pupuk hijau dan teknik penggunaannya

8/21/2019 Pupuk Hijau Dan Teknik Penggunaannya

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PUPUK HIJAU

Diabstraksikan oleh:

Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno, M.S.

Jurs tanah fpub maret 2!2

PUPUK HIJAU

Diabstraksikan oleh:

Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno, M.S.

Jurs tanah fpub maret 2!2

“Green manure, also called a cover crop, is a great way to addnutrients to the soil. Green manure means planting a crop that is

meant to be incorporated into the soil to increase it's fertility.Green manures can be planted in the fall after the herbs have beenharvested. You can also plant your green manures as part of your

crop rotation during the growing season.”

Sumber; http!!herbgardens.about.com!od!fertili"er!a!greenmanure.htm


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PUPUK "#$A%IK

Pupuk or&anik adalah pupu# yang tersusun dari materi

!substansi organi#, seperti hasil$hasil pelapu#an sisa $sisatanaman, hewan, dan manusia.

%upu# organi# dapat berbentu# padat atau cair yangdiguna#an untu# memperbai#i sifat fisi#, #imia, dan

biologi tanah. %upu# organi# mengandung banya# bahan

organi# daripada #adar haranya.Sumber bahan organi# dapat berupa #ompos, pupu# hi&au, pupu# #andang, sisa panen &erami, brang#asan, tong#ol

&agung, bagas tebu, dan sabut #elapa(, limbah terna# ,limbah industri yang mengguna#an bahan pertanian, dan

limbah #ota sampah(.

Sumber http!!id.wi#ipedia.org!wi#i!%upu#)organi# *.. +iunduh !-!/

Sutanto, 0achman. //(. Pertanian organik: Menuju

Pertanian Alternatif dan Berkelanjutan. 1a#arta2anisius.3S45 676$$/87$9,678676/87:

Suriadi#arta, +idi rdi., Simanung#alit, 0.+.ahan%ertanian. ?al . 3S45 678$676$6:7:$@7$@.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelapukanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanamanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerami&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brangkasanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagunghttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebuhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabut_kelapa&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_ternak&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_industri&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_kota&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979210187Xhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789799474575http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789799474575http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979210187Xhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_kota&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_industri&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_ternak&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabut_kelapa&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebuhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagunghttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brangkasanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerami&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanamanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelapukan


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PUPUK HIJAU

%upu# hi&au adalah pupu# organi# yang berasal dari tanaman atau sisa$sisa panen. 4ahan tanaman ini dapat dibenam#an pada wa#tu masih

hi&au A segar atau setelah di#ompos#an.umber pupu# hi&au adalah sisa$sisa tanaman sisa panen( atau tanamanang ditanam secara #husus sebagai penghasil pupu# hi&au, seperti sisa

sisa tanaman, #acang$#acangan, dan tanaman pa#u air (Azolla).enis tanaman yang di&adi#an sumber pupu# hi&au diutama#an dari &enilegume, #arena tanaman ini mengandung nitrogen yang relatif tinggi,

dibanding#an dengan &enis lainnya.>egume &uga relatif mudah terde#omposisi sehingga penyediaanharanya men&adi lebih cepat.

%upu# hi&au bermanfaat untu# mening#at#an #andungan bahan organi#dan unsur hara di dalam tanah, sehingga ter&adi perbai#an sifat fisi#a,imia, dan biologi tanah, yang selan&utnya berdampa# pada pening#ata

produ#tivitas tanah dan #etahanan tanah terhadap erosi.

%upu# hi&au diguna#an dalam%enggunaan tanaman pagar , yaitu dengan mengembang#an sistem pertanaman lorong, dimana tanaman pupu# hi&au ditanam sebagai

tanaman pagar berseling dengan tanaman utama.%enggunaan tanaman penutup tanah, yaitu dengan mengembang#an

anaman yang ditanam sendiri, pada saat tanah tida# ditanami tanamanutama atau tanaman yang ditanam bersamaan dengan tanaman po#o#

bila tanaman po#o# berupa tanaman tahunan.

%arnata, yub.S. //:(. Pupuk Organik Cair . 1a#arta%B gromedia

%usta#a. ?al @$8.Sumber http!!id.wi#ipedia.org!wi#i!%upu#)organi# *.. +iunduh !-!/

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_airhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosihttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanaman_pagar&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanaman_pagar&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikahttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_air


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K"MP"S

2ompos merupa#an sisa bahan organi# yang berasal dari tanaman,hewan, dan limbah organi# yang telah mengalami proses de#omposisi

atau fermentasi.

enis tanaman yang sering diguna#an untu# #ompos di antaranya &erame#am padi, tanaman pisang, gulma, sayuran yang busu#, sisa tanaman

&agung, dan sabut #elapa.4ahan dari terna# yang sering diguna#an untu# #ompos di antaranya#otoran terna#, urine, pa#an terna# yang terbuang, dan cairan biogas.

