spesi0! "$l&r, /"l&h "$le%&n %ensi# ni#r$'en %&l&" #&*n'.

2 K$"pres$r %&r& *er$per&si p&%& #e!&n&n!el&r @ !';(" '&'e, hi#n' #e!&n&n&*s$l#n&, /i!& #e!&n&n *&r$"e#er %i

r&n'&n 2 ""H', >.> Di In%$nesi&, #e"perr %&r& lin'!n'&n >F, n&!&n #e"perr #erse*# %&l&"s&n , K %&n R.

@ Te"perr &ir 1J, n&!&n #e"perr#erse*# %&l&" s&n , K %&n R.

F Te"perr '&s J>JR, n&!&n#e"perr #erse*# %&l&" s&n , %&nK.

TUGAS +HOME WOR


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BAB II. HUKUM DASAR TENTANGGAS

PERSAMAAN KEADAAN GAS IDEA+GAS SEMPURNA

D&l&" #er"$%in&"i!&, '&s &n' %iper'n&!&nse*&'&i *en%& !er/& %i&n''&p *ersi8 se*&'&i '&si%e&l. H&l ini %ise*&*!&n si8)si8 '&s i%e&lh&n& *er*e%& se%i!i# %&ri si8)si8 '&sse*en&rn&.

H*n'&n &ri&*el per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s;4&n' "elip#i #e!&n&n +p, $l"e +5 %&n

#e"perr +T, %ipen'&rhi $leh si8 '&s i#sen%iri.Pers&"&&n !e&%&&n '&s &%&l&h h*n'&n&ri&*el !e&%&&n +p, 5 , T %en'&n "&ss& +"'&s.

!as ideal +se"prn& &%&l&h '&s &n' #en&'&i! "$le!l)"$le!ln& %&p %i&*&i!&n. &%ise#i&p '&s, /i!& #en&'& i! "$le!l)"$le!ln&%&p %i&*&i!&n #er'$l$n' %&l&" '&s i%e&l.


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P. R. T

Ke#er&n'&n:P : Te!&n&n &*s$l# +N;"2 < +l*;in2 ;!') "$le < +8#>;l*")"$leR: !$ns#. '&s niers&l +/$le;!')"$le K< +8#.l*;l*")

"$le

RH*n'&n &n#&r& !$ns#&n#& '&s +R %&n!$ns#&n#& '&s niers&l R &%&l&h:

BM

$$ 0= BM *er "$le!l '&s

+!';!')"$le < +l*";l*")

"$le


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33

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l n#! se#i&p s&n "$le&%&l&h :

P. 9 R T

#

vp$

*.0=

KONSTANTA GAS UNI5ERSA +RO

H!" '&s i%e&l, p&%& !$n%isi s#&n%&r, T 2> K+, #e!&n&n 1 "$s0r &*s$l# +J "" H',

se#i&p !')"$le '&s "e"pn&i $l"e spesi0!"$l&r, 9 22,@ "

Bil& 1 "$s0r 1,1>2F . 1FN;","&!&:

%

molekg

m

m

N

$ 273

4,22.10.01325,13

2

5

0

=

R C.>1@ N";!')"$le

K

R C.>1@ $le;!')"$le


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i!& 1 "$s0r 1.>>2 !';","&!&:

%

molekg

m

m

kg

$273

4,22.332.10

3

2

0

=

R C@C !'";!')"$le

K

Bes&r&n !$ns#&n#& '&s niers&l R %&l&" s&n

Bri#his:

$molelbm

lbft

$ 00 ..

.

545.1=


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35

%molekg

Nm$

.314.80

=

%molekg

mkg$

.

.848

0 =

$molelbmlbft$

00 ..545.1

=

Bes&r&n !$ns#&n#& '&s niers&l R %&l&" s&n

*er*e%&:

KONSTANTA GAS UNI5ERSA +RO


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Gas Berat

molekul

R (kgm/kg K) R (ft-lb/lbm R)

Udara 28,9 29,77 5,5

!"2 ## $9,25 5,$2

%2

2 #2&,7 7'',5

2 28 &,2' 55,$5

"2 2 2',5 #8,

%elum %e # 2$2 8',

*mo+ak % $7 #9,7' 9&,77

eta+e !%# $' 52,9 9',#

ONTOH TABE HARGA R BEBERAPA GAS


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P. 5 ". R. T

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %en'&n "e"perhi#n'!&n"&ss& +":

P : Tekanan absolut (N/m2 atau Pa)V : volume sistem /gas (m3)R : Konstanta gas (Nm/kg K)T : Temperatur absolut gas (K)m : massa sistem (kg)

P : Tekanan absolut (kg/m2)V : volume sistem /gas (m3)

R : Konstanta gas (kgm/kg K)T : Temperatur absolut gas

(K)m : massa sistem (kg)

S&n &n' %i'n&!&n:


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38

P. 5 ". R. T

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %en'&n "e"perhi#n'!&n"&ss& +":

5$l"e,

#$

Vpm

.

.=

V

#$mp

..=

$m

Vp#

.

.=

p

#$mV

..=

#m

Vp$

.

.= #$

p

V

m

.==

D&ri pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %i &s, %&p%i#en#!&n:

K$ns#&n#&'&s,

Densi#,

Te"perr,

Te!&n&n,

M&ss&,

ONTOH SOA HUKUM DASAR


39/244

39

ONTOH SOA: HUKUM DASARGAS

Peneles&i&n:Un#! '&s hi%r$'en, R @2,

!'";!' K +lih #&*el

%kg

kgm

HM

$$ 424

2

848

2

0 ===

" 1,@!'

T 2F

T&*n',H2

p 2&

5

H*n'&n R %&nRO:

1. Se*&h T&*n' hi%r$'en, "&ss& hi%r$'en 1,@!' %&n #e!&n&n 2 "$s0r &*s$l# +& ser#&

#e"perr 2F. Hi#n' $l"e hi%r$'en%&l&" #&*n'.

H&r'& R @2, !';!' K, !&ren&*er "$le!! H2 #i%&! persis

2


40/244

40

T 2F L 2> 2C K

P 2 & 2. +1.>>2!';"

" 1,@ !'

3

2 5,8332.10)2(

298)7,420(4,1..m

p

#$mVH ===

5$l"e hi%r$'en %&l&" #&*n',

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l: p. 5 ". R. T

" 1,@!'

T 2F

T&*n',H2

p 2&

5


41/244

41

Peneles&i&n:G&s $!si'en, R 2J,F !'";!'K +lih #&*el

%kg

kgm

OM

$$ 5,26

32

848

2

0 ===

H*n'&n R %&n RO:

" !'

T 2

T&*n',O2

p @

&

2. Se*&h T&*n' !&p&si#&s 1 li#er, %iisi$!si'en s&"p&i #e!&n&n @ & %&n #e"perr 2. Hi#n' "&ss& $!si'en %&l&" #&*n'


42/244

42

kg#$

Vpm 322,5

)293(5,26

)1,0(332.10.40

.

.===

M&ss& $!si'en %&l&" #&*n',

Pers&"&&n '&si%e&l:

p. 5 ". R. T

T 2 L 2>K 2> K

P @ & @. 1.>>2!';"

5 1 l# 1 %">

,1">

" !'

T 2

T&*n',O2

p @&


43/244

43

>. M&ss& '&s Ni#r$'en +N2 11,2 !' %i(&"pr

%en'&n C !' '&s O!si'en +O2 %&n %i/&'& p&%&

#e"perr 2F, #e!&n&n 1,F *&r. Ten#!&n

#e!&n&n p&rsi&l %&ri !e%& '&s %&n #en#!&n$l"e (&"pr&n '&s #erse*#.

5

T 2F

N2L O2

p 1,F *&r

Peneles&i&n:

"l&h "$le

N2:

molekgBM

mn

N

=== 4,028

2,11

2

molekgBM

mn

O

=== 25,032

8

2

"l&h "$le

O2:

"l&h "$le (&"pr&n N2L O2 ,@ L ,2F ,JF !')"$le

T 2F 2CK

P 1,F *&r 1F!';"2


44/244

44

5

T 2F

N2L O2

p 1,F *&r

r!&si N2%&l&"

(&"pr&n:

%615,065,0

4,02 ==N&

&%i, #e!&n&n p&rsi&l O2, P ,>CF +1,F *&r ,FF *&r.

%385,065,025,02 ==O&r!&si O2%&l&"

(&"pr&n:

&%i, #e!&n&n p&rsi&l N2, P ,J1F +1,F *&r

,22F *&r.

P. 5 n. R. T

30 95,1015000

298.848.65,0..m

#$nV ===

Pers&"&&n '&si%e&l:

%kgmole

mkg$

.

