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6/14/2016 handout-SI-032204 KSI -by:sol's- 1

Sistem Informasi *)

*)Oleh :

Solikin WS.,M.T.

[email protected]

Kadir,Abdul & Triwahyuni, Terra Ch. “Pengantar Teknologi Informasi, edisi Revisi”. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset

mailto:[email protected]


Pengertian Data dan Informasi

Data :“Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).

(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).

Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.


Informasi (1)

“Data have been shaped into form that is meaningful and useful to human beings”.(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.

Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu informasi” atau

Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.


Data vs Informasi


Informasi(2)

Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.

Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).

Data InformasiProcess


Informasi(3)

Sumber Informasi : Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)

Kuesioner

Kejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital secara langsung).

Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).


Informasi(4)

Kualitas Informasi ditentukan oleh 3 Faktor (Burch dan Gurudnitski,1989) :

1. Relevansi

2. Tepat waktu

3. Akurasi


Informasi(5)

Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat direpresentasikan dalam media : Kertas/hardcopy

Tampilan/display-monitor/video

Suara/audio

Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan antara lain : Loran Periodik

Laporan Indikator Kunci

Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)

Laporan Khusus

Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)


Informasi(6)

Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan : Narasi

Tabel

Grafik dan Gambar

Kombinasi

Kertas/hardcopy


• System ?

Input Output

Feedback

System

“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and

coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir

untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)


information system

menurut Alter (1992)

“kombinasi antar prosedur kerja, infromasi, orang dan teknologi informasi yang diorganisasikan untuk mencapai tujuan dalam sebuah organisasi “


Types of Information Systems

Transaction

Processing

Systems

Process

Control

Systems

Enterprise

Collaboration

Systems

Operations

Support

Systems

Management

Information

Systems

Decision

Support

Systems

Executive

Information

Systems

Management

Support

Systems

Information Systems


A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information

system that captures and processes data about business

transactions.

A management information system (MIS) is an information

system that provides for management-oriented reporting

based on transaction processing and operations of the

organization.

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system

that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or

provides information to help make decisions.


An expert system is an information system that captures the

expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the

benefit of nonexperts.

A communications and collaboration system is an

information system that enables more effective

communications between workers, partners, customers, and

suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.

An office automation system is an information system that

supports the wide range of business office activities that

provide for improved work flow between workers.


Other Categories of

Information Systems

Expert Systems

Knowledge Management Systems

Functional Business Systems

Strategic Information Systems

Cross-Functional Information Systems

Hybrid System ?


Disebut juga Sistem informasi terintegrasi vertikal

“Sistem informasi yang disediakan suatu organisasi

umumnya gabungan dari beberapa sistem informasi “


The Information Systems

Development Process


Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise

•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs

•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers

Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?

•IS Human Resources•IS Development

•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance

•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance


IS Resources:

Hardware Resources

Software Resources

People Resources

Data Resources

Network Resources

Products:

Paper Reports

Visual Displays

Multimedia Documents

Electronic Messages

Graphics images

Audio Responses

Chapter Summary (cont)


Information systems perform three vital roles in

business firms. They support:

Business processes and operations,

Business decision making; and

Strategic competitive advantage

Major application categories of information

systems include:

Operations Support Systems; and

Management Support Systems

Chapter Summary (cont)


Data : Tipe Data

Lima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu : 6.p132-177)

1. predefined data item,

2. images,

3. text,

4. audio, dan

5. video

Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video conference


Predefined data item

Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau

alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan

format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya

digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi

dan transaksi yang menggunakan data.

Sebagai contoh credit card number,

transaction date, purchase account, dan

merchant ID.


Text

Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan

karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya

dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung

pada bentuk yang ditentukan

(prespecified format) atau definisi dari

item individual (defined of individual

items).


Images

Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar,

baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar

yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures),

atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik.

Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di

kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang

sama seperti text.


Audio

Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.

Video

Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang

ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya

misalnya melalui video conference.


