sufi quran

8/10/2019 Sufi Quran

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Suf Qurn Commentary (Drat, not or citation withoutpermission.) by Dr. Alan o!las

"ote# $his is ormatte! or unico!e. %in!ows users can !ownloa! theunico!e ont by clic&in' here.$he transliteration scheme is partncyclope!ia ranica (or the *owels &asra an! +amma) an! the restuses the ibrary o Con'ress system. Althou'h ori'inally this wasormatte! usin' the ncyclope!ia ranica-s ont ran %eb /, ha*enow ormatte! this usin' unico!e since a number o people ha*eencountere! !i0culties with ran %eb /. Since ha*e reormatte! it1uic&ly, there may be errors, especially in capitali2ation an!transliteration on account o the switch to 3nico!e. you fn! errors,please let me &now.

Al-Tafsr al-f (Suf 4oran e5e'esis), also reerre! to as al-tafsral-eshr or be'l-eshra (4oran e5e'esis throu'h allusion), is a little6stu!ie!, contro*ersial, an! *oluminous 'enre o 4oran commentary,the &ey eature o which is the un*eilin' (kashf) to the in!i*i!ual Sufcommentator o a relationship between a 4oranic *erse an! Sufconcepts. Althou'h the only comprehensi*e scholarly wor& on this'enre is the $ur&ish r tefsr okulu(Ate7, 89:;), ecause Sufcommentators re1uently mo*e beyon! the apparent (her) point o

the yt on which they are commentin' an! instea! relate 4oranicyt to the inner or esoteric (ben)an! metaphysical !imensionso consciousness an! e5istence, they ha*e oten been critici2e!(Dhahab?, *ol. /, pp. @@:6@:B ashann?, pp. @96E=). $he *ali!ity osuch criticism is itsel 1uestionable, howe*er, when it reaches thee5tent o conFatin' Suf tafsrwith smG?l? (benya)taw?l.

Althou'h both Suf tafsran! smG?l? tawlmay share the!esi'nation o tawlan! are superfcially similar, in act they are two!istinct &in!s o hermeneutics. Hn the one han!, two si'nifcanteatures o smG?l? tawlare as ollows# frst, its metho! !eri*es romthe oun!ation (ass)that is the mamB an! secon!, in smG?l? tawlthe obIect o the ytre*eale! by tawlis also oten the mam (%al&er899@, 8/;68@@ an! 899;, p. 8/=B Jabil, p. @B "anIi, p. 89/B Corbin,89:E, p. E/@B Corbin 89@, p. 99B Datary, p. @). Hn the other han!,frst, in Suf tafsrthe metho! is kashf(an un*eilin' to the heart o theinterpreter)66contin'ent not on the mam but *ariously on the 'race oo!, the spiritual capacity o the interpreter, an! the !e'ree o one-sspiritual eKortB an! secon!, in Suf tafsrthe obIect re*eale! is lar'ely
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relate! to Suf practice or to an ontolo'ical or anthropolo'ical aspect oSuf !octrine but is not claime! to in*ali!ate the e5oteric meanin' othe ya! n spite o the oten obuscatin' criticism, e*en Sunni scholarssuch as ha2l? (!. E=EL8888), bn Qayyem Maw2?ya (!. :E8L8@E=),ShNeb? (!. :9=L8@), an! SaG!6al6D?n $ata2n? (!. :9@L8@9=)

accepte! Suf tafsras bein' le'itimate as lon' as certain con!itionswere met (atIe, pp. //6/@=B Dhahab?, *ol. /, pp. @E:6E, @6@9BQaNNn @=968=). Hne contemporary scholar e*en !een!e! Solam?-s"a#e# al-tafsr(see below) a'ainst the char'e o bein' smG?l?,statin' that since Solam? !i! not !eny the e5oteric meanin' o the4oran or !eclare it to be in*ali!, the "a#e#shoul! not be consi!ere!to be amon' the wor&s o the smG?l?s (benya)("o1rSJ?, p. 8).

