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STRATEGI GERAKAN MOVIMENTO DOS TRABALHADORES RURAIS
SEM TERRA (MST) DALAM JARINGAN ADVOKASI KEPENTINGAN
HAK-HAK MASYARAKAT TERPINGGIRKAN DI BRAZIL
SKRIPSI
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1
DEWI PERMATA SARI
201310360311141
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, Alhamdulillah, puji syukur saya panjatkan
kepada kehadirat Allah SWT. yang dengan ijinnya penulis dapat
menyelesaikan penelitiannya yang berjudul Strategi Gerakan Movimento dos
Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) Dalam Jaringan Advokasi
Kepentingan Hak-Hak Masyarakat Terpinggirkan di Brazil. Hasil dari
penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi tambahan bagi
penelitian selanjutnya yang mengangkat isu serupa. Isu mengenai ketimpangan
hak atas lahan dan hak asasi lainnya bukan lagi menjadi isu domestik
melainkan sudah menjadi isu global. Penanganan atas kemiskinan dan isu
penindasan masyarakat terpinggirkan tidak lagi hanya dilakukan oleh negara
terkait, namun organisasi internasional juga. Seperti pada penelitian ini, strategi
jaringan advokasi yang dilakukan oleh gerakan MST dengan berbagai aktor
domestik dan internasional meningkatkan kesetaraan atas hak lahan dan hak
lainnya di Brazil.
Penyelesaian penelitian ini dilakukan oleh penulis atas bantuan dan
dukungan dari pihak-pihak terdekat. Oleh sebab itu, penulis ingin
mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:
1. Allah SWT. yang dengan ijin-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan
penelitian ini.
2. Bapak Agus Priyanto dan Ibu Wiwik Trisnawati sebagai orang
tua yang selalui memanjatkan doa untuk kelancaran penelitian
dan dukungannya untuk tidak menyerah dan malas dalam
menyelesaikannya.
3. Ibu Septian Nur Yekti sebagai dosen pembimbing yang telah
membantu proses pemilihan fokus penelitian dan data tambahan
untuk penelitian ini.
ix
4. Bapak Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan dan Bapak Najamuddin Khairur
Rijal sebagai dosen pembimbing yang telah membantu saya
dalam melakukan penelitian.
5. Bapak Dion Maulana Prasetya sebagai reviewer dan dosen
penguji I, beserta Ibu Dyah Estu Kurniawati sebagai dosen
penguji II yang telah membantu memberikan masukan dalam
penelitian ini.
6. Rahmat Taufik, Dwi Januar Bintari, Amelia Dewi Retnowati,
Nidda Ilmiah sebagai teman dekat penulis yang selalu
memberikan dukungan.
Semoga Allah membalas semua kebaikan yang telah diberikan oleh
pihak-pihak di atas kepada penulis. Atas kebaikan yang telah diberikan kepada
penulis, penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan lancar. Penulis juga
berharap bahwa penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca yang ingin
mengetahui isu terkait
Malang, 27 September 2018
Dewi Permata Sari
v
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI
1. Nama : Dewi Permata Sari
2. NIM : 201310360311141
3. Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
4. Program Studi : Hubungan Internasional
5. Judul Skripsi : Strategi Gerakan Movimento dos
Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)