Satuan Data

Bit satuan terkecil data

Byte satu karakter=8 bit

Word satu kata=2 byte=16 bit

Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit

Data satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti

Record satu baris data

Field satu lajur/kolom data

Table satu table data (baris dan kolom)

Library satu kumpulan file data

Database satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)


Evolution of DB Systems

Flat files - 1960s - 1980s

Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s

Network – 1970s - 1990s

Relational – 1980s - present

Object-oriented – 1990s - present

Object-relational – 1990s - present

Data warehousing – 1980s - present

Web-enabled – 1990s - present


Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)

SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk

mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base

Information System)

Resources : 5M + I

Man

Machine

Money

Material

Method and

Information


Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas,

karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya

Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja,

tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll

Karakteristik sistem :

1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)

Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll

2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan

3. Holistik (menyeluruh)

4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)

5. Sinergi

6. Hierarki

7. Ada aturan (regulasi)

8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)


Information Systems Architecture

(ISA)

Overall blueprint for organization’s information

systems

Consists of:

Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)

Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition,

etc.

Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)

People – people management using project management

tools (Gantt charts, etc.)

Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)

Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)


Information Engineering A data-oriented methodology to create and

maintain information systems

Top-down planning approach.

Four steps: Planning

Results in an Information Systems Architecture

Analysis

Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want

Design

Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it

Implementation

Results in final operational system


Information Systems Planning

Strategy development

IT Planning to meet Corporate

strategy

Three steps:

1. Identify strategic planning factors

2. Identify corporate planning objects

3. Develop enterprise model


Identify Strategic Planning

Factors (table 2.1)

Organization goals – what we hope to

accomplish

Critical success factors – what MUST work in

order for us to survive

Problem areas – weaknesses we now have


Identify Corporate Planning

Objects (table 2.3)

Organizational units

Organizational locations

Business functions – these might become the

users

Entity types – the things we are trying to

model

Information (application) systems


Develop Enterprise Model

Decomposition of business functions

See figure 2.2

Enterprise data model

See figure 2.1

Planning matrixes

See figure 2.3


Enterprise Data Model

First step in database development

Specifies scope and general content

Overall picture of organizational data, not specific

design

Entity-relationship diagram

Descriptions of entity types

Relationships between entities

Business rules


Informasi

Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya

dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan

keputusan

Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu

mengalami proses pengolahan

Sifat informasi :

1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)

2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)


INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple

- Bisa dapat complicated

• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka

datanya harus bersih.

• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi

2. Validasi

3. Duplication data


Macam-macam atribut suatu data :

1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)

2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)

3. Temporal

4. Classifier

5. Relational

Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :

1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)

2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)

3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)

4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)


Manfaat Informasi

Terhadap Proses :

1. Menghemat Tenaga

2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi

3. Mempercepat Proses

4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi

5. Pencapaian Standar

6. Perbaikan Keputusan

Terhadap Produk :

1. Peningkatan “feature”

2. Perubahan Karakteristik

3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk

4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa


Terhadap Kualitas :

1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)

2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan

pelayanan, dsb)

Komponen SI :

1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

2. Infoware (Database)

3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)

4. Brainware (humanware)


Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan

Infoware (Database)

DBMS (Data Base Management System)

DBA (Database Administrator)

Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna

faktor SDM

Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan

sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan

agar data tetap up-to-date.


Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)

Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur

Prosedur :

1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data

2. Prosedur Perekaman Data

3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data

4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data

5. Dsb

Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di

“Re-Design”

Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini

harus disosialisasikan

Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada

rencana induk perusahaan

Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division


Brainware

Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3

komponen yang lainnya

Contoh job dalam bidang IT:

1. Operator Perekam Data

2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan

3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)

4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)

5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)

6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)

7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)

8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)

9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)


Karakteristik Sistem

Sub Sistem

Sub SistemSub Sistem

Sub Sistem

Input Output

Interface

(penghubung)

Input OutputProcess

Environment

Goals

Boundary

(batas sistem)


Siklus Pengolahan Data

PROSES

(Model)

ENTRI DATAOUTPUT

(Informasi)BASIS DATA

USER

(Penerima)

