RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIANSuatu “Paradigma” untuk mendekatkan riset dengan hasil riset yang dapat menjadi komoditas yang diperlukan masyarakat/pasar

Pilar 1. Riset harus merancang metodologi dan bersemangat sedemikan rupa sehingga hasil risetnya segera kelak (terukur waktunya) dapat menjadi komoditas iptek yang diperlukan masyarakat/pasar – lihat diagram

Pilar 2.Ilmu Pengetahuan dan teknologi ditumbuhkan terpadu dengan bersifat “Cost Center” (TEORI) mendapat dukungan dana dari yang “Surplus Center” (TERPADU) dan “Profit Center” (INDUSTRIAL). Untuk itu pengelola insentif riset perlu menciptakan mekanisme ini. – lihat diagram

RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN

Pilar 3Komoditas Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi:a. Khasanah IPTEK, 1. Terbitan: Sejarah IPTEK, Filsafat IPTEK, Buku pintar, Buku teks 2. Pelatihan 3. Seminar dan Kongresb. Konsultasic. Produk Intelektual dan produk teknologiPilar 4. Berdasarkan 3 pilar di atas maka dapat disusun Sistem

Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia di Institusi tersebut

ALUR KERJA PENELITIAN,PENGEMBANGAN DANALUR KERJA PENELITIAN,PENGEMBANGAN DAN PENERAPAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGIPENERAPAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI

MODIFIKASI MODEL

MODEL TEORI

RUMUSAN PERILAKU

PERILAKU TEORETIK

“TERUKUR”

FENOMENA, RANCANGAN BARU, ATAU PERSOALAN

YANG DIBAHAS COCOK?

KONSEP PENGUKURAN

LANGSUNG DAN TAK LANGSUNG

METODE PENGUKURAN

DAN PENGOLAHAN

DATA

INSTRUMENTASI RANCANGAN

PENGUKURAN

PERILAKU EMPIRIS

- HUKUM ALAM,- PRINSIP-PRINSIP, - RANCANGAN DASAR

HUKUM, PRINSIP-PRINSIP, ATAU RANCANGAN

DASAR

FENOMENA RANCANGAN BARU ATAU PERSOALAN

TERJELASKAN

PREDIKSIREALISASI RANCANGAN

KHASANAH IPTEK

TEMUAN, INOVASI, INVENSI

Ya

Tidak

industrial

TERAPAN

TERAPAN

TEORI

PASAR PASAR

DANA

DANA

DUKUNGAN DANA

Gambar 2. Kerucut (berlapis) Pertumbuhan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi

Industrial

Industrial

KEGIATAN PRODUKTIF TERPADUa. TRIDHARMA PERGURUAN TINGGI TERPADU, PRODUKTIF DAN TERUKUR

• DIKLAT. LOKAKARYA• KONSULTASI, JASA IPTEK• BUKU PINTAR, DSB

• CATATAN, BUKU• PENDIDIKAN S2,S3• POST DOCTORAL

Catatan :Terpadu : Kegiatan satu dharma memicu kegiatan di dharma lainProduktif : menghasilkan produk yang relevanTerukur : dalam angka kredit (karir) dan pendapatan (kesejahteraan)

PENGABDIAN KEPADAMASYARAKAT

PENDIDIKAN PENELITIAN

PENDIDIKAN M

ASYARAKAT

STUDI KASUS

MASALAH BARU

METODE PENERAPANDASAR YANG KUAT

KHASANAH BARU

• PROBLEM SOLVING• RANCANGAN• PRODUKSI

PASAR, MASYARAKAT

OPERSIONALOPERSIONALPRODUKTIFPRODUKTIF

PENERAPAN PENERAPAN IPTEKIPTEK

PENELITIAN PENELITIAN IPTEKIPTEK

ALIH ALIH IPTEKIPTEK

KEMAMPUAN

KASUS TERAPAN

FENOMENAMETODE

DASAR YANG KUAT

KHASANAH BARU

• CATATAN, BUKUCATATAN, BUKU• DIKLATDIKLAT• PASCA SARJANAPASCA SARJANA• POST DOCTORALPOST DOCTORAL

• PENGEMBANGAN IPTEK PUBLIKASI,HKI

PASAR

PASAR

• KUALITAS SDM

• BUDAYA CERDAS• KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI/ INDUSTRI

b. PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TERPADU-PRODUKTIF-TERUKUR

Dokter Gigi & Amalgam

Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury

• Dental amalgam contains about 50 % mercury, as well as other toxic metals such as tin,copper,nickel, palladium, etc.

• The average filling has 1 gram of mercury and leaks mercury vapor continuously due to mercury's low vapor pressure along with loss due to galvanic action of mercury with dissimilar metals in the mout, resulting in significant exposure for most with amalgam fillings

• Mercury vapor is transmitted rapidly throughout the body, easily crosses cell membranes, and like organic methyl mercury has significant toxic effects at much lower levels of exposure than other inorganic mercury forms

• According to the U.S. EPA & ATSDR,– mercury is among the top 3 toxic substances adversely affecting

large numbers of people– amalgam is the number one source of exposure for most people

Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metalsMercury (vapor) is carried by the blood to cells in all organs of the body where it: 1. is cytotoxic(kills cells 2. penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier resulting in accumulation of mercury and

other toxic substances in the brain also accumulates in the motor function areas of the brain and CNS.