Althou'h many Sufs wrote commentaries on in!i*i!ual sras(such as SOrat POso) or particular yas, this sur*ey only co*ers theSuf tafsrs that are e5tant an! that 'enerally !ealt with the whole othe 4oran (althou'h such commentaries woul! oten omit a number o

yaper sra). urthermore, this article is limite! to commentaries inase! lar'ely upon the analysis o erhar! >Rwerin' we can!i*i!e the history o Suf 4oran commentary into f*e phases(>Rwerin', 8998, pp. ;/6;@). $he elementary phase, lastin' rom the/n!Lth to the ;thL8=th centuries, consists o two sta'es. $he frst othese two sta'es >Rwerin' terms that o the orebears o Suf 4orancommentary. $hese are Tasan >aUr? (!. 88=L:/), MaGar V!e1 (!.8;L:E), an! Soyn $hawr? (!. 88L::). H these three

commentators, the most si'nifcant was the si5th ShiGite mam, MaGarV!e1, whose commentary (as recor!e! by Solam? W!.;8/L8=/8X ) wastransmitte! to his son, mam Os 4Yem (!. 8@L:99), rom him to hisson, mam GAl? Ze+ (!. /=@L8), an! rom him throu'h a chain otransmission to Solam? that >Rwerin' has shown to be historicallyproblematic (>Rwerin', 8998, p. E@6EEB 899;, pp. 86//B "wyia, 89).

$he elementary phase in its secon! sta'e consists o Solam?-scommentary an! the ollowin' se*en Sufs who, in a!!ition to MaGarV!e1, were Solam?-s primary sources# Dhu-l6"On eUr? (!. /;L8),Sahl $ostar? (!. /@L9), AbO SaG?! 4harr2 (!. /L99), Monay! (!./9L98=), bn GAN [!am? (!. @88L9/@), AbO >a&r %seN? (!. @/=L9@/),

an! Shebl? (!. @@;L9;). H these, it is possible that only $ostr?, bnGAN, an! %seN? may ha*e been compilers o separate Suf 4orancommentaries ("wyia, 89:@B >Rwerin', 8998, p. ;/). $ostar?-s tafsr,written in Arabic an! publishe! uncritically, is the only tafsro theseauthors to sur*i*e in!epen!ently. >Rwerin', in his thorou'h stu!y o$ostar?-s tafsr, showe! that its structure is comprise! o three mainle*els# $ostar?-s own commentary on 4oranic *erses, his statementsan! those o pre6slamic prophets on *arious mystical subIects, an!


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comments inserte! into the tafsrby later Sufs (>Rwerin', 89=, pp.8/96@=).

3n!oubte!ly the most si'nifcant author o Suf 4orancommentary prior to the thL8/th century is Solam?, without whosecommentary almost the entirety o the 4oran commentary o the frst

'enerations o Sufs woul! ha*e been lost. Solam?, whose ull namewas AbO GAb!6al6Za\mn o\amma! b. Tosayn A2!? Solam? "aysbOr?,was a SheG? who aroun! @/EL9@: (or @@=L9;/) was born in "aysbOr,where he also !ie! in ;8/L8=/8. >Rwerin' has publishe! his e!ition othe uni1ue manuscript o Solam?-s minor commentary,$%&t "a#e#al-tafsr(899E), an! is currently e!itin' his maIor commentary, the"a#e# al-tafsr. $hese commentaries66both o which are in Arabican! consist o esoteric commentary on selecte! *erses o the 4oranarran'e! in accor!ance with the 4oran-s tra!itional or!er66are almostentirely compilations o commentaries o earlier Sufs, whose namesSolam? cite!. Ate7 brieFy !iscusse! each o Solam?-s se*enty6our

primary Suf sources (899, pp. :69E). Althou'h Solam?-s tafsrs areessentially collections o the e5e'eses o other Sufs, his creati*e'enius is e*i!ent in the act that it is lar'ely throu'h his wor& that the4oranic commentaries o the early Sufs ha*e been preser*e!. Solam?himsel state! that the *ery reason he compose! his commentary wasbecause he saw that authorities o the e5oteric sciences (al-ol al-awher) ha! written much about the e5oteric implications o the4oran, but that no one ha! collecte! the un!erstan!in' o the 4oran ase5presse! by the ol& o the $ruth (ahl al-a##a), which is to say, bythe Sufs ("a#'e#*. 8b). $he tafsrs most !irectly inFuence! bySolam? are those o Daylam?, ZO2behn, an! ?su!er2, which will be

