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ANATOMIBy. Paryono

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Allah SWT berfirman :Allah SWT berfirman :QS AtQS At--Tiin (95) : 4Tiin (95) : 4

“Sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya”.

“Dialah yang membentuk kamu dalam rahim sebagaimana dikehendaki-Nya tak ada tuhan (yang berhak di sembah) melainkan

Dia, yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana”.

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PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIAAllah menciptakan Manusia dalam 4 model

� Proses Penciptaan Nabi Adam AS

� Proses Penciptaan Bunda Hawa

� Proses Penciptaan Nabi Isa AS

� Proses Penciptaan Kebanyakan Manusia

QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14

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PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIAQS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14

Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dari

suatu sari pati (berasal) dari tanah.

Kemudian Kami jadikan sari pati itu air mani (yang

disimpan) ditempat yang kukuh (rahim).

Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu

segumpal darah itu kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan

segumpal daging itu kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu

tulang belulang itu kami bungkus dengan daging .

Kemudian kami jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain.

Maka Maha Sucilah Allah, Pencipta yang paling baik.

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Dari sudut medis, anatomi terdiri dari berbagai

pengetahuan tentang bentuk, letak, ukuran, dan

hubungan berbagai struktur dari tubuh manusia

sehat sehingga sering disebut sebagai anatomi

deskriptif atau topografis.

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WHAT IS ANATOMY ?

• Anatomy (Greek: ana: apart; temmein: to cut)

»“Cutting up apart” (Latin equivalent:

dissecare � dissection)

AnatomyAnatomy((DiscplineDiscpline/field of /field of

scientific study)scientific study)

DissectionDissection(One of the methods/ (One of the methods/

techniques used in techniques used in

studying the body)studying the body)

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WHAT IS ANATOMY ?

ANATOMY

• The part of biological science that deals

primarily with structure and function of the

body

• The study of living human beings

»Cannot be learned completely by

studying the bodies of dead persons

• The basis of medical language

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Studying Anatomy

• The study of etymology (derivation of words) » Helps remember anatomy and find the process

enjoyable

• Cecum � caecus (Lat.): blind• The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal portion of ileum (Lat.: roll up/twist)

» The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small intestines

MEMORISINGMEMORISING(New language:4500 (New language:4500

words)words)

UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGThe links between structure & The links between structure & functionfunctionIntellectually more satisfyingIntellectually more satisfyingIt makes its long term It makes its long term retention easierretention easier

vs

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SEJARAH ANATOMI• Ilmu dasar medis paling tua dipelajari (500 thn S.M

• Pertama kali ditulis oleh Papyruses antara 3000-2500 S.M.

• Diajarkan oleh Hippocrates Thn 460-377S.M.sekaligus disebut sebagai bapak kedokteran

• Aristoteles (384-322 SM)

sebagai orang pertama yang menggunakan istilah anatomi

• Andreas Vesalius’s 1514-1564) mempublikasikan anatomi & era baru. Anatomi menjadi disipline ilmu yang obyektif. Dasar pertama seni ilmu kedokteran13/09/2011 10Pyn/anatomi/2011

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Lanjutan

• Williem Harvey di era Hieroniymus Frabiceus (1537-1619) menemukan katub vena.

• 1628 publikasi buku Harvey’s “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Anamalibus”.

• Abad 17 diseksi manusia menjadi pembelajaran anatomi di sekolah-sekolah Eropa

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GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF

ANATOMY

• MACROANATOMY Naked eyes

(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)

Included: SURFACE Observation,

ANATOMY palpation, percussion,

auscultation

• MICROANATOMY MicroscopeCYTOLOGY cells

HISTOLOGY tissues

• EMBRYOLOGY Development of the

structures

• COMPARATIVE Examine

ANATOMY the structures

of other animals

AA

NN

AA

TT

OO

MM

YY

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METHODS OF METHODS OF

STUDYING STUDYING

ANATOMY ANATOMY

•DISSECTION (Cadaver)

•SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body)

(observation, palpation,

percussion,auscultation)

•ENDOSCOPY (Living body: internal

structures)/invasive

•ORGAN IMAGE (noninvasive, nondestructive)