Banaman air yang sering diguna#an untu# #ompos di antaranyaganggang biru, gulma air, eceng gondo# , dan a"ola.

4eberapa manfaat #ompos adalah


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Banaman Cro#$oro# Crotalaria jun!ea ) !o!ok ebagai pupuk "ijau

Banaman Crotalaria jun!ea di samping hasil biomasanya tinggi &ugamempunyai #andungan 5 tinggi pula -,/ D 5(. Banaman ini cu#up

una# sehingga coco# diguna#an utu# sebagai pupu# hi&au. %ada wa#tuyang lalu tanaman selalu ditanam setelah panen selesai.

ebenarnya penggunaan pupu# hi&au ini bu#an barang baru lagi, namun#arena sudah banya# ditinggal#an oleh petani ma#a pupu# hi&au initerabai#an.


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'A%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU

Pupuk hi(au adalah pupu# organi# yang berasal daritanaman atau berupa sisa panen. 4ahan tanaman ini dapat

dibenam#an pada wa#tu masih hi&au atau setelahdi#ompos#an.

Manfaat pupuk hi(au :


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%E%E2 ?31E Sisa tanaman

Sisa tanaman sisa panen( merupa#an sumber 4C yang paling e#onomis #arenabahan ini merupa#an hasil sampingan dari #egiatan usaha tani, sehingga tida#membutuh#an biaya untu# pengadaannya. Sisa tanaman walaupun #andunganharanya relatif rendah, namun #arena total sisa tanaman yang dihasil#an setiap

musim panen banya#, ma#a total unsur hara yang disumbang#an dari setiapmusim panen tida# #alah dibanding#an &enis legume.

Botal hara yang ter#andung dalam sisa panen #ecuali a#ar(

Sumber “%upu# Crgani# dan %upu# ?ayati” by >itbang, 4ogorhttp!!lestarimandiri.org!id!pupu#$organi#!pupu#$hi&au!7-$tanaman$pupu#$hi&au.html*.

+iunduh /!-!/

'anaman 'otal hara )alam sisa tanaman ke*uali akar

% P K +a M& S

K& ha!

Ka*an&ka*an&an

2. Bungga# @ 7 8 =2. Banah 7 @ @6 =/ 7 =2. ?i&au -@ - @: 8 6 72edelai @ - =

2. %an&ang =@ = -- - = 8-i(ibi(ian

1agung hibrida :@ 7 @8 7 =

1agung local @ : - : 7 :%adi unggul -/ 6- / =

%adi local @ :6 @ - Umbiumbian

Sing#ong = @ : : =2entang -6 8 := 6 : @Ebi &alar -/ @ 6 : -


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'A%AMA% PA$A#

Salah satu cara menyedia#an sumber pupu# hi&au adalah denganmengembang#an sistem pertanaman lorong, dimana tanaman

pupu# hi&au ditanam sebagai tanaman pagar berseling dengantanaman utama.

Banaman pagar dapat menghasil#an biomasa secara periodi#; pada usim hu&an tanaman dapat dipang#as setiap bulan.

pli#asi sistem pertanaman lorong pada lahan miring, dimanalegume ditanam searah #ontur sangat efe#tif untu# mene#an

erosi.

ecara umum setiap legume dapat diguna#an sebagai tanamanagar, namun lebih efe#tif bila tanaman pagar memenuhi sifat$

fat sebagai beri#ut 4era#ar dalam agar tida# men&adi pesaing bagi tanamanemusim%ertumbuhan cepat dan setelah pemang#asan cepat bertunas

embali


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Banaman legume yang dapat diguna#an sebagaitanaman pagar

%rodu#si pang#asan data pang#asan tahun #edua dan

#etiga( beberapa &enis tanaman pagar

Jenis tanaman pa&ar

Hasil bahanhi(auan se&ar Sumber

'on ha!

tahun!

Flemingia Plemingiama!rop"ylla( :,7$=,

Suganda et al ., 66 ; ?aryatiet al ., 66; rfandi et al .,688

Glirisidia #liri!idiaepium( ,6$6, Suganda et al ., 66

>amtoro gung ,-$,6 Suganda et al ., 66; 2ang etal ., 68:

>amtoro $eu!aenaleu!ep"ala( =,$/ rfandi et al ., 688

Bhephrosia Bheprosiacandida( -,@ ?aryati et al ., 66

2aliandra Calliandra!allot"yru) :,-$,8

Suganda et al ., 66; rfandiet al ., 688

Sengon Paraeriant"efal!ataria( ,@$,= Suganda et al ., 66

Sumber “%upu# Crgani# dan %upu# ?ayati” by >itbang, 4ogorhttp!!lestarimandiri.org!id!pupu#$organi#!pupu#$hi&au!7-$tanaman$pupu#$hi&au.html*.+iunduh /!-!/