!iscusse! below. n a!!ition, an inFuence o Solam?-s tafsr(o SOratal6te\a in the "a#e#) upon ShiGite literature is seen in the +harTaw%& al-ao Q+? SaG?! Qomm? (!. ater 88=:L89) (pp. /6@E). $he o*erall importance o Solam?-s commentaries has beenhi'hli'hte! by >Rwerin', who has asserte! that Solam?-s "a#e#is toSufs what ]abar?-s tafsris to the Sunni community as a whole an!that Solam?-s commentaries are as important to pre6si5thLtwelth c.Sufsm as bn GArab?-s maIor wor&s are to later Sufsm (>Rwerin',8998, p. E).

$he secon! phase o Suf tafsr, lastin' rom the fthLele*enth tothe se*enthLthirteenth centuries, consists o three !iKerent orms#

mo!erate Suf commentaries, esoteric commentaries !eeply in!ebte!to Solam?, an! commentaries written in


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(see ol!el!), better &nown or his Ares al-a.les f #e/a/ al-anb%! thaGlab?, who ha! rea! the entirety o the "a#e# al-tafsrtoSolam? himsel, inclu!e! in his commentary not only Suf eshrt*butha!ith, commentaries o the early uslim 'enerations, 0srlyt*an!!iscussions o synta5 an! fe#h! Jence, Ate7 consi!ere! it to be both

an e5oteric (her) an! a Suf esoteric (ben) wor& (Ate7, 89:;, p. 9:).Another e5ample o this mo!erate orm is GAb!6al64ar?mQoshayr?-s (!. ;EL8=:;) 1aef al-eshrt*written in Arabic, an!e5amine! to a !e'ree by Z. Ahma! (pp. 869) an! by its mo!erne!itor, >asyOn? (Qoshayr?, *ol. 8, pp. @6@:). n the 1aef*Qoshayr?66who was a SheG?66 or the most part e5plicate! the literal meanin' o4oranic *erses, althou'h at times he !iscusse! the esoteric meanin' oan ya! n spite o the act that Qoshayr?, unli&e Solam?, !i! not citeearlier authorities, Ate7 maintaine! that Qoshayr? re1uently utili2e!Solam?-s tafsr, borrowin' poetry rom Solam? an! contemplatin'Solam?-s tafsrwhile writin' the 1aef(89:;, p. 8==). n a!!ition to

the 1aef al-eshrt*Qoshayr? wrote another Suf commentary whichis still in manuscript, $he reat Commentary (al-Tafsr al-kabr), butwhich has brieFy been !iscusse! by >Rwerin' (899, p. E:8).

A fnal e5ample o mo!erate commentary o this perio! is theArabic tafsr, 2o3hbat al-bayn f tafsr al-orno Shehb6al6D?n AbOTaUGHmar b. o\amma! Sohrawar!? (!. @/L8/@;), the amousSheG? author o the Suf manual Awref al-aref! t is e5tant onlyin manuscripts (>roc&elmann, A, S, p. :9, ^;) 66one o which wascopie! with the permission (e.4a) o Sohrawar!? himsel (Ate7, 89:;,p. 88). Accor!in' to Ate7, 2o3hbat al-baynis lar'ely an e5otericlyoriente! tafsr, althou'h to a certain e5tent it !oes !eal with asceticism