RADIOLOGY

X-ray

(radiographs, contrast

media, tomography,

computer-assisted

tomography/CAT/CT)

ULTRASONO-

GRAPHY

(USG)

ultrasound

wave

MAGNETIC

RESONANCE

IMAGING(MRI)*

electromagnetic

wave

RADIOISOTOPE

IMAGING

uptake of

isotope

radioactive

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PENDEKATAN BELAJAR

ANATOMI

• ANATOMI REGIONAL

– Topografi tubuh manusia sebagai segmen-

segmen (kepala, leher, badan, anggota dll)

– Mempelajari tubuh manusia yang

memfokuskan pada bagian tertentu

– Anatomi regional dapat dilihat dari :

• Anatomi permukaan >>>pemeriksaan dng palpasi

• Anatomi viceral>>>dengan radiografi

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Lanjutan

• ANATOMI SISTEMIK

– Mempelajari anatomi berdasarkan sistem

(Integumen, skeletal, artikuler,

muskuler,nervous, sirkulasi, digestivus,

respiratorius, urinarius, reproduksi, endokrin)

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TERMINOLOGI ANATOMI

• Posisi anatomi

• Posisi bidang (median, sagital, frontal, transversa)

ISTILAH-ISTILAH ANATOMI

• Superficial, intermediate & deep (lapisan)

• Medial, lateral, external & internal (lokasi)

• Posterior, anterior, inferior, superior,

proksimal, distal (arah)

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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION

Description of the body based on the assumption of the anatomical position

* Directions * Relation of the parts of the body

A person in anatomical position is

standing errect with the head, eyes

and toes directed foreward, heels

and the toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by sides with the palms facing anteriorly

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TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP

(DIRECTIONAL TERMS/

TERMS OF COMPARISON)

( to describe:

• relationship of parts of the body in the anatomical position

• the location of structures in the body with reference to the anatomical position

• comparison of the relative position of two structures each other)

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TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP

• Various terms are used to describe the

relationship of parts of the body in the

anatomical position.

• The terms listed below are used to indicate the

location of structures in the body with reference

to the anatomical position, irrespective of the

position of the body of the patient or the

cadaver.

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The radius is on the lateral side of the The radius is on the lateral side of the

forearmforearm

Farther away from the median Farther away from the median

plane of the bodyplane of the body

LateralLateral

The ulna is on the medial side of the The ulna is on the medial side of the

forearmforearm

Nearer to the median plane of Nearer to the median plane of

the bodythe body

MedialMedial

The heart is posterior to the sternumThe heart is posterior to the sternumNearer to the back of the bodyNearer to the back of the bodyPosteriorPosterior

The sternum is anterior to the heartThe sternum is anterior to the heartNearer to the front of the bodyNearer to the front of the bodyAnteriorAnterior

The stomach is inferior of the heartThe stomach is inferior of the heartToward the feetToward the feetInferiorInferior

The heart is superior to the stomachThe heart is superior to the stomachToward the headToward the headSuperiorSuperior

ExampleExampleDefinitionDefinitionTermTerm

Commonly used directional termsCommonly used directional terms

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surface of the lungssurface of the lungscovering of an organcovering of an organ

The visceral pleura covers the The visceral pleura covers the

externalexternal

Pertaining to thePertaining to theVisceralVisceral

The parietal pleura lines the The parietal pleura lines the

inside of the thoracic wallinside of the thoracic wall

Pertaining to the outer wall of a Pertaining to the outer wall of a

body cavitybody cavity

ParietalParietal

The humerus is deep/profundal The humerus is deep/profundal

to the muscles of the armto the muscles of the arm

Farther from the surfaceFarther from the surfaceProfundal/ deepProfundal/ deep

The muscles of the arm are The muscles of the arm are

superficial to the bonesuperficial to the bone

Nearer to the surfaceNearer to the surfaceSuperficialSuperficial

The wrist joint is distal to the The wrist joint is distal to the

elbow jointelbow joint

Farther from the attachment of a Farther from the attachment of a

limb or a structurelimb or a structure

DistalDistal

The elbow joint is proximal to The elbow joint is proximal to

the wrist jointthe wrist joint

Nearer the attachment of a limb Nearer the attachment of a limb

or a structureor a structure

ProximalProximal

ExampleExampleDefinitionDefinitionTermTerm

(Inferior= caudal= below: toward the feet or lower part of the body(Inferior= caudal= below: toward the feet or lower part of the body

Superior= cranial= cephalic= aboveSuperior= cranial= cephalic= above

Anterior= ventral= front= rostralAnterior= ventral= front= rostral

Posterior= dorsal= behindPosterior= dorsal= behind

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TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Anatomy is concerned with living body, hence

there are various terms to describe the

different types of movement of the limbs and

other parts of the body.