.848

0=


45/244

45

T @K

O2

p 2!P&

@. Se*&h #&n'!i 5 J ">, *erisi $!si'en p&%e!&n&n &*s$l# 2 !P&, #e"perr @K. G&s$!si'en %i*&n' perl&h&n hin''& #e!&n&n %i %&l&"#&n'!i #rn "en/&%i 11 !P& &*s$l# +#e"perr!$ns#&n. Ten#!&n "&ss& $!si'en &n' #erin''&l %i%&l&" #&n'!i %&n "&ss& $!si'en &n' %i*&n'. i!e"perr $!si'en %i %&l&" #&n'!i #rn "en/&%i1, #en#!&n #e!&n&n &!hir $!si'en %i %&l&"#&n'!i.

Peneles&i&n:P1 2 !P& 2. P&

Pers&"&&n '&s

i%e&l:

P. 5 ". R.T

%kgNm

OM$$ 260

328314

2

0 ===

P2 11 !P& 11. P&


46/244

46

kg#$

Vpm 35,6

)400(260

6.110000

.

.22 ===

M&ss& O2&n' #er#in''&l %i %&l&"

#&n'!i:

kg#$

Vpm 54,11

)400(260

6.200000

.

.11 ===

M&ss& O2p&%& !$n%isi

&-&l:

M&ss& O2&n' %i*&n' 11,F@ J,>F

F,1 !'

P&%& !$n%isi &!hir, "&ss& $!si'en "> "2J,>F !' %&n T> 1 2C>K. Te!&n&n &!hir:

aV

#$mp 77872

6

283.260.35,6.. 333 ===

T @K

O2

p 2!P&


47/244

47

1 B&n sepe%&,#e!&n&n %&r& %i*&si "&!si"" 22 !P& +'&'e $leh relie8 &le. S& "l&iper/&l&n&n, B&n %i*eri #e!&n&n 2 !P& +'&'e%&n #e"perr 2>. Sel&"& "ene"phper/&l&n&n, #e"perr %&r& %i %&l&" B&n n&i!"en(&p&i C>. i!& "&sin')"&sin' B&n &%&"&ss& %&r& ,11 !', #en#!&n "&ss& %&r&&n' hil&n' "el&li relie8 &le p&%& "&sin')"&sin' B&n $leh !&ren& !ele*ih&n #e!&n&n %&n

#en#!&n #e!&n&n %&r& %i %&l&" B&n se"perr %&r& !e"*&li 2>.

2 M&ss& hi%r$'en %&l&" #&*n' J l*", #e!&n&n > psi& %&n #e"perr F , hi#n'$l"e hi%r$'en %i %&l&" #&*n', s&n 8#>.

> B &r#i!el #en#&n' pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %&n

*eri!&n ($n#$h perhi#n'&nn&.

TUGAS +HOME WOR


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PERUBAHAN KEADAAN GASIDEA

P&%& !$n%isi #er#en# #er%&p *e*er&p&"&(&" pr$ses per*&h&n !e&%&&n is#i"e-&

'&s i%e&l, %i&n#&r&n& &i#:

1. Pr$sesIs$#her"&l;is$#her"is,

2. Pr$ses is$"e#ri(;is$(h$ris,

>. Pr$ses is$*&ri(,

@. Pr$ses &%i&*i(;isen#r$pi(.

i!& sis#e" +'&s "ener&p & "elep&s

p&n&s, "&!& #er/&%i per*&h&n p&%& #e!&n&n,#e"perr %&n $l"e se(&r& si"l#&n.

1 Pr$ses Is$#her"&l;is$#her"is


49/244

49

1. Pr$ses Is$#her"&l;is$#her"is. Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& #e"perr

!$ns#&n.

G&s %i"&s!!&n !e %&l&" silin%er#$r&!. Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri!e&%&&n 1 !e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n"ene!&n #$r&!. Te"perr '&s%i/&'& !$ns#&n %en'&n"en%in'in!&n;"e"&n&s!&n silin%er.Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l p . R .TUn#! T !$ns#&n, "&!& p . !$ns#&n

p1. 1 p2.

2

1

2

2

1

v

v

p

p=&

'&s

Di&'r&" pP

12

1

2

T!$ns#&n

p1

p2

2 1

2. Pr$ses is$"e#ri(;is$(h$ris


50/244

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2. Pr$ses is$"e#ri(;is$(h$ris Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& $l"e

!$ns#&n.

Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 1

!e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n "e"&n&s!&nsilin%er, #$r&! %i#&h&n sp&& /&n'&n*er'er&! sehin''& $l"e '&s%&l&" silin%er #e#&p !$ns#&n %&n#e!&n&n n&i!.

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l, p . R. TUn#! !$ns#&n, "&!&:

!

v

$

#

==

1

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

#

#

p

patau

#

p

#

p ==

: !$ns#&n

Di&'r&" p)

1

2P2

P1

5 !$ns#&n

5

P

'&s

> i * i


51/244

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>. Pr$ses is$*&ri(Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& #e!&n&n

!$ns#&n.Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 1

!e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n "e"&n&s!&nsilin%er, #$r&! %i* *e*&s *er'er&!sehin''& #e!&n&n '&s %&l&" silin%er%i/&'& !$ns#&n.

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l p .

R . TUn#! p !$ns#&n,"&!&:

1

2

1

2

2

2

1

1

#

#

v

vatau

#

v

#

v ==

!p

$

#

v==

Di&'r&" p)

1 2P1 P2

51

5

P

52

'&s

21


52/244

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pp

Is$#her"isIs$#her"is

Is$*&ri(Is$*&ri(

Is$"e#ri(Is$"e#ri(

Per"!&&n p))T '&s i%e&lPer"!&&n p))T '&s i%e&l

PERUBAHAN KEADAAN GAS


53/244

53

G&*n'&n pr$ses is$#her"&l %&nis$*&ri( "en'h&sil!&n pers&"&&nses&i %en'&n h!" BOYE GAYUSSA, &i#:

2

22

1

11 ..#vp

#vp =

PERUBAHAN KEADAAN GASIDEA

2

1

22

11

.

.##

vpvp =


54/244

54

AMPURAN GAS

K$"p$sisi (&"pr&n '&s %&p %i#en#!&nK$"p$sisi (&"pr&n '&s %&p %i#en#!&n

*er%&s&r!&n "&ss& & $l"e. Persen#&se*er%&s&r!&n "&ss& & $l"e. Persen#&se

!$"p$nen '&s +' *er%&s&r!&n "&ss& &%&l&h:!$"p$nen '&s +' *er%&s&r!&n "&ss& &%&l&h:

;;;; 33

2

2

1

1m

mg

m

mg

m

mg

m

mg nn ====

Ke#er&n'&n:"1.. "n "&ss& !$"p$nen "&sin')"&sin' '& " "&ss& #$#&l (&"pr&n '&s

T$#&l '1L '2L '> LQ. L 'n 1


55/244

55

Vmmakam

V"ari .

==

ii

iiiii

i r$

$r

BM

BM

V

V

m

mg ====

.

.

Persen#&se !$"p$nen '&s

;;;; 33

2

2

1

1

V

Vr

V

Vr

V

Vr

V

Vr nn ====

Persen#&se !$"p$nen '&s +r *er%&s&r!&n $l"e:

ONTOH SOA AMPURAN


56/244

56

ONTOH SOA: AMPURANGAS1. Persen#&se !$"p$nen '&s *&n' %&riGener$r : H2 1C, O 2@, O2 J %&n

N2 F2. Ten#!&n "&ss& "&sin')"&sin'!$"p$nen '&s, #en#!&n #e!&n&n p&rsi&l"&sin')"&sin' '&s /i!& #e!&n&n '&s (&"pr&n J "" HGPeneles&i&n:

Ber "$le!l +BM (&"pr&n '&s +,1C 2 L +,2@ 2C L +,J @@ L +,F2 2C

2@

307,1

4,2224

* mkg

vBMtotal ===

Densi# (&"pr&n '&s:


57/244

57

Presen#&se + "&ss& "&sin')"&sin' !$"p$nen '&s:

%5,1015,0)18,0(24

22

22 ==== H

total

HH r

BM

BMg

%6,27276,0)24,0(24

28==== !O

total

!O!O r

BM

BMg

%9,10109,0)06,0(24

442

22 ==== !O

total

!O!O r

BM

BMg

%606,0)52,0(24

282

2

2 ==== N

total

N

N rBM

BM

g


58/244

58

Te!&n&n p&rsi&l "&sin')"&sin' !$"p$nen '&s,

HGmmprp HH 8,136760)18,0(.22 ===HGmmprp !O!O 4,182760)24,0(. ===

HGmmprp !O!O 6,45760)06,0(.22 ===

HGmmprp NN 2,395760)52,0(.22 ===


59/244

59

2. K$"p$nen '&s #er%iri %&ri F %&r& +R 2,2!'";!' K %&n F '&s &pi +R >,F !'";!' K.Ten#!&n !$ns#&n#& +R %&n %ensi# +6 %&ri '&s