(2oh!) (Ate7, 89:;, p. 8/).%hat !istin'uishes the secon! orm o Suf commentary romother Suf tafsrs o the secon! phase or perio! is that both e5ampleso the secon! orm consist almost entirely o esoteric SufcommentaryB they cannot be consi!ere! to be part o a school ocommentariesB an! they were written in Arabic. Ta/ al-arefor,as it is also title!, 5ot al-6an f eshrt al-ornwas written bythe little &nown Sunni Suf, AbO $hbet GAb!6al6le& Daylam? (!.E9L889@) an! was only recently !isco*ere! by >Rwerin' (an! is stillunpublishe!). Althou'h commentary rom Solam?-s authorities in the"a#e# al-tafsrcomprises about hal o Daylam?-s tafsr, Daylam? !i!

not Iust !irectly import this material, but rather seems to ha*eelaborate! on it. $he source o the remainin' hal o the content o theTa/ al-arefis Daylam? himsel (>Rwerin', 89:, p. /@/).

$he other tafsro the secon! orm o the secon! phase, Aresal-bayn f a#'e# al-orn66written by the SheG? Suf, AbOo\amma! ZO2behn b. Ab? "aUr >a1l? Sh?r2? (!. =L8/=9)66is similarto Ta/ al-arefin a number o ways, while also e5hibitin' some!iKerences. i&e Daylam?-s tafsr, ZO2behn-s Ares al-baynis an


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esoteric Suf tafsr, written in Arabic, comprise! almost e1ually omaterial rom earlier tafsrs an! commentary rom the author himsel.Amon' the !iKerences between the two tafsrs are that (in a!!ition tousin' his own commentary) ZO2behn !irectly borrowe! rom Solam?-stwo tafsrs, 1uotin' his authorities *erbatim without any

embellishment. Conse1uently, Ares al-baynbecame the primary*ehicle or the transmission o much o Solam?-s$%&tor nine6hun!re! years (until >Rwerin'-s recent !isco*ery an! publication o the$%&t)B an! the Aresis the only maIor witness to the uni1uemanuscript o the$%&t! A secon! si'nifcant !iKerence betweenDaylam?-s tafsran! that o ZO2behn is that ZO2behn inclu!e! muchSuf material rom Qoshayr?-s 1aef al-eshrtin the Ares7whileDaylam? apparently !i! not utili2e Qoshayr? as a source (>Rwerin',89:, p. /@/). A fnal point concernin' the Ares al-byan is thatalthou'h it was publishe! in litho'raph, it is rare an! ri!!le! withsi'nifcant errors. Jence Val\6al6D?n Vw? be'an an e!ition, which is

now bein' ollowe! by o!las, who, ater ha*in' locate! si5ty6f*emanuscripts, is wor&in' on a critical e!ition, translation, an! stu!y oits entirety (o!las, 8998, p. @@B 899, p. @8, an! orthcomin').

$he thir! orm o the secon! phase consists o the two


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Dnesh


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Dhahab?, *ol. 8, p. @/8). `ar1n? note! that ater "aysbOr? !iscusse!the e5oteric meanin' (her an) o an ya*he woul! write, $hepeople o -allusion- (eshra) say... Hr, he simply wrote al-tawl an!thereater e5plicate! the esoteric meanin' (al-an al-eshr) o theya(`ar1n?, *ol. /, pp. /). . Ayoub has translate! e5cerpts o the

Suf component o "aysbOr?-s tafsr(898, *ol. 8, an! 899/, *ol. /).bn GArb?s school o 4oran commentary, inFuence! mainly byo\yi-l6D?n bn GArab?-s writin's an! to a lesser !e'ree by hispre!ecessor bn >arraIn, was continue! by Qshn? an! Vaa!?(>Rwerin', 8998, p. ;@), althou'h the connection o Saa!? to thisschool is problematic. $hese tafsrs consist o in!epen!entlycompose! commentaries that ne*ertheless are unite! by theircommon usa'e o bn GArab?-s terms an! concepts. Accor!in' to Ate766who !escribe! *arious mss. o the tafsro GAb!6al6Salm b. GAb!6al6Za\mn Abu-l6Ta&am shb?l?, &nown as bn >arraIn (!. E@L88;8) (!.E@L88;8)66the tafsro bn >arraIn 'reatly inFuence! bn GArab?