KEPUTUSAN

TINDAKAN

HASIL

TINDAKAN

CAPTURING

DATA


Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models

The Need for Frameworks and Models

The Work System Framework

Work System Principles

Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS

The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method

Measurement Work System Performance

Clasification Related to

Understanding Systems from

Business Viewpoint


Amazon.com : An Evolving

Business Models

(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides

a different way to shop for books)


The Work System Framework

The Customer

The Product and Services

The Business Process

The Participant

The Information

The Technology

Context

Infrastructure


The Customer

People who use and

receive direct benefit

from the products and

services


The Product and

Services

The combination of

physical things information

and services that the work

system produces for to

customer


The Business Process

The sets of the steps or

activities that are

performed within the work

system


The Participant

People who perform the

work step in the business

process


The Information

The information used by

the participants to

perform their work


The Technology

The hardware, software

and the other tools and

equipment used by the

participants


Context

The organizational,

competitive, technical

and regulatory realm

within which the work

system operates


Infrastructure

Is share human and

technical resources that

the work system rellies

on even through these

resources exist and are

managed outside of it.


CUSTOMER

People who purchases books

Whosellers that supply the books

Amazon.com Shipping departement

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Information about books that might be purchased

information describing cash book order

books that are eventually delivered

BUSINESS PROCESS

Purchaser log on www.amazon.com

Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria

Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what

to order

Purchaser enter order

Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr

dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon order

them from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer after

they arrive at the Amazon werehouse

Shipping departement packages order and sends it to the

purchaser

PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

People interested in

purchasing books

order fullfillment

department of

wholeseller

Shipping department

Amazon.com

Order for books

price and other

information about each

book

purchase hidtory and

related information for

each customer

Personel computers

used by purchaser

computers and

networks use by

Amazon.com for order

processing

the internet

(infrastructure)

Work System Snapshot

Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for

books


Data and Knowledge

Management (KM)

I. Data Management :

1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)

2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery

3. Data Source and Collection

4. Data Quality (DQ)

5. Multimedia and OO Databases

6. Document Management


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and

Analysis :

1. Transaction Vs Analytical

Processing

2. Data Warehousing and Marts

3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and

Mining


III. Data Visualization and

Technology

1. Data Visualization

2. Multidimensionality

3. GIS


IV. Marketing Databases in Action

1. The Marketing Transaction

Database

2. Implementation in Example

V. KM

1. Knowledge Base and Organizational

Learning

2. Implementing KM Systems


I. Data Management

I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)

The Difficulties The Amount of data increases exponentially

Collected by many individuals, using several methods and devices

Organization’s data are relevant for specific decision

Raw Data my be stored in different computing systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languages

Data Security, Quality, and integrity


These difficulties and the critical need for

Timely and Accurated information

Search effective and efficient

Data management

Support TPS

Relational Databases

Client/Server Environment

Finding Data Quiqly and Easly

Creation of Data Warehouse


2. Data Life Cyle Process and

Knowledge Discovery

Trace how and where data flows in

organization

Business do not run on data, They

run on information and their

knowledge of how to put that

information to uses successfully.

The transformation of data into

knowledge mybe accomplished in

several ways


Converting Data to Knowledge

Data

Source

Collection

Data Sorage

Selection

Target Data Preproce-

ssing Data

Prepro-

cessingTrans-

formation

Data

mining

Interpretation /

Evaluation

iMac Use

Transfor-

med DataPatterns

Storage,

Knowledge

Base

Knowledge

Data Warehousing Data Analysis


3. Data Source and Collection

The Data life cycle begins with the

acquisition of data from data sources.

Data can include :

Documents

Pictures

Maps

Sound and


Animation

Concepts

Opinions

Raw or

Summarized or extrated data

Data Source :

Internal Data

Personal Data

External Data


Internal Data : are organizational internal data are

stored in one or more places

About : people, product, services,

and processes

Personal Data

IS user or other coorporate

employees by creating personal

data


External Data : Data are available on :

CD-ROM

Internet Server (film, music or voice)

Pictures (diagram, atlases)

Television

Large amounts of external data are

available on the internet.