(&"pr&n ser#& !$"p$sisi $l"e "&sin')"&sin'!$"p$nen '&s.Peneles&i&n:

K$ns#&n#& '&s (&"pr&n:

%kgkgm$ 47,315,73)05,0(77,29)95,0( =+=

molekgkg

$$BMtotal

total === 9,2647,31

8480

Ber "$le!l (&"pr&n '&s:


60/244

60

Persen#&se + $l"e "&sin')"&sin' '&s:

32,14,22 9,26* mkgvBMtotaltotal ===

Densi# '&s (&"pr&n:

( ) %5,88885,047,31

27,2995,0 ====

total

u"arau"arau"ara

$

$gr

( ) %5,11115,047,31

5,7305,0 ====

total

api

apiapi$

$gr

@. Pr$ses &%i&*i(;isen#r$pi(.


61/244

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pPer*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& pr$ses #i%&!#er/&%i per#!&r&n p&n&s %&ri sis#e" %&nse!elilin'n& +%? , sis#e" %iis$l&si

se"prn&.

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l:

p. ! !$ns#&n

! !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i( ! !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i( 1,@1,@

Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri!e&%&&n 1 !e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n"ene!&n #$r&!. Ti%&! #er%&pper#!&r&n p&n&s &n#&r& sis#e"

%en'&n se!elilin'n&.

P

5

5152

1

2

&%i&*i(

'&s

Di&'r&" p)

p2

p1

12


62/244

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Di&'r&" #e!&n&n $l"e spesi0! +p %&ri*e*er&p& pr$ses is#i"e-&, #er%iri %&ri pr$ses

is$*&ri(, is$#her"&l, is$(h$ri( %&n pr$ses&%i&*i(.

TABE DIAGRAM PROSES UNTUK GAS IDEA


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63

.e+sdagram

sotermal sometr0 sobar0

1agram

- 3

1agram

4

1agram3 -

1

2

2

1

v

v

p

p

= 21

2

1

#

#

p

p

= 2

1

2

1

#

#

v

v

=

3 3 3

2

$

2$2

$

33 3$

2 2

$

$ 2

$$

2 2 2$

TABE DIAGRAM PROSES UNTUK GAS IDEA


64/244


65/244

65

"l&h"$le,

molekg

v

Vn 65,4

43,0

2

*

===

M&ss& $!si'en,

" n +M O2 @,JF +>2 1@

!'Te"perr %in&i!!&n "en/&%i, T

2

@.T2 @ L 2> J> K

Silin%er !$n%isi #er##p, sehin''&pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& $l"e

!$ns#&n.

ata#

#pp'a"i

#

#

p

p129

313

673.60.

1

212

2

1

2

1 ====

$!si'en,O25 2"

T1 @

Silin%er

p1 J &

"


66/244

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Peneles&i&n:

Pr$ses 1 2: is$"e#ri(, 2 >: is$#her"&l, > 1:is$*&ri(

2. G&s i%e&l @ l*" "$le, p F & %&n 5 > 8#2. G&s i%e&l @ l*" "$le, p F & %&n 5 > 8#>>,,%ip&n&s!&n p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri( sehin''& #e!&n&n%ip&n&s!&n p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri( sehin''& #e!&n&nn&i! "en/&%i 2 !&li #e!&n&n &-&l. Ke"%i&n '&sn&i! "en/&%i 2 !&li #e!&n&n &-&l. Ke"%i&n '&s%ie!sp&nsi!&n se(&r& is$#her"&l sehin''& !e"*&li%ie!sp&nsi!&n se(&r& is$#her"&l sehin''& !e"*&li

!e #e!&n&n &-&l, sel&n/#n& '&s %i!$"presi se(&r&!e #e!&n&n &-&l, sel&n/#n& '&s %i!$"presi se(&r&is$*&ri(%&n !e"*&li !e $l"e &-&l. G&"*&r!&n%&n !e"*&li !e $l"e &-&l. G&"*&r!&n%i&'r&" p ) %&n p T ser#& T. Hi#n' #e"perr%i&'r&" p ) %&n p T ser#& T. Hi#n' #e"perr&!hir p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri(&!hir p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri(

p

>1

2

P1p>

P22p1

12 >

p

T

1

2

>

P22p1

P1p>

T1 T2T>

T

1 2

>

>

T2T>T1

12


67/244

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1 " 1@, l*;in 1@, +1@@=*;8#22 1441

ft

b

in

b =

p1 F +1@, +1@@ 1F.C@

=*;8#$

$n

Vp# 0

0

111 514

)545.1(.4

)30(840.105

.

.===

Pr$ses: 1 2 &%&l&h

is$"e#ri(, 51 52 %&n p2

2 p1

1

1

11

1

122

2

1

2

1 .2.2.

#p

#p

p

#p#atau

#

#

p

p====

&%i, T2 2 +F1@R

1.2CR FJC 2C

p

>1

2

P1p>

P22p1

12 >

* h ili % * i i % % ! %i/


68/244

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Peneles&i&n:T1 12 12 L @JR

FCR

51 1F 8#>, 52 2F 8#>52 2F 8#

T1 12

Silin%er

p #e#&p

T2

51 1F 8#

Pr$ses #e!&n&n

!$ns#&n:

F$V

V##atau

#

#

V

V 00

1

212

2

1

2

1 506966150

250.580. =====

>. Se*&h silin%er *erisi %&r& %&n #e!&n&n %i/&'&!$ns#&n. Bil& $l"e %&r& *er#&"*&h %&ri 1F 8#>"en/&%i 2F 8#>%&n #e"perr &-&l 12, hi#n'#e"perr &!hir %&r& %i %&l&" silin%er.

@ U% % l ili % 1 i !


69/244

69

1

2%&r&

51 52

Peneles&i&n:

Te!&n&n &*s$l#, pTe!&n&n &*s$l#, p11 F L 1 J F L 1 J

!';("!';("Pr$ses #e"perr !$ns#&n,"&!&:

p1. 51 p2.

52

3.3.. 1

1

11

2

112 p

VVp

VVpp === absolutcmkgp 22 236 ==

pp22 2 1 1 !';(" 2 1 1 !';(" +#e!&n&n pen'!r&n %i +#e!&n&n pen'!r&n %i

"&n$"e#er"&n$"e#er

@. U%&r& %&l&" silin%er 1, "e"pn&i #e!&n&npen'!r&n p1 F !';(" %&n %i*i&r!&n *ere!sp&nsi

%i silin%er 2 %en'&n $l"e > 51. Hi#n' #e!&n&n

&!hir p&%& silin%er 2, *il& pr$ses p&%& #e"perr!$ns#&n.

TUGAS +HOME WOR


70/244

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F(">

> ("

% F ""

J ("

>. B &r#i!el #en#&n' per*&h&n!e&%&&n '&s +%&p %in%h %&ri*er*&'&i s"*er #er"&s!In#erne#

TUGAS +HOME WOR

1. 5$l"e *$l& +bulb F (" *erisi%&r&, #e!&n&n &-&l J "" H'. Air

r&!s& %i"&s!!&n %&ri *&-&h *$l&sehin''& "en'rn' %&r& p&%& /n'pip& !&piler sep&n/&n' J (". Hi#n'#e!&n&n %&r& &n' #er!rn', *il&pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& #e"perr!$ns#&n.

'&s

2 1

%

72 71

7

2. Silin%er pis#$n, p&n/&n' l&n'!&h, 7 28#, %i&"e#er 2 in. Pis#$n %i#e!&nsehin''& '&& n&i! %&ri "en/&%i 1 N.Bil& #e!&n&n %&r& l&r 1 *&r %&n pr$sesis$#her"&l, hi#n' p&n/&n' pene!&n&npis#$n +71.

BAB III HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA I


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71

Bil& %i*eri!&n se/"l&h p&n&s !e(il % p&%& ssis#e" +'&s, "&!& '&s #erse*# *ere!sp&nsi %&n"el&!!&n !er/& l&r &n' !e(il se*es&r %.