(Ate7, 89:;, pp. 8@=6@8). n a!!ition, Ate7 ar'ue! that a partialcommentary66rom SOrat POnus (8=) to SOrat al6]Or (E/) 66by bn GArab?is e5tant (ms. ehi! GAl? Rwerin' note! that the tafsro Vaa!? (!. 9L8/9)66whose ullname was Maml6al6D?n POso b. Jell b. (d) Abi -l6>ara&t Talab? Tana?Abu-l6a+el Vaa!?66was inFuence! by bn GArab?-s school o thou'ht(8998, p. ;@). Ate7 !emonstrate! that this unpublishe! tafsr, the titleo which is ,ashf al-asrr f hatk al-astr*ha! been mista&enly

attribute! to bn GArab? himsel (Ate7, 89:;, p. 89:). Althou'h Ate7, inthe table o contents o r tefsr okulu*lists Vaa!?-s tafsras bein'amon' those that were inFuence! by the unity o bein' (wa&at al-wo.&)(which is an important !octrine o bn GArab?-s school), later,howe*er, in his !iscussion o Vaa!?-s e5e'etical metho!, Ate7conclu!e! by statin' that Vaa!?-s tafsr!i! not e5hibit thecharacteristics o the unity o bein' (Ate7, 89:;, p. /=/).

n contrast to Vaa!?, the tafsro GAb!6al6Za221 Qshn? (!.:@=L8@@=) clearly e5hibits the inFuence o the unity o bein'. $his isa maIor reason why e*en to this !ay Qshn?-s tafsris &nown as theTafsro bn GArab? (e!. Jleb, 8;=8L898). Stu!ie! by


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the Suf tafsrs written !urin' this perio!, the tafsrs o ?sO!er2,4she?, "a&hIewn?, A2i2 ahmO! J!y?, an! smG?l Ta11? >ursaw?,are the most noteworthy. Althou'h the "a1shban!?s 4JhIaho\amma! ahmani! rule an! wrote a still unpublishe! Suf tafsr(almost entirely in Arabic) that !eals lar'ely with Suf themes (incontrast to the assertion o . Slem Qe!w?) (Jussaini, p. /=, citin'Qe!w?, pp. 8:;6:). t is similar in structure to but not !epen!entupon the Ares al-bayn7which is to say that li&e ZO2behn,?sO!er2 cite! numerous *erbatim passa'es !irectly rom Solam?-s

"a#e# al-tafsr(which he in!icates by "a#e#) an! romQoshayr?-s 1aef al-eshrt(in!icate! by 1aef) an! inclu!e!si'nifcant commentary that is apparently his own66commentary whichis prece!e! by the !esi'nation al-ulta#a (une5pecte!ly oun!thin'). Jussaini brieFy !iscusse! the tafsran! the manuscripts, onenearly complete an! one partial manuscript o which are e5tant in then!ia H0ce (^8=96888), while a partial copy is hel! in uc&now(Jussaini, pp. 8868@, /=, @9B oth, p. /;).

$he well6&nown author, 4aml6al6D?n Tosayn b. GAl? %GeY6e4she? (!. 98=L8E=;6E in Jerat), wrote the


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GAb!6Allh AnUr?. Je also 1uotes rom a number o other Suf te5ts,amon' them bein' bn GArab?-s al-5ott al-=akkyaan! a *ariety owor&s o Mm?.

"eGmat6Allh b. a\mO! "a&hIewn? ("a&hIown?) (!. 9/=L8E8;),a Tana? "a1shban!? shai&h, wrote in Arabic the Suf tafsr(publishe!

in 8@/EL89=:) title! al-5awte al-elhya wa-al-afte al-3haybya!Hri'inally rom "a&hIewn in A2erbaiIan, >b "eGmat6Allh or Shai&hGAlwn (as he was also &nown) complete! his tafsrin 9=/L8;9: in$abri2, an! rom there emi'rate! to A&7ehir in Anatolia, where he spentthe last si5teen years o his lie an! where his 'ra*e was well6&nown.Je !i! not cite any other Suf tafsrs an! appears to ha*e written al-5awte al-elhyawithout consultin' any sources. Althou'h hecommente! on e*ery yao the 4oran, the *ast maIority o hise5e'esis consists o brie tra!itional e5oteric commentary clariyin' themeanin' o wor!s. "e*ertheless, in a substantial intro!uction to thetafsr, at the be'innin' an! en! o e*ery sOra, an! perio!ically

throu'hout his tafsr, "a&hIewn? inclu!e! Suf6oriente! materialin*ol*in' the terminolo'y an! concepts o the school o bn GArab?("a&hIewn?, pp. ii (preace) an! pp. /6@B Ay2?, pp. E@6E).