The internet and commercial databases

services -> Electronic Data Interchange

(EDI)


Methods For Collection Raw Data Can be collected :

Manually or

Instruments or sensors

Scanned or

Transferred Electronically

Manual Data Collected :

Time studies

Surveys

Observations and

Constributions from experts


4. Data Quality (DQ)

Data are frequently found to be :

Inaccurate

Incomplete

Ambiguous

The economical and social damage

from poor quality data costs billions

of dollars


Problem Data : DQ Problem divide into four

catagories and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :

Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation

2. Accessability DQ :

Accessability and security

3. Contextual DQ :

Relevance, Value Added, timeliness, completeness, amount data

4. Representasion DQ:

Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise representation, consistent representation


Problem Data (cont..):

Data are not correct

Data are not timely

Data are not measured or index

properly

Needed data simply do not exist

One of the major issues of DQ

is DATA INTEGRITY


OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)

These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields.

The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics


6. Document Management (DM) Document Management Systems (DMS)

provide information to decision makers in an electronic format

DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.

DMS usually include computerized imaging systems


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and

Analysis :

I. Transaction Vs Analytical

Processing

Data processing in organizations can be

viewed either as transactional or

analytical

Transactional Processing, in the routine

daily processing of the transactional of

the organizations such as ordering or

billing


A good data delivery system

therefore should be able to

support :

Easy data access by the end

users themselve

Quicker decision making

More accurate and effective

decision making

Flexible decision making


This improved option of

analytical processing involves

three concepts :1. A business representation of data for

end users

2. A client/server enviroment that gives

the user query and reporting

capabilities

3. A server-base repository, the data

warehouse, that allows centralized

security and control over the data


2. Data Warehousing and Marts Data Warehouse, benefits :

1. To reach data quickly

2. To do it easly

The purpose of data warehouse is to

establish a data repository that makes

operational data accessable in a form

rapidly acceptable for analytical

processing activities such as decision

support, EIS, and other user application.


Data Warehouses allow for the

storage of metadata, which

include data summaries that are

easier to index and search,

especially with web tools


Legacy

OLTP

External

Select

Extract

Transform

Integrate

Maintain

Preparation

Opeparational

System / Data

A

P

I

S

M

I

d

l

e

w

a

r

e

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Metadata

Reposition

Enterprise

Data

Warehouse

Data Mart

Data Mart

Data Mart

Target

Database(s)

(RDB, MDDB)

Replication

Marketing

Risk

Management

EngineeringData Mining

AccessApplication

EIS / DSS

Custom-Built

Application

(4GL Tools)

Production

Reporting

Tools

Relation

Query Tools

Web Browses

OLAP /

ROLAP

Data Warehouse Framework and Views


Characteristic of Data Warehousing

1. Organization :

data are organized by detailed

subject, containingly information

relevant for decision support

2. Consistency

Data in different operational

databases my be encoded

differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’

or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner


3. Time variant

The data are kept for 5 to 10 years

so they can be used for trends,

forecasting and comparisons over

time

4. Nonvolatile

Once entered into the warehouse,

data are not update (Tdk dpt

diubah)


5. Relational

Typically the data warehouse uses

a relational structure

6. Clent/Server

The data warehouse uses the

client/server architecture mainly to

provide the end user an easy

access to its data


Data Marts is a replicated subset

of the data warehouse and is

dedicated to a functional or

regional area.


Summary of strategic Uses

of Data Warehousing

Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic Use

Airline Operations and Marketing analysis of route

profitability

Banking Product Development, Customer service,

operation and marketing trend analysis, product

and service promotion.

Reduction of IS

expenses

Healt Care Operation reduction of operational

expenses


3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining The program of extracting useful

knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.

KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatelly understandable patterns in data


KDD support by three technologies :

1. Massive data collection

2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers

3. Data Mining Algorithms

Tools and Techniques of KDD

KDD tools over time can be divided into

four major stage :

1. Data Collection (1960s)

2. Data Acess (1980s)

3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)

4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)


The problem with the data

collection and access techniques is

that they are not suitable for a large

volume of data, nor can they be

used effectively by end user.