Dis&"pin' i#, pe"&n&s&n #erh&%&p '&s /'& &!&n"eni"*l!&n:

1. per#&"*&h&n !e(ep&n "$le!l %&ri '&s.2. per#&"*&h&n /&r&! &n#&r& "$le!l) "$le!l '&s!&ren&sis#e" *ere!sp&nsi.

Ener'i &n' %iperl!&n n#! h&l ini %ise*#per#&"*&h&n ener'i %&l&""internal energy# %U$

'&s

21

%

%

%U

BAB III HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA I

%i % * i %i * h # ! # * h


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72

&%i p&n&s % se*&'i&n %ir*&h n#! per#&"*&h&nener'i %&l&". Sel&in i# /'& '&s "en'&l&"iper#&"*&h&n ener'i !ine#i! %&n ener'i p$#ensi&ll&r &!i* '&&)'&& l&r seper#i '&& 'r&i#&si.

% % L %E! L %EpKe#er&n'&n,dEk : Pertambaan energi kinetik!dEp : Pertambaan energi potensial

luar!

Pers&"&&n %i &s "en&!&n prinsip!$nser&si ener'i %&ri s sis#e" %&n%ise*# hu%um thermodinami%apertamasecara matemati%.

dEk " dEp # d$ (energi dalam)

H!" #her"$%in&"i!& per#&"& "en/&%i:

% %U L %

EKI5AEN PANAS + DENGAN KERA


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73

S + G +

Ener'i "e!&ni! & !er/& %&p "en'h&sil!&np&n&s, se*&'&i ($n#$h %& *&h *

%i'ese!!&n %&p "en'h&sil!&n &pi.

D&n se*&li!n&, ener'i p&n&s %&p "en'h&sil!&n!er/&, se*&'&i ($n#$h "esin &p %&p *er'er&!$leh p&n&s h&sil %&ri pr$ses pe"*&!&r&n.

S&n /"l&h p&n&s: K(&l & (&l.S&n !er/& & ener'i: !'" & N"

1 K(&l &%&l&h /"l&h p&n&s &n' %i*#h!&nn#! "en&i!!&n #e"perr 1 !' &ir se*es&r

1P&n&s %&n !er/& %&p e!i&len %&n%i!$nersi s s&"& l&in, &i#:

A.


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%: &umla panas (K'al) ang dikonversi men&adi ker&a!

: ker&a atau energi (kgm) ang didapat dari panas %!*: koe+sien proporsional

H*n'&n &n#&r& p&n&s %en'&n ener'i "e!&ni!%ise*# HUKUM KONSER5ASI ENERGI, &n'

"en&!&n *&h-& ener'i #i%&! %&p%ihil&n'!&n, #e#&pi h&n& %&p %i!$nersi !e%&l&" *en#! ener'i l&in.

(

)A=

A.

D&ri e!speri"en:

==

kgm

%cal

(

)A

427

1

kgm(1


75/244

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==%cal

kgm

)

(

A427

1A#&:

&%i: 1 K(&l @2 !'"

Se(&r& i%e&l, se#i&p !er/& "e!&ni! se*es&r 1 !'""en'h&sil!&n p&n&s se*es&r 1;@2 !(&l %&nse*&li!n& se#i&p 1 !(&l p&n&s %&p"en'h&sil!&n !er/& "e!&ni! se*es&r @2 !'".

P&%& in%s#ri, serin' %i'n&!&n s&n TENAGAKUDA +p! & +HORSE POER hp

1 hp F !'";s

1 hp ) hr F +J +J 2.!'" hr: h$r &

/&".

kcalhrhp 632427

000.2701 ==

Se%&n'!&n s&n ener'i lis#ri! +!-h &i#


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76

Se%&n'!&n s&n ener'i lis#ri! +!-h, &i#%&& se#i&p !- %&l&" -&!# 1 /&".

1 N";s 1 -#

1 hp F !'";s F +,C1 ";s >J-#

1 hp ,>J!-

1 !- 1,>J hp 12!'";s

&%i , 1 !-h 12. J. J

>J.2 !'" 1,>J hp) hr.

kcalk*h 860427

200.3671 ==

KON5ERSI DARI HORSEPOER MENADI KIOATT


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77

D&& !%& & #en&'& !%& &%&l&h ni# pen'!r&n%&& &n' se#&r& %en'&n >J hin''& @J -#. P&%&&-&ln&, is#il&h %&& !%& %i'n&!&n n#!

"e"*&n%in'!&n per8$r"& &n#&r& "esin &p %en'&n!e"&"p&n #&ri!&n !%& +draft horse. Se#el&h i#,s&n ini %i&%$psi n#! "en'!r %&& !el&r&n %&ripis#$n, #r*in, "$#$r lis#ri!, %&n "esin l&inn&.

De0nisi %&& !%& %&p *er&ri&si #er'&n#n' &pli!&sin&:

D&& !%& "e!&nis;hi%r$li! +mechanical horsepo&er&%&l&h nil&i &n' *es&rn& se#&r& FF !&!i)p$n%per %e#i! +8#)l*;s & se#&r& %en'&n @J -#.

D&& !%& "e#ri! +metric horsepo&er &%&l&h nil&i&n' *es&rn& se#&r& %en'&n F !'8)" per %e#i!+!'";s, & se#&r& %en'&n >J -#.

Un#! "$#$r lis#ri!, s %&& !%& se#&r& %en'&n @J

-#. An'!& &n' #er#lis p&%& l&*el "erp&!&n %&&$#p#, *!&n %&& inp#.


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78

ONTOH SOA:


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79

Peneles&i&n:

Mesin &p1Fhp

1.@!';hr

"l&h p&n&s &n'%i!$nersi "en/&%i !er/&se#i&p /&": +1.@ C.!(&l

Ker/& "esin &p %&l&" -&!# &n'Ker/& "esin &p %&l&" -&!# &n's&"&:s&"&: 1F hp ) hr

1F . F. J. J @.F.!'"

EKI5AEN PANAS DENGANKERA

kcal

kgm

)

(

A413

000.98

000.500.401===

H&siln&: 1 !(&l h&n& "en'h&sil!&n !er/& @1>

!'", !&ren& #er%&p p&n&s &n' hil&n' $lehr&%i&si &n&s.

1. D&l&" /i ($*& "esin, &p "en'&n%n' p&n&s !(&l;!'. Mesin &p "en'h&sil!&n !er/& 1F hp %&n"en'!$ns"si &p se*es&r 1.@ !';hr. Ten#!&n

e!i&len p&n&s %&n !er/& %&l&" /i ($*& "esin &p#erse*#.

2 Pe"*&n'!i# #en&'& lis#ri! "en'!$ns"si *&h&n


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80

"l&h p&n&s &n' %i!$nersi "en/&%i ener'i lis#ri!se#i&p J /&" %&n e0siensi 2:

Peneles&i&n:**&r& 2 #$n 2. !'

2. 7 7 ,2 2C..!(&l

2. Pe"*&n'!i# #en&'& lis#ri! "en'!$ns"si *&h&n*&!&r **&r& 2 #$n se#i&p J /&". Se#i&p !'**&r& "en'h&sil!&n p&n&s se*es&r . !(&l.Ten#!&n %&& lis#ri! &n' %ih&sil!&n *il& h&n& 2 p&n&s &n' %i!$nersi "en/&%i ener'i lis#ri!.

1 !-h CJ

!(&l

k*h)

( 560.32

860

000.000.28

860

===

R&)r& ener'i lis#ri! &n' %i*&n'!i#!&n se#i&p/&":

k*h

k*hN 420.5

6

560.32==

KERA;ENERGI +-


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81

; +

Ker/& &%&l&h per!&li&n &n#&r& '&& %en'&n /&r&!lin#&s&nn&.

: '&& +N< l*, %s: lin#&s&n +" 8#>, 52 ,1F 8#

>, " 2,F

l*", T1 F@R

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l,

p1.51 ". R. T1

R $!si'en @C,>8#)l*;l*"

R

P

P1 P2

2 1

12

Pr$ses Is$*&ri(:

'"ene"pi 51 ,> 8#

>%&n T1 F@R . Bil&

$l"e %iper!e(il "en/&%i 52 ,1F 8#>, hi#n'

!er/& p&%& pr$ses is$*&ri( %&n T2, /'& p&%&

pr$ses is$#her"&l %&n P2.

2

1

11 265.217

3,0

540.3,48.5,2..

ft

b

V

#$mp

===

21 508.1

144

265.217

in

bp

==

22 1441

ft

b

in

b =

p +52 51P


88/244

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2 1

21.2JF +,1F ,> ) >2.F8# =*

#&n%& ne'i8 +!er/& !$"presi.