A2i2 ahmu! J!y? (8=@L8/), the prolifc $ur&ish shai&h othe Melwat? Suf or!er, who li*e! most o his a!ult lie in 3s&u!ar (acrossthe >osporus rom stanbul), 'a*e !iscourses on the 4oran that aterhis !eath were compose! into a tafsrtitle! 2afes al-a.les. %rittenin Arabic (but still unpublishe!), or the most part this tafsrconsists oe5oteric commentary intersperse! at times with Suf commentary!ealin' with aspects o the Suf path such as asceticism (4oh&),consciousness o o! (ta#w), an! passin' away in o! (fan

>'llh). Althou'h it has been asserte! that J!y? wrote his tafsrwithout reerrin' to any other tafsrs, Ate7 obser*e! the inFuence oSolam? on at least a part o the 2afes(J. Plma2, 888B Ate7, p. /@8).

$he most e5tensi*e an! comprehensi*e o all the Suf tafsrswritten !urin' this perio! is 6 al-bayn*by smG?l Ta11? >ursaw? (!.88@:L8:/E), a prolifc scholar, who li&e J!y? was a Suf shai&h o theMelwat? or!er. A Tana?, smG?l Ta11? li*e! most o his lie in stanbulan! >ursa. 6 al-bayn(which has been publishe! both in $ur&ey an!in the Arab worl!), written lar'ely in Arabic, has both tra!itionale5oteric an! Suf !imensions. ts si'nifcance or the ranian worl! liesprimarily in the act that Ta11? oten 1uote! rom the tafsrs o the

4obraw? school, as well as rom Solam?, Qoshayr?, bn GArab?LQshn?,ZO2behn, an! 4she?. urthermore, into his tafsrhe wea*es


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irst o all, A\ma! b. GAI?ba (!. 8//;L8=9), a oroccan Suf, was theauthor o the tafsrtitle! al-:ar al-a&& f tafsr al-orn al-a.&!Hnly two *olumes o the tafsr(until SOrat al6AGr :#9) e*er appeare!in print (bn GAI?ba, 8@:EL89EE an! 8@:L89E). ar'ely ne'lecte! byscholars o tafsr, al-:ar al-a&&ne*ertheless contains si'nifcant

Suf commentary. bn GAI?ba, an initiate o the Dar1w? or!er, state!that he combine! in his tafsrboth the e5planations (Gebra) o thee5oterics (ahl al-her) with the allusions (eshra) o the esoterics (ahlal-ben) (bn GAI?ba, 8;8=L899=, pp. @6@9B rench translation byichon, 89, *ol. 8E, p. ;=) Althou'h most o the Suf sources o histafsrare rom the a'hreb, An!alOs, or 'ypt, in his tafsrhe also1uotes rom ranian scholars such as Qoshayr? an! ZO2behn. bnGAI?ba-s 1uotations rom ZO2behn ha*e 'one unnotice! because bnGAI?ba reerre! to him as al6%Z$M> (o!las, orthcomin'B an! ichon,89:@, p. /:E).