Dalam Jaringan Advokasi Kepentingan Hak-
Hak Masyarakat Terpinggirkan di Brazil
6. Pembimbing : 1) Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si.
2)Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
7. Kronologi Bimbingan :
Tanggal
Tanda Tangan
Keterangan Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
8/03/2017 Pengajuan Judul
23/10/2017 Seminar
Proposal
24/09/2018 ACC BAB I
24/09/2018 ACC BAB II
24/09/2018 ACC BAB III
24/09/2018 ACC BAB IV
27/09/2018 ACC ujian
skripsi
Malang, 27 September 2018
Mengetahui,
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
x
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN SAMPUL ....................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI ........................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ............................................................ iii
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .................................................................. iv
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI .................................................... v
ABSTRAKSI ..................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR BAGAN .......................................................................................... xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................... xvii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang ...................................................................................... 1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................. 8
1.3.Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................. 8
1.3.1. Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................... 9
1.3.2.1. Manfaat Akademis ................................................................. 9
xi
1.3.2.2. Manfaat Praktis .................................................................... 10
1.4. Penelitian Terdahulu ........................................................................... 10
1.5. Kerangka Konsep dan Teori ............................................................... 17
1.5.1. Teori Global Civil Society ........................................................... 18
1.5.2. Konsep Advokasi ........................................................................ 21
1.6. Metodologi Penelitian ......................................................................... 25
1.6.1. Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................ 25
1.6.2. Teknik Pengumpulan Data .......................................................... 25
1.6.3. Teknik Analisa Data .................................................................... 26
1.6.4. Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ........................................................... 26
1.6.4.1. Batasan Materi ..................................................................... 26
1.6.4.2. Batasan Waktu ..................................................................... 26
1.7. Argumen Sementara ............................................................................ 27
1.8. Sistematika Penulisan ......................................................................... 28
BAB II. GAMBARAN MASYARAKAT BRAZIL DAN GERAKAN
MST .................................................................................................................. 31
2.1. Kondisi Masyarakat Brazil.................................................................. 31
2.2. Gerakan MST (Movimento Dos Trabalhadores Rurai Sem Terra) .... 36
2.2.1. Kondisi Masyarakat Terpinggirkan di Brazil Sebagai
Penyebab Terciptanya Gerakan MST ........................................ 36
2.2.2. Kondisi Anggota Gerakan MST .................................................. 40
BAB III. STRATEGI GERAKAN MST DALAM KONTEKS
DOMESTIK ..................................................................................................... 51
xii
3.1. Program Pelatihan dan Pendidikan ..................................................... 51
3.1.1. Pengembangan dan Pelembagaan Pelatihan................................ 53
3.2. Kerjasama antara MST dengan Bahia, Gerakan, Universitas,
Seniman, dan Menteri Lingkungan di Brazil ...................................... 57
BAB IV. TRANSNASIONALISASI GERAKAN SEBAGAI
STRATEGI ADVOKASI MST DALAM MEMPERJUANGKAN HAK-
HAK SIPIL DI BRAZIL ................................................................................ 67
4.1. MST dalam Perspektif GCS (Global Civil Society) ........................... 67
4.2. Penggalangan Dukungan dan Jaringan Internasional ......................... 69
4.2.1. Kerjasama MST dengan La Via Campesina ............................... 69
4.2.2. Dukungan dari Grassroots International .................................... 75
4.2.3. Dukungan UNESCO dan UNICEF ............................................. 78
4.2.4. Dukungan dari CODEPINK ........................................................ 80
4.2.5. Dukungan dari Kuba dan Venezuela ........................................... 83
4.2.6. Pertukaran Pelajar Anggota MST dengan Gerakan di Luar
Negara Brazil ............................................................................... 84
4.2.7. Bergabungnya MST dengan FAMA (Fórum Alternativo
Mundial da Água) ........................................................................ 88