$V

#V# 0

1

122 270

3,0

540.15,0.===

Te"perr&!hir,

P1 P2

2 1

12

Pr$ses Is$*&ri(

Pr$sesIs$#her"&l:P

P1

P2

2 1

1

2

1

2ln..V

V#$m(=

bft( 100.4530,0

15,0ln540.3,48.5,2 ==

H&sil ne'i8, !&ren& !er/&!$"presi


89/244

89

2

2

112 530.434

15,0

3,0.265.217.

ft

b

V

Vpp

===

22 3017

144530.434

inbp ==

2211 .. VpVp =Pr$sesIs$#her"&l:P

P1

P2

2 1

1

2

21 508.1

in

bp

=

22 3017

inbp =

>. Ker/& p&%& pr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n


90/244

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>. Ker/& p&%& pr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n+isometric.

p

1

2

p1

p2

12

Sis#e" *er*&h %&ri

!e&%&&n 1 !e !e&%&&n 2%en'&n $l"e !$ns#&n.

1 2

Sis#e" #i%&! #er/&%i per*&h&n $l"e,% Ker/& sis#e" per s&n "&ss& , %- p. %

=2

1

.

v

v

"vp* % &%i !er/&, -

$n#$h s$&l 2:Pr$ses "$#$r *&!&r, *&h&n *&!&r


91/244

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Peneles&i&n:1 2 : pr$ses is$"e#ri(

2 > : pr$ses is$#her"&l

> 1 : pr$ses is$*&ri(

p

5

1

2

>P1 p>

p2

51 52 5>

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::

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!';(" &*s$l#, *&h&n *&!&r %ip&n&s!&n se(&r&is$"e#ri( sehin''& #e!&n&n "en/&%i 2p1%&n

%i*i&r!&n "en'e"*&n' is$#her"&l %&n #e!&n&n#rn !e p1, sel&n/#n& %i!$"presi se(&r& is$*&ri(

sehin''& !e"*&li !e !$n%isi &-&l. G&"*&r!&n%i&'r&" p) %&ri pr$ses #erse*# %&n hi#n' !er/&*ersih &n' %ih&sil!&n se#i&p s&n "&ss&.

2 1& p2 2

p1Pr$ses is$"e#ri(, !er/&, -

K$n%isi 1 2: pr$sesp

p


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1 2 ";!' %&n p1 2 !';("A 2.

!';"A.

pis$"e#ri(

% , Ker/& -

K$n%isi 2 >:

pr$ses e!sp&nsiis$#her"&l

p2. 2 p>. >

p> p1%&n p2 2 p1

&%i, p2 2 p> & p> ,F

p2

2

2

22

3

223 2

.5,0

..v

p

vp

p

vpv ===

5

1

2

>P1 p>

p2

51 52 5>

Di&'r&" p Di&'r&" p

::

p

p Pr$ses is$#er"&l +2)>


93/244

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kg

kgm* 450.552ln2.000.20.2 ==

Ker/& se#i&p s&n"&ss&:

3

2

22 ln. p

p

vp*=

1

111

.2ln..2

p

pvp*=

5

1

2

>P1 p>

p2

51 52 5>

Di&'r&" p Di&'r&" p

::

+

p1 2 !';(" 2 !';" , 1 2 ";!'

1

11

3

223

.2.

p

vp

p

vpv ==

5> 2 1 2. 2 @ ">;!'

Pr$ses is$#er"&l +2)>

K$n%isi > ) 1: !$"presi is$*&ri(p

p


94/244

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K$n%isi > 1: !$"presi is$*&ri(

Ker/& se#i&p s&n

"&ss&: - p1+1 >

- 2. +2 @ ) @. !'";!'K$"presi

1 2 ";!'.

> 2 1 @

";!'

Ker/& *ersih "$#$r *&!&r se#i&p s&n"&ss&:

- ne##$ FF.@F @.

1F.@F!'";!'

5

1

2

>P1 p>

p2

51 52 5>

Di&'r&" p Di&'r&" p

::

TUGAS +HOME


95/244

95

2. B(&ri &r#i!el #en#&n' !er/&;ener'i p&%&pr$ses is#i"e-& +is$*&ri(, is$#her"&l %&nis$"e#ri(.

1. S !' %&r& *ere!sp&nsi p&%& #e"perr

!$ns#&n 1 sehin''& $l"e "en'e"*&n' F!&li %&ri $l"e &-&l. Ten#!&n !er/& e!sp&nsi &n'%ih&sil!&n +!'";!' %&n hi#n' p&n&s e!i&len+K(&l;!'. Beri!&n &s"si "en'&p& #e!&n&n '&s&-&l #i%&! %iperhi#n'!&n

TUGAS +HOMEWOR

ENERGI DAAM +'()ER(*+E(ER!,


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96

E(ER!, Ener'i %&l&" +in#ern&l ener' U '&si%e&l h&n& 8n'si %&ri #e"perr.

3

2

$

Pr$ses 1: $l"e !$ns#&n

Pr$ses 2: #e!&n&n !$ns#&n

D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!&per#&"&:

%? % L %- % %? ) %-

Ener'i %&l&" #er%iri %&ri ener'i !ine#i!%&n ener'i p$#ensi&l %&ri sis#e"

Un#! pr$ses %en'&n $l"e

!$ns#&n:% , "&!& !er/&, %-

&%i, % %? (.

%T

Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e!&n&n !$ns#&n:


97/244

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Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e"perr

!$ns#&n:%T , %

% (p.%T p.%

Ener'i %&l&" +internal energy U #i%&! #er'&n#n'p&%& /enis pr$ses & lin#&s&n pr$ses, #e#&pi U

h&n& #er'&n#n' p&%& !e&%&&n &-&l %&n !e&%&&n&!hir pr$ses.% %U L % U2 U1 )

U1 U2

L U1 L U2 & U2 U1 )

U2) UI)


98/244

98

U2 UI

1

sis#e"

U1) U2

2

)

sis#e"

1. Sis#e" +'&s "eneri"& p&n&s , "&!&sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& l&r %&n ener'i%&l&" +internal energy "en/&%i n&i!. P&n&s

%&n !er/& l&r *er#&n%& p$si#i8.

2. Sis#e" +'&s "eneri"& !er/& l&r , "&!&sis#e" "en'el&r!&n p&n&s %&n ener'i%&l&" +internal energy "en/&%i #rn.P&n&s %&n !er/& l&r *er#&n%& ne'i8.

P&n&s "&s! *er#&n%& p$si#i8, p&n&s !el&r *er#&n%& ne'i8. Ker/& "&s!, *er#&n%& ne'i8, "en'h&sil!&n !er/& l&r, *er#&n%& p$si#i8.

H*n'&n ener'i %&l&" %&l&" %&n !er/& -


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99

Ener'i %&l&" +internal energy h&ner'&n#n' p&%& !e&%&&n &-&l %&n !e&%&&n &!hir

pr$ses #e#&pi !er/& - s&n' #er'&n#n' p&%&lin#&s&n pr$ses.

p

III

II

*

& I

Ener'i %&l&" +internal energy h&n& #er'&n#n' p&%& !e&%&&n&-&l %&n &!hir pr$ses, &i# &%&n *

Ker/& - s&n' #er'&n#n' p&%& lin#&s&n pr$ses,!er/& p&%& pr$ses I, II %&n III *er*e%&, &i# -I

-II -IIIsehin''& p&n&s &n' %i"&s!!&n !e

sis#e" /'& *er*e%&, &i# ?I ?II ?III.

P&%& pr$ses I, II %&n III,per*&h&n ener'i %&l&" *) &

$n#$h s$&l: !er/& %&n ener'i %&l&"


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100

@

>2

1

p

Sis#e" *er*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 1

!e !e&%&&n 2 "el&li lin#&s&n 1)>)2 p&n&s &n' "&s! F !%&n sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& 2 !

& Ten#!&n p&n&s &n' "&s! !e

sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n 1)@)2 /i!&sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& F !.

* i!& sis#e" *er*&h !e"*&li %&ri!e&%&&n 2 !e !e&%&&n 1 "el&li !r&len'!n'&n 2)1 %&n sis#e" "eneri"& !er/&1 !, &p&!&h sis#e""eneri"&;"en'el&r!&n p&n&s %&n#en#!&n nil&in&.

Peneles&i&n:


101/244

101

@

>2

1

p

Sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n 1)>)2, "&!&:

U2 U1 VU12

F ! 2 ! >!

i!& sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n 1)@)2, "&!&:

U2 U1 VU12

> ! F ! > ! L F ! >F !