Movements take place at certain joints where

two or more bones meet one another

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FLEXION

EXTENSION

ABDUCTION

ADDUCTION

OPPOSITION

REPOSITION

Bending or making a decreasing angle between the

bones or parts of the body

(-dorsiflexion: flexion in dorsal direction (in the ankle)

-lateroflexion: lateral bending (of the trunk)

Straightening of a bent parts of the body

(-hyperextension: movement beyond the extension)

-plantarflexion (at the ankle joint)

Moving away from the median plane in the coronal

plane (-abduction of the fingers and toes: spreading

away)

Moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane

(-adduction of the fingers: moving the fingers toward

the middle finger -adduction of the toes: moving the

toes toward the second toe)

The movement during which the thumb pad is

brought to a finger pad

The movement of the thumb from the position of

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PROTRACTIONPROTRACTION

RETRACTIONRETRACTION

ELEVATIONELEVATION

DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION

Movement anteriorly (forward)Movement anteriorly (forward)

((--drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward)drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward)

Movement posteriorly (backward)Movement posteriorly (backward)

((--drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)

Lifting, raising or moving a part superiorlyLifting, raising or moving a part superiorly

((--elevating the shoulder when shruggingelevating the shoulder when shrugging

--raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)

Letting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorlyLetting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorly

((--depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs

when standing at ease)when standing at ease)

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CIRCUMDUCTIONCIRCUMDUCTION

ROTATIONROTATION

Circular movement (to draw around or to form a Circular movement (to draw around or to form a

circle).circle).

The combination of successive movements of The combination of successive movements of

flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in

such a way that the distal end of the part being such a way that the distal end of the part being

moved forms a circle.moved forms a circle.

(This sequence of movements results in a cone of (This sequence of movements results in a cone of

movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist, movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist,

and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers: and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers:

the movement of the thumb and index finger)the movement of the thumb and index finger)

Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its

long axislong axis

((--rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and

the femur at the hip joint)the femur at the hip joint)

Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane

of the body.of the body.

Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median

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EVERSION OF THEEVERSION OF THE

FOOTFOOT

INVERSION OF THEINVERSION OF THE

FOOTFOOT

SUPINATIONSUPINATION

PRONATIONPRONATION

The movement turns the plantar surface or The movement turns the plantar surface or

sole of the foot away from the median plane sole of the foot away from the median plane

(the foot faces laterally)(the foot faces laterally)

The movement turns the plantar surface or The movement turns the plantar surface or

sole of the foot toward the median plane of the sole of the foot toward the median plane of the

body (the sole faces medially)body (the sole faces medially)

The movement that rotates the radius of the The movement that rotates the radius of the

forearm laterally around its long axis, so that forearm laterally around its long axis, so that

the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and

the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in

the anatomical position.the anatomical position.

The movement that rotates the radius of the The movement that rotates the radius of the

forearm medially around its long axis so that forearm medially around its long axis so that

the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its

dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb

is by the side in the anatomical position.is by the side in the anatomical position.13/09/2011 39Pyn/anatomi/2011

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TUTORIAL

Setelah mengikuti pertemuan materi ini,

Anda dipersilahkan untuk menyebutkan

bagian-bagian yang ditunjuk pada gambar-

gambar berikut dengan benar, tanpa melihat

uraian materi di atas.

Setelah mengisi item-item latihan tersebut, cocokan dengan materi untuk

mengetahui kebenaran jawaban Anda!!!

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A

B

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C

D

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E

F

J

I

H

G

K

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L M

N O

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P

Q

R

S

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8

11

10

9

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12

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2019

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