$he tafsro a'h!a!, where he !ie! in8/:=L8E;. A0liate! with the "a1shban!? ar#ao awln 4Jle!>a'h!!?, he was the muti o >a'h!a! or a number o years an! wasre'ar!e! as the shai&h o the scholars o ra1 (Dhahab?, 89:, *. 8,@E/6E@B /, s.*. AlOs?). Some sources assert that he was a SheG?,others, howe*er, maintain that he was a Tana? (Ate7, 89:;, p. /E=).Althou'h his massi*e tafsr!eals lar'ely with e5oteric matters, it !oes

in!ee! ha*e a si'nifcant Suf component, one that is oten intro!uce!by the phrase en bb al-eshra (rom the !omain o allusion). Abio'rapher o AlOs? has state! that amon' the Suf commentators uponwhom AlOs? relie! were bn GArab?, $ostar?, an! smG?l Ta11? (GAb!6al6Tam?!, pp. /=:69). n a!!ition, AlOs? relie! upon ZO2behn. $his,howe*er, ha! 'one unnotice! because AlOs? 66on numerous occasionswithout attribution66 1uote! the GAres *erbatim or creati*elyinte'rate! passa'es rom it into his tafsr (o!las, orthcomin').


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TII? ?r2 Tasan Uahn?, &nown as Va? GAl? Shh (!.8@8:L899), wrote his uni1ue Suf tafsrin o2or' $ehrn? state! that SolNn GAl?Shh ha! been accuse! o pla'iarism, Ay2? has reute! thesealle'ations (Ay2?, pp. /8;68EB Rwerin', 8998, p.;@). "e*ertheless, because we now &now o three tafsrs compose! inthis fnal phase that >Rwerin' !i! not mention (those o bn GAI?ba, Va?GAl? Shh, an! oll Towaysh), it seems pru!ent to aban!on theassessment that this recent phase o Suf tafsris characteri2e! by


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certain !ecline. n a!!ition, as more Suf tafsrs become publishe!an! translate! into *arious lan'ua'es, this will ma&e them a*ailable tolar'e au!iences or the frst time. Jence, it is certainly possible, i notprobable, that this will brin' about both an increase in the appreciationo Suf tafsrs as well as an increase in the pro!uction o them. Hne

obstacle to this, howe*er, is the current ten!ency in %esternscholarship to minimi2e the importance o critical e!itions o te5ts. t ishope! that scholars will reali2e that without such e!itions, our eKortsto un!erstan! Suf tafsrwill remain se*erely impaire!.666666>iblio'raphy. GAb!6al6Tam?!, al-Als ofassern*>a'h!a!, 8@L89.

GA. GAb!6al6Za\mn, 8hakher al-torth al-arab al-%sl*>aUra d,8;=8L898.

Z. A\ma!, AbO al6Qsim al6Qushayr? as a $heolo'ian an!Commentator, ?sla%@ uarterly*8@, 899, 869.Abu-l6than Shehb6al6D?n a\mO! b. GAb!6Allh >a'h!!? AlOs?,6al-an f tafsr al-orn al-a wa-sab al-athn*Cairo, 8@E@Breprint @= *ols. in 8E, >eirut, 8;=EL89E.

S. Ate7, +le erlin,89=.

!em, $he %ritin's o Shams al6D?n al6Daylam?, ?sla%@ +tu&%es*/#@(Autumn, 89:), pp. /@86/@.

!em, Ze*iew o Zichar! ramlich, Das Sen!schreiben al6Qushayr?sber !as Suftum, Or%ental%a**ol. E#;, 899, pp. E96E:/.


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!em, $he Qurn Commentary o al6Sulam?, in %ael Jalla1 an!Donal! ittle, ?sla%@ +tu&%es Presente& to Gharles 9! A&as*ei!en,8998, pp. ;86E.

!em, $he aIor Sources o Sulam?-s inor Qurn Commentary,Or%ens*899, pp. @E6E.!em, The =%nor Goentary of Ab Ab& ar-6an =oaa& b!al-"usayn as-+ola*>eirut, 899E, pp. 8E6/@C. >roc&elmann, A, S , ei!en, 89@:.smG?l Ta11? >ursaw?, Tafsr 6 al-bayn*8= *ols., stanbul, reprinto e!. 8 (d).