&%i p&n&s &n' "&s! !e sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n1)@)2 >F ! +#&n%& p$si#i8 sis#e" "eneri"&p&n&s

Ener'i %&l&" U h&n& #er'&n#n' %&ri !e&%&&n&-&l %&n &!hir %&ri pr$ses sis#e", "&!& VU1>2

VU1@2 VU12, !&ren& #i#i! &-&l %&n &!hir

&%&l&h s&"&.

ATATAN:

Sis#e" *er*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 2 !e>2

p


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102

!e&%&&n 1 "el&li !r& len'!n'&n 2)1%&n sis#e" "eneri"& !er/& 1 !.

@

2

1

Ker/& "&s!, ) 1 !

Se%&n'!&n, VU21 ) VU12 ) >

!&%i, VU21 VU21L

) > ! 1 ! )@ !T&n%& ne'i8, "&!& sis#e" "en'el&r!&np&n&s, se*es&r @ !.

i!& sis#e" "eneri"& p&n&s %&n "el&!!&n!er/& , "&!& %&n *er#&n%& p$si#i8.Se*&li!n& /i!& sis#e" "eneri"& !er/& %&n"en'el&r!&n p&n&s , "&!& %&n *er#&n%& ne'i8.

ATATAN:

BAB I5 PROSES ADIABATI


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103

Pr$ses &%i&*i! &%&l&h pr$sesper*&h&n !e&%&&n, #i%&! #er%&pp&n&s &n' %i!el&r!&n & %i#eri"&sis#e" %&ri & #erh&%&p se!elilin'n&.+%? .

H&l ini %i"n'!in!&n *il& sis#e"diisolasi. Ke/&%i&n #erse*# #er/&%i p&%&"$#$r)"$#$r *&!&r /enis %iesel, p&%&&!hir !$"presi #e"perr %&r&

s&n' #in''i, sehin''& s&n''p"e"*&!&r *&h&n *&!&r #&np&"en''n&!&n *n'& &pi.

HUBUNGAN (p DAN

(


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104

(

(p ( R R: !$ns#&n#&

'&s

kc

c

v

p = !: !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i(

1,@

(p R L(

1+=+

=vv

v

v

p

c

$katauc

c$

c

c

1

=

k

$cvSehin''&:

Den'&n (&r& &n' s&"&, "&!&%i%&p: 1

.

=k

$kcp

PROSES ADIABATI

H ! # %i i! # % %


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105

H!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&: %? % L%-

% (%T %&n %- p.

% (%T L p. %

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l , p. Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l , p. R.TR.T

v

#$p

.=

0).:(0.

. =+=+v

"v

c

$

#

"#makac#"v

v

#$"#c

v

vv

Pr$ses &%i&*i(, %?

p

p2

p1

21

2

1

2

1

ll #J di!$

#c

$

+


106/244

106

.. 1 constv# k =

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l , p . R.T

p

#$vatau

$

vp#

..==

..,lnln constv#Jadi!onstvc

$# v

c

v

==+

kcc

v

p =D&ri, R (p) (%&n%&n

1= kc

$

v

1+=vc

$k1, =

= k

c

cc

c

$maka

v

vp

v


107/244

107

p

#$vuntuk .= .

. 1

constp

#$#

k

=

!p# kk

=1

.

.adi p! v k # 0

... 1

const

$

vvp k=

$

vp#untuk .=

P * h ! % i% l


108/244

108

Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s i%e&lp&%& pr$ses &%i&*i(:

!p# kk

=1

.

p. !

.. 1 constv# k =

p

p2

p1

21

2

1

2

1

KEADAAN 1 DAN 2 ADAAH:


109/244

109

!v# k =1.

( )1

2

112

=

k

v

v##

p. ! p1. 1! p2.

2!

k

v

v

p

p

=

2

1

1

2k

p

p

v

v1

1

2

2

1

=

1

2

1

1

2

=

k

v

v

#

#

( )k

#

#VV

=

1

1

1

212

p

p2

p1

21

2

1

2

1

KEADAAN 1 DAN 2 ADAAH:

k1


110/244

110

!p#

k

k

=

1

.

( )k

k

p

p

##

1

1

2

12

=

( )1

1

212

= k

k

##pp

k

k

p

p

#

#

=

1

1

2

2

1p

p2

p1

2

1

2

1

2

1


111/244

vpvp$


112/244

112

)(1

12211 vpvpk( =

Ker/& pr$ses E!sp&nsiA%i&*i(:

)(1

11122 vpvp

k(

=

Ker/& pr$ses !$"presiA%i&*i(:

=

$

vp

$

vp

k

$( 2211

..

1

p

p2

p1

21

2

1

2

1

Ker/& pr$ses E!sp&nsiKer/& pr$ses E!sp&nsiA%i * i

pp11


113/244

113

A%i&*i(:A%i&*i(:

pp22

pp11

2211

22

22

11

)(1

1

2211

vpvpk

*

=

=

=

1

211

11

2211 11

.

.

.1

1

.

#

#

k

vp

vp

vp

k

vp*

k

v

v

p

p"ari

=

2

1

1

2,

=

1

2

111 11

.k

v

v

k

vp*

ONTOH SOA: PROSESADIABATI

1 G&s *ere!sp&nsi &%i&*i( %&ri #e!&n&n J &


114/244

114

Pers&"&&n e!sp&nsi'&s:

!Vp =32

.

Hi#n' !er/& &n' %il&!!&n'&s.Peneles&i&

n:P1 J & J +1,1 1F J,J +1F

N;"P2 2 & 2 +1,1 1

F 2,2 +1F

N;"

1. G&s *ere!sp&nsi &%i&*i( %&ri #e!&n&n J &"en/&%i 2 &, $l"e &-&l 51 ,F "

>%&n

#e"perr &-&l T1 >.

3

2

113

2

.. VpVp = 32

3

2

11.

V

Vp

p=

Ker/& sis#e" , % p.%

=2

1

.

v

v

"Vp(

==2 2

3

2

3

2

1123

2

11 ..

v v

"VVVp"V

Vp(

p

p11


115/244

115

1 1

11

3

211

v v

p

V

p

p2

21

2

2

1

= 3

1

13

1

23

2

11.3 VVVp(

Pers&"&&n !e&%&&n 1%&n 2:

3

2

223

2

11 .. VpVp =

3

2

5

5

2

3

2

113

2

2 )5,0(10.02,2

10.06,6.==

p

VpV

3

23

2

2 6,2,89,1 mVja"iV ==

112p

p11


116/244

116

= 31

13

1

23

2

11.3 VVVp(

= 3

1

3

1

3

2

55,06,25,0.10.06,6.3(

> +J,J 1F+,J>+,FC

J,J@> +1F N"

p2

p1

21

2

2

1

51 ,F ">

52 2,J ">

2. P&%& l&n'!&h !$"presi &%i&*i( "esin Diesel,%&r& %i!$"presi %&ri #e!&n&n 1 & %&n


117/244

117

%&r& %i!$"presi %&ri #e!&n&n 1 & %&n#e"perr 2 "en/&%i 1;1 $l"e "l&)"l&.Ten#!&n: & #e!&n&n %&n #e"perr &!hir, * !er/&

&n' h&rs %i*eri!&n per s&n "&ss& %&r&.

Peneles&i&n:

K$ns#&n#& A%i&*i(, ! 1,@

R %&r& 2, !'";!'Kp1 1 & 1.>>2

!';"

p

p1

p2

12

1

2

1

2

T1 2 L 2>K

>K

12101 VV =

Pr$ses &%i&*#&i(, p.5 !!$ns#&n

p

p2


118/244

118

%

% p

pp 10.

10

1 1

12 =

=

!$ns#&n& p1. 51

! p2. 52!

p1. 51!

p2+ 1;151

!

atam

kgp 25528.259)10(332.10

2

4,1

2 ===

p1

p2

12

1

1

2

T. 5 !)1 !$ns#&n

T1. 51!)1

T2. 52!)1

1

11

1

2

10.

10

1

=

= kk

##

#

!%# 014,12 48075310.300 ===

* Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l per s&n "&ss&:

p R Tp R T pp R T R T


119/244

119

p. R. Tp. R. T pp11. . 11 R. T R. T11

kg

m

p

#$

v

3

1

1

1 8644,0332.10

300.77,29.

===

Pr$ses A%i&*i(, !er/& K$"presi:Pr$ses A%i&*i(, !er/& K$"presi:

)(

1

11122 vpvp

k

(

=

( )

=

= 11121122 .

10

1.

1

1..

1

1vpvp

kvpvp

k(

= )8644,0(10332)8644,0(

10

1.259528

14,1

1(

22.@>> !'" C.>1 !'" 1>F2!'" 1>2@F@ N" + /$le

>. K$"pres$r %&r& 2 #in'! *er$per&si %en'&n pr$ses&%i&*i( %&n "en''n&!&n pen%in'in +inter cooler.