3. is neurotoxic(kills brain and nerve cells): damages brain cells and nerve cells4. is immunotoxic (damages and inhibits immune T-cells, B-cells, neutrophil function, etc.)) and

induces ANA antibodies and autoimmune disease5. is nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys6. is endocrine system-disrupting chemical 7. exposure to mercury vapor (or methyl mercury) causes rapid transmittal through the placenta

to the fetus 8. reproductive and developmental toxin 9. prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level of nerve growth factor in the brain,impairs

astrocyte function, and causes imbalances in development of brain   10. causes cardiovascular damage and disease. 11. causes immune system damage12. causes interruption of the cytochromeC oxidase system/ATP energy 13. inhibition of immune system facilitates increased damage by bacterial, viral, and fungal

infections 14. mercury causes significant destruction of stomach and intestine epithelial cells, 15. forming strong bonds with and modification of the-SH groups of proteins causes mitochondrial

release of calcium

the extreme toxicity of mercury,

• only ½ gram is required to contaminate a 10 acre lake to the extent that a health warning would be issued by the government to not eat the fish

depression related to mercury• Mercury reduces the level of posterior pituitary

hormone (oxytocin). • The pituitary glands of a group of dentists had 800

times more mercury than controls• This may explain why dentists have much higher

levels of emotional problems, depression, suicide,etc

• Low levels of pituitary function are associated with depression and suicidal thoughts, and appear to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and other vulnerable groups.

• Amalgam fillings, nickel and gold crowns are major factors in reducing pituitary function

Elemental Mercury• An average amalgam filling contains over ½ gram of

mercury, and the average adult had at least 5 grams of mercury in fillings (unless most has vaporized).

• Mercury in solid form is not stable, having low vapor pressure and being subject to galvanic action with other metals in an oral environment

• within 10 years up to half has been found to have been transferred to the body of the host

• Elemental mercury vapor is more rapidly transmitted throughout the body than most other forms of mercury and has more much toxic effects on the CNS and other parts of the body than inorganic mercury due to its much greater capacity to cross cell membranes,

Amalgam & Pregnant Women• The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus,

new born, and young children is directly proportional to the number of amalgam surfaces in the mother's mouth.

• The level of mercury in umbilical cord blood and placenta was higher than that in mother's blood

• The level of mercury in maternal hair was significantly correlated to level of mercury in nursing infants

• a 60% increase in average cord blood mercury level

Amalgam & the Fetus• Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to the

fetus of pregnant women and children who breast feed at levels often higher than those of the mother

• Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults, and background levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with incidence of birth defects and still births

• Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle deficiencies

Amalgam & the Children

• The saliva and feces of children with amalgams have approximately 10 times the level of mercury as children without and much higher levels in saliva after chewing.

• Children with amalgam fillings had urine mercury level 4 times that of a control group without amalgams

• a significant correlation between urine mercury level and number of amalgam fillings

Amalgam & the Dentists• Subtle neurological effects have been well

documented that affect most dentists and dental assistants, with measurable effects among those in the lowest levels of exposure.

• Mercury levels of dental personnel average at least 2 times that of controls for hair

• Mercury excretion levels were found to have a positive correlation with – the number of amalgams placed or replaced per

week, – the number of amalgams polished each week, – and with the number of fillings in the dentist

Amalgam & the Dentists: Autopsy

• High body accumulation in dental workers:– levels in pituitary gland and thyroid over 10 times

controls and – levels in renal cortex 7 times controls

• levels of mercury:– pituitary gland: 4,040 ppb. – Brain occipital cortex 300 ppb– Renal cortex 2110 ppb) – Thyroid 28,000 ppb

• Dental assistants and women dental workers showed higher levels of mercury than male dentists

The Swedish safety guideline for mercury in urine is 5.6 nmol Hg/mmol (11.6 ug/L).

Eksitasi atom/ion gas Hg karena ditumbuk sinar ultraviolet dari “lubang ozon” ( 240 >ג nm) membentuk ion (+) radikal bebas

TeoriHg + γ Hg*+ + e+

Gas ( 240 >ג nm) gas

* = radikal berenergiHg*+ + M Hg + M *+ + h molekul energi hilang atau atom

Hg sebagai SENSITIZER

diabetesgland (Pituitari) Pineal Adrenalin

heavy metal Bones Leukimia Thalasemia Lupus SLESentisizer Hg+ /

Hg.+ + e- and other compoundsDNA

CG AT mutagenic

HG●+.

DNA*/ HG●+.

damage

protein damge (biradicals) (AAA●)n

cancer / HG●+.

Cancer genesis

Reaction B start

H2O*

8 HOdg*

DNA damage*

BCRA Sequence peptide forming AA associated biradicals

cancer

Lipid H* abstraction

Lipid-O*2

Transmembran protein*

Aßpeptide APP*

AA*-associated Biradicals of Amino Acid radicals (AAA●)

Tissue deposit of rigid

Terminal deposite

Alzheimer disease

Oe2↔ Oe

2(-)

Oe2Θ

Metabolism Krebs Cycle damage

A mechanism

A

Bmechanism

C

A

SUMBER Hg DAN LOGAM BERAT DI INDONESIA

• Mineral sulfida yang mengandung emas, pasti akan ada PbS, CuS, HgS….

• “Placer” endapan pasir pantai dari butir-butir logam berat termasuk Hg

• Produksi semua minyak bumi membawaPb• Produksi semua gas bumi membawa uap Hg• Makanan laut• Amalgam