4.3. Aktor-Aktor Lokal dan Transnasional (Hubungan Aktor) ................. 90
BAB V. PENUTUP ........................................................................................ 100
5.1. Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... 100
5.2. Saran ................................................................................................. 102
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................... 103
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1. Posisi Penelitian Terdahulu ....................................................... 16
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Brazil State and Cities Map ....................................................... 32
Gambar 2.2. Perkebunan yang berada di Permukiman pada Tahun 2014 di
Parnambuco ............................................................................... 41
Gambar 2.3. Perkemahan para Anggota Gerakan MST di Sao Paulo ............ 42
Gambar 2.4. Pertemuan Antara Anggota MST dengan Pihak Pemerintah di
Permukiman Annoni Namun Brigade Militer Menyela
Pertemuan dngan Memperlakukan Anggota MST Sebagai
Penjahat pada Tahun 2008......................................................... 44
Gambar 2.5. Okupasi Lahan Oleh Gerakan MST di Lahan Pertanian
Jaguarao di Wilayah Bage Berakhir dengan Penggusuran oleh
Brigade Militer pada Tahun 1997.............................................. 44
Gambar 2.6. Pemakaman dari 19 Orang dari Anggota MST yang
Terbunuh dalam Pembantaian Eldorado Dos Crajas pada
Tahun 1996 ............................................................................... 47
Gambar 2.7. Pemakaman dari 19 Orang dari Anggota MST yang
Terbunuh dalam Pembantaian Eldorado Dos Crajas pada
Tahun 1996 ............................................................................... 48
Gambar 3.1. Lahan Percobaan Pertanian dan Reformasi Agraria .................. 55
Gambar 3.2. MST Realiza o 1º Curso Estadual de Formação de Militantes
da Bahia (MST Gelar Kursus Pelatihan untuk Militan di
xv
Bahia yang ke-1)........................................................................ 58
Gambar 3.3. Salah Satu Acara Pameran Fotografi dalam Peringatan 25
Tahun Lahirnya MST pada Tahun 2005, dengan Tema
Perjuangan dan Pencapaian ....................................................... 61
Gambar 3.4. Para Demonstran Memblokir Jalan Raya Utama di Wilayah
Feira de Santana, Bahia ............................................................. 65
Gambar 4.1. Pelatihan LVC-UNAC-MST ..................................................... 73
Gambar 4.2. La Via Campesina Menolak Serangan Terhadap Joao Pedro
Stedile, Pemimpin MST pada Tahun 2015................................ 73
Gambar 4.3. Demonstrasi CODEPINK dan MST di Depan Gedung
Kedutaan Brazil ......................................................................... 82
Gambar 4.4. Catatan Perjalanan: Belajar dari MST, Brazil .......................... 86
Gambar 4.5. Demonstrasi FAMA oleh 5000 Orang ...................................... 89
xvi
DAFTAR BAGAN
Bagan 4.1. Peta Jaringan Aktor MST (Movimento Dos Trabalhadores
Rurais Sem Terra) ..................................................................... 92
Bagan 4.2. Jaringan Transnasional dari Movimento Dos Trabalhadores
Rurais Sem Terra ....................................................................... 96
xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
CPT (Comissão Pastoral da Terra)
CTO (Centro de Teatro do Oprimido)
CONAIE (Confederations Of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador)
CONAQ (Coordenação Nacional de Articulação das Comunidades Negras
Rurais Quilombolas)
ENFF (Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes)
EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional)
FAMA (Fórum Alternativo Mundial da Água)
FMST (Friends of Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra)
FOIN (Foderation der Indigenes des Napo)
GCS (Global Civil Society)
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais
Renováveis)
IGO (International Government Organization)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
INGO (International Non Government Organization)
INCRA (Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária)
LSM (Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat)
LVC (La Via Campesina)
MNC (Multinational Coorporation)
MPA (Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores)
MST (Movimento Dos Trabalhadores Ruaris Sem Terra)
xviii
NBA (Narmada Bahao Andalan)
NSM (New Social Movement)
PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa)
SDA (Sumber Daya Alam)
SDM (Sumber Daya Manusia)
SPI (Serikat Petani Indonesia)
TNC (Transnational Coorporation)
UERJ (Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro)
UFC (Universidade Federal do Caera)
UFJF (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora)
UFPB (Universidade Federal da Paraíba)
UFPE (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco)
UNAC (Uniao Nacional de Componeses)
UNESCO (United National of Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization)
UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
WHO (World Health Organization)
WTO (World Trade Organization)
WWF (World Water Forum)
103
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108
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