120/244

120

'' p ' + (p%&r& 1,F !;!'K %&n (%&r& ,1 !;!'K.Te!&n&n his&p +suction pressure, PS C !P&,#e!&n&n !el&r +discharge pressure, P% C *&r C!P&. Te"perr %&r& "&s!, #i >, #e!&n&nin#er ($$ler, Pi +ps. p% ,F Te"perr %&r& !el&rin#er ($$ler > , Ten#!&n %&& &n' %iperl!&n$leh !$"pres$r per s&n "&ss& %&r&, *&n%in'!&n*il& !$"pres$r h&n& #er%iri %&ri 1 #in'!. +! 1,@.

pi

ps

TSP%

T%

Ti

U%&r&"&s!

U%&r&!el&r

!$"pres$r

In#er ($$ler

1 2

T$

Peneles&i&n:

TS > > L 2>K

>>K

PS C !P&

P% C *&r C !P&

Pi +ps. p%,F

ps

TP%

U%&r&"&s!

U%&r&!el&r

K$"pres$r 2 #in'!


121/244

121

pi

TS%

T%

Ti

!!$"pres$r

In#er ($$ler

1 2

T$

K$"pres$r 2 #in'!

Un#! #in'! 1:

Ker/& , (+Ti TS

( ) ( ) kappp "si 280800.98. 5,05,0 ===

4,1

14,11

98

280

303

=

= ik

k

s

i

s

i #ataup

p

#

# Ti @K

Ker/&, (+Ti TS ,1 +@ >> J

!;!'

U+tuk t+gkat 26

&! & 27K &K

ps

P%

U%&r&"&s

U%&r&!el&r


122/244

122

o &! & 27K &K

4,1

14,11

280800

303

=

= "k

k

i

"

o

" #ataupp

##

T%

@K

Ker/&, (+T% T$ ,1 +@ >> J!;!'T$#&l !er/& n#! 2 #in'! , #$#&l J L J 1F2!;!'D&& &n' %iperl!&n , P 1F2!;!'

pi

TSP%

T%

Ti

!!$"pres$r

In#er ($$ler

1 2

T$

Bil& !$"pres$r h&n& 1 #in'!,"&!&:


123/244

123

"&!&:

4,1

14,11

98

800

303

=

= "k

k

s

"

s

" #atau

p

p

#

#

T% FF2K

Ker/&, (+T% TS

,1 +FF2 ) >> 1C,F!;!'

D&& &n' %iperl!&n , P 1C,F!;!'

Pen'he"&n %&& n#! !$"pres$r 2#in'!

%5,17%100152

1525,178=

x

s

:d

d

Udara

masuk

Udara

keluar

komresor

$

TUGAS +HOMEWOR


124/244

124

WOR

Se*&h silin%er pis#$n p$"p&

sepe%&, p&n/&n' l&n'!&h C in.Pis#$n %i#e!&n sehin''& silin%er*&-&h #e!&n&n n&i! "en/&%i JFl*;in &*s$l#. Bil& #e!&n&n %&r&l&r 1F l*;in &*s$l#, hi#n'

p&n/&n' l&n'!&h pene!&n&n pis#$n.& Pene!&n&n pis#$n se(&r& perl&h&n

+pr$ses is$#her"&l

* Pene!&n&n pis#$n se(&r& (ep+pr$ses &%i&*i(

==2

=1

11

TUGAS +HOMEWOR


125/244

125

>. Sis#e" +%&r& "e"pn&i #e!&n&n &-&l ,& %&n #e"perr @F *er&%& %&l&" sr&n' #er#en#, %&r& %i!$"presi &%i&*i(hin''& $l"e &!hir "en/&%i 1;F $l"e &-&l.Hi#n' #e!&n&n %&n #e"perr &!hir !$"presi, ! 1,@

2. M&ss& %&r& , " 1 !' %en'&n #e"perr

> "l& ) "l& *er#e!&n&n 1 &. Sel&n/#n&%&r& %i!$"presi %en'&n pr$ses &%i&*i( hin''&"en(&p&i #e!&n&n 1 &. Hi#n' !er/& + &n'h&rs %i*eri!&n. +! 1,@ %&n %& l&in %&p%ilih %i #&*el.

WOR

@. B(&ri &r#i!el #en#&n' !er/&;ener'i p&%&pr$ses is#i"e-&, &i# pr$ses &%i&*i(.

BAB 5. KAPASITAS PANAS +HE*) -*.*-'),Bil& p&%& s sis#e" +'&s %i*eri!&n p&n&s %


126/244

126

hin''& "en&i!&n #e"perr sis#e" se*es&r %T,"&!& per*&n%in'&n p&n&s % %en'&n !en&i!&n

#e"perr %T %ise*# !&p&si#&s p&n&s %&risis#e" +.

"#

"("+

"#

")!

+==%T

%

'&s

1 i!& pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& $l"e !$ns#&n, "&!&!&p&si#&s p&n&s %ise*# %en'&n !&p&si#&s p&n&s$l"e !$ns#&n +.

1 i!& pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& #e!&n&n !$ns#&n, "&!&

!&p&si#&s p&n&s %ise*# %en'&n !&p&si#&s p&n&s#e!&n&n !$ns#&n +p.

1 K&p&si#&s p&n&s per s&n "&ss& " %ise*#p&n&s spesi0! +specic heat, %en'&n n$#&si ( +!e(il

")!

1/&%i p&n&s spesi0! s sis#e" &%&l&h:

",


127/244

127

"#m

")

m

!c

.== "#c",atau

"#

",c .==

m

!c"an

m

!c vv

p

p ==

D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&: % %U L%Un#! pr$ses %en'&n $l"e !$ns#&n: %5 %&n %

%? % (. %T

Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e!&n&n !$ns#&n:

%? (p. %T

Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e"perr !$ns#&n:%T , % %? %-

P&n&s #$#&l &n' "&s! !e sis#e" n#!


128/244

128

P&n&s #$#&l &n' "&s! !e sis#e" n#! "&ss&

", p&%& pr$ses #e!&n&n !$ns#&n :% ". %? ". (p.

%T "#cm)

#

#

p .2

1

=

Bil& (p!$ns#&n, "&!& : ". (p +T2

T1

"&ss& ", p&%& pr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n :

% ". %? ". (.

%T

U2 U1 " (+T2 T1

HUBUNGAN (p DAN

(


129/244

129

(p ( R R: !$ns#&n#&

'&s

k

c

c

v

p = !: !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i(

1,@

(p R L(

1+=+

= vvv

v

p

c

$

katauc

c$

c

c

1

=k

$cvSehin''&:

Den'&n (&r& &n' s&"&, "&!&%i%&p: 1

.

=k

$kcp

T&*el h&r'& (p%&n (p&%& # 1F s&"p&i

2


130/244

130

2 GAS (p+!(&l;!' ,K (+!(&l;!' ,K

O2+$!si'en ,21C ,1FJ

H2+hi%r$'en >,@F 2,@2

O +K&r*$n "n ,2F ,1

U%&r& ,2@ ,12

O2+K&r*$n %i ,22 ,1F

2H2+&si#elin ,> ,2@

H@+"e#h&ne ,F1C ,>@

ONTOH SOA: KAPASITASPANAS1 S * h * 5 > li * i i % %


131/244

131

1. Se*&h #&*n', 5 > li#er *erisi %&r& %en'&n#e!&n&n 2 !';("A, #e"perr >. U%&r&

%ip&n&s!&n sehin''& #e!&n&n n&i! "en/&%i @!';("A, hi#n' p&n&s &n' h&rs %iperl!&n+!(&l.

Peneles&i&n:

5$l"e #&*n' #e#&p, /&%ipr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n+is$"e#ri(:

T1 > L 2>K >>K

%&r&

2 &

>

Silin%er

!%p

p##

0

1

212 333606

2

4303 ====

P&n&s &n' %iperl!&n se#i&p s&n"&ss&:? (+T2 T1 ,12 +>>> > F2

!(&l;!'

$ntuk udara 'v# 42

k'al/kg50!

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l%en'&nSilin%er


132/244

132

%en'&n"e"perhi#n'!&n "&ss&:

p. 5 ". R. T

kg#$

Vpm 0665,0

303.77,29

03,0.000.20

.

.