Even though Structured Query

Language (SQL) use is becaming

more user friendly.


OLAP

(On Line Analytical Processing)

OLAP refers to such end-user

activities as DSS modeling using

spreadsheets and grahics, which are

done online.

Unlike online transaction online

processing (OLTP) application.


Data Mining

Data mining derives is name from the

similarities between searching for

valuable business information in a

large database and mining a

mountain for a vein of valuable are.


I. Impact on Organizations

II. Impact on Individuals at

Work

III. Societal Impacts and The

Internet Community

IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS,

INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY


1. Structure

2. Authority

3. Power and

4. Job Content

I. IMPACTs ON

ORGANIZATIONS


1. Job Satisfaction

2. Dehumanization and

Psychological Impacts

3. Impacts On Health and

Safety

II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS

AT WORK


1. Opportunitis For People With

Disabilities

2. Quality of Life Improvements

3. Other Impacts

III. SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND

THE INTERNET COMMUNITY


Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content

a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies

b. Staff-To-Line Ratio

c. Special Units

d. Centralization of Authority

e. Power and Status

f. Job Contens

g. Role Ambiguity and Conflict

IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.1. Structure


Increased Productivity and increased span of

control

Decreased number of experts

FOH result from :

reduction in the total number of employees,

reengineering of business process, and

ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –

level job

A. Flatter Organizational

Hierarchies (FOH)


The number of professional and

specialists could decline in relation to

the total number of employees in the

organizations.

B. Staff-To-Line Ratio


Creating a technology centre

Internet/electronic commerce unit

Decision support system departement

Intelligent system departement

C. Special Units


Because of the trend toward smaller

and flatters organizations, centralization

become more popular.

Example : introduction of expert

systems in general electric’s

maintenance area increased the power

of the desentarlization units because

they become less dependent on the

companys headquarters.

D. Centralization of Authority


Knowledge is power

Changing the power structure within

organization

Example : expert system may reduce

the power of certain professional group,

becaise their knowledge will be in the

public domain.

E. Power and Status


Job Conten is important not only because it is

related to organizational structure, but also

becase it is interrelated with employee

satisfaction, compensation, status, and

productivity.

Changes in job content occuur when work is

redesigned.

Example : when BPR (Business Process

Reenginerring) is attempted or when

electronic commerce changes the marketing

system.

F. Job Contens


Employee Career Ladders

Changes in Supervision

Other Considerations

The Manager’s Job


1.2. Personnel Issues


Automation of routin decision

Less expertise required for many

decisions

Less reliance on experts to provide

support to top executive

Power distribution among managers

Electronic support of complex decision

(intelligent agents, DSS)


1.3. The Manager’s Job


Job Stress

Repetitive Strain Injuries

Lessening The Negative Impact

on Health and Safety

Other Impacts

Impacts On Health and Safety


Dehumanization :

Negative effect on people’s individuality,

such : many people feel loss of identity.

Expert systems or artificial intelligence

are increasingly replacing people in the

creative arena.

Dehumanization and Psychological

Impacts


Psychological Impacts :

Isolating influence : depression and

loneliness

Distance learning : lack of social impact.

Dehumanization and Psychological

Impacts(2)


IS and Individual

The Individual

The

Individual

Entertainment

business and

education

Environment

and

application

Security

Home

Informatio

n System Insurance

and

Brokerage

Accounting

and Legal

Police

and Fire

Library

Public and

Private Service

System

Education and

Medical System

Centre

Medical

Database

Hospital

Adm and

treatment

Laisure Time

System

Consumer

System

Financial

System

Travel

Reservation

Theater and

Entertainment

Hotel

Reservation

Drug StoreDepartment

Store

Supermarket

Money Card

Real Estate

Stocks

Integrated

Financial

Database

Educational

and Adm

Record

Computer

Assisted

Education

e-Commerce

E-funds transfer