sterilization 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Baedah MadjidBAGIAN MIKROBIOLOGI FK-
UNHAS2007
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● Sterilization: total inactivasi segala bentuk kehidupan → kemampuan bereproduksi● Bactericide: agen yang membunuh bakteri ● Bacteristatic: substance yang mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri,● Disinfectant (germicide): agent membunuh mikroorganisme yang mempu menimbulkan infeksi.● Antiseptic: opposes sepsis or putrefaction dengan membunuh bakteri atau menghambat pertumbuhannya. (hidup dalam jaringan)● Decontamination: get rid of contamination (beberapa mikroorganisme.
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Agen fisik1. Panas - panas lembab - panas kering2. Pembekuan 3. Radiasi - radiasi ultraviolet - radiasi ionisasi4. Ultrasonic & Sonic getaran5. Filtrasi
Agen kimiaMechanisms of action: ● merusak sell ● membran ● Denaturasi Protein● Modify Functional Groups of Proteins and Nucleic Acids.
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Faktor yang mengakibatkan potensi Disinfectant
● Concentration (Cnt = K)● Time of Exposure● pH● Temperature● Nature of the Organisms● Presence of Extraneous materials → organic matter: serum, blood, pus, etc.
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6
5
4
3
g10 jmlkteri 2ng bertahandup setelah 1manasan
0 D121
-11 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lama pemanasan pada 121oC
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Campuran Name Effects Practical Applic Surface disinfectantsCATIONIC AGENTSQuaternary
ANIONIC AGENTS
NON-IONIC
ZephiranCeepryn chlorideDuponal LSTriton W-30Tween-80
Gram-positive (mostly)Gram-positive (Only)
Antiseptic
Phenolic Cresol
Diphenyl compound
LysolCreolinHexachlorophene
Bactericidal
Gram-positive
DisinfectantGermicidal soapDisinfectantGermicidal soap
Alcohols Ethanol 70% Bactericidal + spores
Disinfectant
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Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic.Acids Hydrochloric acid
Benzoic acidLactic, citric, acetic, propionic acids
Antibacterial
DisinfectantFood preservativeFood preservative
Alkalies Hydroxide (metallic cation)
Direct toxic Disinfectant
Alcohol Ethanol 70% Bactericidal + spores
Disinfectant
Acetone Acetone Disinfectant
Free H+ & OH- ions → undissociated molecule or altering pH of organisms environment
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Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic . Heavy metals
Mercurials
Silver compound
Mercuric chlorideMetaphen, Merthiolate, Mercurochrome
Phenylmercury saltsSilver nitrate 1%
Very toxicLess toxicGram-pos & neg, fungi, yeast, algaeBactericidal Agents
Limited useAntiseptics
Control contami-nation of Pseudo-monas & others Prophylaxis of ophthalmia neona-torum
Oxidizing HALOGENS
IodineChlorine
HYDROGEN PER-OXIDE
Betadine, Jodium ticture (Sunklin)H2O2 3%
GermcideGermcide
Damage DNA
Skin DisinfectantDisinfectant
Food preservativeWound cleaning
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Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic .
DyesTriphenylmethae
dyesAcridine dyes
Malachite greenCristal violetProflavine
Gram-positiveGram-positiveSynthesis of Nucleic acid
Staining, mediumStainingWound antiseptics
Alkylating agents
Formadehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Ethylene oxide
Formalin (sol. 3%)Paraformaldehyde (solid 91-99%)Gas
Gas
All organisms(Irreversible)
10 x formal-dehyde All bacteria
DisinfetantLatex gloves
For rooms, fabrics, instr.Disinfectant forEndoscopic instr.
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A. Dry heat a. Hot air → oven: metal/glass, powders, oils b. Flaming : loops/öse, glass object c. Incineration → incinerator: medical trash B. Moist Heat ● Boiling water : 100oC ● Steaming: 100oC ● Autoclaving: 125oC, 15 atmosphere ● Pasteurization: 72C for 15 seconds → milk ● Tyndalization
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Moist Heat Dry Heat
Temperature Time (min ) Pressure Time (min)
121oC 15 15 -126oC 10 20 -134oC 3 30 -140oC - 180
150oC - 150
160oC - 120
170oC - 60
protein denaturation & coagulation
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► Freezing : preserving► Repeated freezing & thawing → bacterial destruction.► In freezing: formation of ice crystals outside the cells → withdraw water from the cell interior → intracellular electrolyte concentration ↑ & protein denaturation → damage of cell membrane.
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A. Ultraviolet radiationB. Ionizing radiation
● Sunlight : spontaneous sterilization occur under natural condition. ● Effects of Radiation: inactivation of molecule by rays energy absorbed by molecule. ● UV: bactericide ● Energy content of Ionizing radiations >>> than UV radiation
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Lethal & mutagenic agent●Lethal dose: for non-spore-forming bacteria 1800 – 6500 μW/cm2. Bacterial spores required 10 X more●Bactericidal effect: wavelength of 240-280 nm wavelength of 260 nm lethal but can not penetrate the glass or water.●Practical use: to control air-borne infection → for operating rooms or hospital wards, biological safety cabinet (laminar flow)
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► Lethal effects: most pathogenic non-spore-forming bacteria► Products by : a. radioactive decay: α, ß, γ rays b. x-rays, c. particle bombardment d. Nuclear reactor► Practical applications: - Sterilizing dose : 2.5 Mrad → most resistance microorgn - γ radiation of cobalt 60 : pharmacy and medicine, catgut, nylon sutures, disposable medical and medical supplies.
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● Sound vibration (20 to 1000 kc) → disrupting cells.● Ultrasonic waves more effective as the frequency is increased. ● Effects: Disintegrating cells & H2O2 formation Depolymerization of macromolecules● The most susceptible: gram negative rods● The most resistance Staphylococcus : require long period exposure.● No practical value for sterilization & disinfection : numerous survivors.
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►Sterilization: heat-labile materials (lab)►Mechanisms: ● Electrostatic & absorption phenomena ● Physical construction of filters►Types: ● Old types : Berkefeld, Chamberland, Seitz ● Membrane filters : porous disks of cellulose
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● Pore size: 14-0.023 µm.● Most widely used: 0.023 µm. ● Practical used: serum, plasma, etc.●Two-dimensional screen.● Mechanisms: a. Particles > pore : retained on filter surface b. Particle < pore: retained by van der Waals forces.
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