1

1 ===

&%i /"l&h p&n&s &n' h&rs%i*eri!&n: ,JJF !' . F2 !(&l;!' >,F!(&l

%&r&

2 &

> M&ss& +" %&r& %&l&"#&*n':

2. Pe"&n&s %&r& *er$per&si p&%& #e!&n&n"$s0r %&ri #e"perr 1 s&"p&i F.P ! i i h # # ! ! %


133/244

133

Pe"&!&i&n &ir h&n' n#! "e"&n&s!&n %&r&,&lir&n %&r& 1.2 ";/&". Hi#n' p&n&s &n'

%i*eri!&n se#i&p /&".Peneles&i&n:

P&n&s spesi0! #e!&n&n !$ns#&n +%&r&, (p ,2@

!(&l;!'.P&n&s &n' %iperl!&n se#i&p s&n "&ss&%&r&:

? (p+T2 T1 ,2@ W F +)1X 1@,@!(&l;!'

kg

m

p

#$

v

3

2

93,010332

323.77,29

===

Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l, p. R.T

P " 1>>2 !';"2

T F F L 2> >2> KR %&r& 2, !'";!' K

Densi#%&r&:

075111 kg


134/244

134

Alir&n "&ss&%&r&:

jam

kgVG 1290)200.1(075,1. ===

&%i, G. ? 12 !';/&" +1@,@!(&l;!'

1C.FJ !(&l;/&"

3075,1

93,0 m

g

v===

BAB 5I. ENTHAPY

En#h&lp +H s sis#e" &%&l&h pen/"l&h&n


135/244

135

H U L p.5

D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&, % %U

L %

se%&n'!&n p. 5 %

"&!&: % %H A#&: H2 H1

En#h&lp +H s sis#e" &%&l&h pen/"l&h&n%&ri ener'i %&l&" +internal energy %en'&nh&sil !&li #e!&n&n %&n $l"e sis#e".

L U1 L U2 & U2 U1 )

U1 U2

D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&

P&%& pr$ses #e!&n&n !$ns#&n, p +52 51

U U ) p +5 5


136/244

136

U2 U1 ) p +52 51

+U2L p 52 +U1L p 51 (p+T2

T1

&%i, H2 H1 p+T2 T1 /$le, !(&l, BTU

En#h&lp spesi0! en#h&lp per s&n

"&ss& +h:h2 h1 (p +T2 T1 /$le;!' < !(&l;!' : #i#i! !ri#is &ir, #e!&n&n %i&s #i#i! !ri#is #i%&! #er/&%i#r&nsisi %&ri &ir "en/&%i &p

En#&lpi spesi0! p&%& /aturated Water

P&%& #e!&n&n "$s0r, nil&i en#&lpi spesi0!


138/244

138

, p psaturated &ater, h8 @1 !;!'

En#&lpi spesi0! &ir +&ater %&p %ihi#n':

h8 (p+#8)

#$h8: en#&lpi &ir +!;!'

(p: p&n&s spesi0! &ir @,1 +!;!' #8: #e"perr pen'&p&n +

#$ #e"perr &!#&l +

En#&lpi spesi0! p&%& /aturated steam

P&%& #e!&n&n "$s0r, nil&i en#&lpi spesi0!saturated steam, h8 2.JJ !;!'

En#&lpi spesi0! pen'&p&n %&p %ihi#n':

h +h


139/244

139

h8' +h')

h8h8': en#&lpi spesi0! pen'&p&n

+!;!'P&%& #e!&n&n "$s0r, nil&i en#&lpispesi0! pen'&p&n n#! &ir %&p%ihi#n'0

h8' 2.JJ @1 2.2F!;!'

TUGAS +HOME WOR

&ri %&8#&r #&*el STEAM s&n S#&n%&rin#ern&si$n&l +SI %&n s&n IMPERIA+Bri#his

BAB 5II. APIKASI HKM ITERMODINAMIKA PROSES MEINGKAR ARNOT


140/244

140

Pr$ses "elin'!&r &rn$#Pr$ses "elin'!&r &rn$#

&%&l&h pr$ses reersi*le &n'&%&l&h pr$ses reersi*le &n'#er%iri %&ri sep&s&n' pr$ses#er%iri %&ri sep&s&n' pr$ses

is$#her"&l %&n sep&s&n'is$#her"&l %&n sep&s&n'

pr$ses &%i&*i(.pr$ses &%i&*i(.

Pr$ses 1 ) 2: e!sp&nsiPr$ses 1 ) 2: e!sp&nsi

is$#her"&l, sis#e" +'&sis$#her"&l, sis#e" +'&s

"ener&p p&n&s "ener&p p&n&s 22%&ri%&ri

reser$ir p&n&s %en'&nreser$ir p&n&s %en'&n

#e"perr !$ns#&n T#e"perr !$ns#&n T22. 5$l"e. 5$l"esis#e" *er#&"*&h %&ri 5sis#e" *er#&"*&h %&ri 511

"en/&%i 5"en/&%i 522%&n sis#e"%&n sis#e"

"el&!!&n !er/& e!sp&nsi"el&!!&n !er/& e!sp&nsi

se*es&r se*es&r 22

3

$

2

#

$

2

#

3$ 32 33#

;$

;2

$-26eksa+s sotermal

2-6eksa+s adabat0

-#6komres sotermal

#-$6komres adabat0

PROSES MEINGKAR ARNOT

BAB 5. APIKASI HUKUMTERMODINAMIKA I

PROSES MEINGKAR


141/244

141

Pr$ses "elin'!&r &rn$# &%&l&h

pr$ses reersi*le &n' #er%iri %&risep&s&n' pr$ses is$#her"&l %&nsep&s&n' pr$ses &%i&*i(.

Pr$ses 1 ) 2: e!sp&nsi is$#her"&l,sistem+'&s "ener&p p&n&s ?1

%&ri s"*er ener'i p&n&s %en'&n#e"perr !$ns#&n T1. 5$l"e

spesi0! sis#e" *er#&"*&h %&ri 1

"en/&%i 2%&n /"l&h p&n&s ?1&%&l&h:

pp

11

22

>>

@@

pp11

pp22

pp>>

pp@@

11 22 >>@@??22

??11

1)2:e!sp&nsi1)2:e!sp&nsi

is$#her"&lis$#her"&l

2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(

>)@:!$"presi>)@:!$"presi


@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(

PROSES MEINGKARARNOT

Un#! per s&n "&ss& 1 !'

1

2111 ln.

v

v#$*, ==

Pr$ses 2 ) >: e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(,pp

11pp


142/244

142

p&%& #i#i! 2 #r&ns8er p&n&s%ihen#i!&n, #e"perr sistem

+'&s #rn %&ri T1%i #i#i! 2 !e T2

%i #i#i! >. 5$l"e sis#e"*er#&"*&h %&ri 52"en/&%i 5>%&n

sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& e!sp&nsise*es&r -

11

22

>>

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pp11

pp22

pp>>

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11 22 >>@@??22

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@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(

==2

1

3

2

'#

#

v"#c"u*

)()(' 2112 ##c##c* vv ==

Pr$ses > ) @: !$"presii #h l i t +

pp

11pp11


143/244

143

is$#her"&l, sistem+'&s%i!$n#&!!&n %en'&n reser$ir

%in'in #e"perr !$ns#&n T2%&n sis#e" "e"*eri!&n p&n&s?2. 5$l"e sis#e" *er!r&n'

%&ri 5>"en/&%i 5@. Sis#e"

"ener&h!&n p&n&s ?2. P&%&

pr$ses is$#her"is, /"l&h p&n&s !er/&.

22

>>

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pp>>

pp@@

11 22 >>@@??22

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>)@:!$"presi>)@:!$"presiis$#her"&lis$#her"&l

@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(

3

4222 ln.

v

v#$*, ==

Pr$ses @ ) 1: !$"presi &%i&*i(

pp

11pp11


144/244

144

phin''& !e"*&li !e #i#i! &-&l +1,sis#e" "eneri"& !er/& !$"presise*es&r - %&n "en&i!!&nener'i %&l&" sehin''e"perr sis#e" n&i! %&ri T2%i

#i#i! @ "en/&%i T1%i #i#i! 1.

5$l"e sis#e" *er!r&n' %&ri 5@

"en/&%i 51%&n sis#e" !e"*&li !e

!e&%&&n se"l&.

==1

2

1

4

''

#

#

v"#c"u*

)( 21'' ##c* v =

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>>

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pp22

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@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(

Ker/& ne##$ p&%& pr$ses "elin'!&r (&rn$#:

- -1L - L -2L -


145/244

145

1 2

( ) ++= 211

21 ln. ##c

vv#$* v

( )213

42 ln. ##c

v

v#$ v

=

4

32

1

21 ln..ln..

V

V#$

V

V#$*

+

=

3

42

1

21 ln..ln.

termodinamika modul kuliah_2

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