J. Corbin, "asir6i 4husrau an! ranian smG?lism, in The Gabr%&3eH%story of ?ran*e!. Z. ". rye, *ol. ;, Cambri!'e (34), 89:E.!em, The =an of 1%3ht %n ?ran%an +u>s*>oul!er, 89:.!em, Gy@l%@al T%e an& ?sa%l% ;nos%s*89@, p. 99.. Datary, The ?slsC the%r h%story an& &o@tr%nes*Cambri!'e (34),899=, p. @.. Dhahab?, al-Tafsr wa'l-ofassern*/ *ols., >eirut, 8@8L898.

M. M. lias, f Thou3ht an& Pra@t%@e %n the Tea@h%n3s of Al a&-&awlaas-+%nn*


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saiah ol!el! e!., =ufass%ru shar# al-la al-?sl f arbaat al-#urn al-%.rya al-ulC nashr akht u#a&&%at al-thalab l%-k%tbal-,ashf wa-al-bayn an tafsr al-urn*GA&&a, 89;.Ab!urrahman Jabil, $ra!itional soteric Commentaries on the Quran,

in ?sla%@ +D%r%tual%tyC 5oun&at%ons*e!. Seyye! Jossein "asr, "ew Por&,89:, pp. /;6;:.S. Sh. 4h. Jussaini, +ayy%& =uaa& al-"usayn-% ;s&%r4(QIRLKRIR-JISLRII)C On +u>s*Delhi, [email protected]!6al6Q!er b. al6Sayye! o\amma! TowaySJ, :ayn al-an alasab tartb al-no4l* *ols., Damascus, 8@;L89;B cite! in Ay2?, p./8.A\ma! b. bn GAI?ba, al-:ar al-a&& f tafsr al-orn al-a.&*Cairo,

*ol. 8, 8@:EL89EE an! *ol. /, 8@:L89E.!em, al-5ahrasa*e!. by GA. Tam!n, Cairo, 8;8=L899=.

o\yi-l6D?n bn GArab?, $as?r, stanbul, Sleymniye6ehi! Al? arraIn, al-0rsh& f tafsr al-orn*ms. in kelebi collection, ol!^@, >ursa an! also mss. note! by Ate7, 89:;, pp. 8@=6@8.

Va? GAl? Shh, TII? ?r2 Tasan Uahn?, Tafsr-e orn*ran (d), n.!.SolNn o\amma! b. Tay!ar o\amma! b. SolNn o\amma!Monb!g? (onb!?), :ayn al-sa&a f a#t al-eb&a*$ehran,8@/;L89=6:, reprints 8@EL89E an! >eirut 8;=L89:6B cite! inAy2?, p. /8/.4aml6al6D?n Tosayn b. GAl? %GeY6e 4she?, awheb6e Gal?ya y

$as?r6e Tosayn?, e!. . Mall? "?n?, ; *ols., $ehran, 8@8: _.L89@.


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J. asarrat, ,etb'+Hens-ye Abu'l-5aXl 6ash&-al-8n =aybo&*$ehran, 8@:; _.L899E.

. ashann?, =a&rasat al-tafsr >'l-An&als* >eirut, 89.

Abu-l6a+l aybo!?, ,ashf al-asrr wa o&&at al-abrr*e!. GA.6A.Te&mat, 8= *ols., $ehran, 8@@86@9 _.L89/6:=.M.6. ichon, trans., -Autobio'raphie (ahrasa) !u Souf arocainA\ma! ibn GA'?ba (8:;:68=9),Arab%@a**ol. 8E68, 8969.!em, 1e +ou> =aro@a%n Aa& %bn A.ba (RQN-RJYM) et +on =%r.*eirut, 89:= (tr. as

$as?r6e Qorn? *a62abn6e Gern?, tr. by smG?l SaG!at, $ehran, 8@:@solarL 899;).!em, e!., Tro%s oeueirut, 89:@.!em, u1a!!emat tas?r al6Qorn li6GAl al6Dawla Simnn?, al-Abt[**ol. / W89:@6::X, pp. 8;86E:.


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P. asyOn?, @ *ols., Cairo, 89:8.V. Vw?, !ition an!


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. `ar1n?, =anhel al-erfn f ol al-orn*/ *ols., Cairo,8@/L89;@.

sufi quran

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