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'A%AMA% P%U'UP 'A%AH

Banaman penutup tanah adalah tanaman yang ditanam sendiri ya#ni pada saat tanah tida# ditanami tanaman utama atau tanaman yang

ditanam bersamaan dengan tanaman po#o# bila tanaman po#o# berupa

tanaman tahunan.u&uan penanaman tanaman penutup tanah


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A0"11A

"olla merupa#an salah satu sumber 5 alternatif #hususnya untu# padsawah. "olla merupa#an pa#u air u#uran mini yang bersimbiosis

dengan Cyanoba!teria pemfi#sasi 5

.Aolla merupa#an satu$satunya genus dari pa#u air mengapung su#u "ollaceae. Berdapat tu&uh spesies yang termasu# dalam genus ini.

"olla di#enal mampu bersimbiosis dengan ba#teri biru$hi&au Anabaenzollae dan mengi#at nitrogen langsung dari udara. %otensi ini membua

"olla diguna#an sebagai pupu# hi&au bai# di lahan sawah maupunhan #ering. %ada #ondisi optimal "olla a#an tumbuh bai# dengan la&

pertumbuhan -@D tiap hari 5ilai nutrisi "olla mengandung #adarprotein tinggi antara :$-/D. 2andungan asam amino essensialnya,terutama lisin /,:D lebih tinggi dibanding#an dengan #onsentrat

&agung, deda#, dan beras pecah rifin, 66=( dalam #rimin //.

Banaman "olla Sp. memang sudah tida# diragu#an lagi #onstribusiny

alam memengaruhi pening#atan tanaman padi. ?al ini telah dibu#ti#adibeberpa tempat dan beberapa negara. 2onstribusi terbesar a"olla

adalah dengan men&aga hasil panen tetap tinggi.


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Berdapat tu&uh &enis "olla

siazolla japoni!a Franch. L Sav. dari 1epang fili!uloide >am.

pinnata 0. 4r. dari sia Benggara, &uga dari fri#a

fri#a niloti!a +cne. eM


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Sesbania rostrataSesbania rostrata merupa#an tanaman legume yang potensial sebagai sumber 5ada lahan sawah. Banaman ini dapat tumbuh pada #eadaan tergenang, dan dapa

membentu# bintil tida# hanya pada a#ar tetapi &uga pada batang.

Cleh #arena itu tanaman ini mempunyai #emampuan menambat 5 yang relatiftinggi.

Sumber “%upu# Crgani# dan %upu# ?ayati” by >itbang, 4ogorhttp!!lestarimandiri.org!id!pupu#$organi#!pupu#$hi&au!7-$tanaman$pupu#$hi&au.html*.

+iunduh /!-!/

Sesbania is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae and the only genus

found in Bribe Sesbanieae. 5otable speciesinclude the 0attleboM 'ebania drummondii(,

Spiny Sesbania 'ebania bipinoa(, and'ebania eban, which is used in coo#ing.

%lants of this genus, some of which areaHuatic, can be used in alley cropping to

increase the soil's nitrogen content.

Bhe species of 0hi"obia responsible for

5itrogen fiMation in 'ebania rotrata is Azor"izobium !aulinodan.

http:44en.5ikipe)ia.or&45iki4Sesbania

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_drummondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_bispinosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_sesbanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azorhizobium_caulinodanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azorhizobium_caulinodanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley_croppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_sesbanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_bispinosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_drummondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant


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Sesbania grandiflora 81.9 Poir.

'ebania grandiflora is a loosely branching tree up to @ m tall. 3tseaves are pinnately compound up to -/ cm long with /$@/ leaflets in pairs, dimensions $:: M @$@ mm, oblong to elliptical in shape.

Flowers are large, white, yellowish, rose pin# or red with a calyM @$mm long. Bhe standard has dimensions up to /.@ M = cm. %ods are lon/$=/ cm( and thin =$6 mm( with broad sutures containing @$@/

seeds.t is well adapted to hot, humid environments and does not grow well in

the subtropics particularly in areas with cool season minimumemperatures below about /NI. 3t is outstanding in its ability to toleratwaterlogging and is ideally suited to seasonally waterlogged or floodedenvironments. Jhen flooded, they initiate floating adventitious rootsand protect their stems, roots and nodules with spongy, aerenchyma

ssue. vans and


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%E%E2 ?31Eeguminoceae. 1enis tanaman tersebut mengandung unsur hara yan

lehih bai#, terutama unsur 5itrogen dibanding tanaman lain. 1enis tanamaneguminosa mempunyai daya serap hara yang lebih besar dan mempunyai bintil

a#ar. +i dalam metabolismenya bersimbiosis dengan ba#terihi"obium yang dapat mengi#at unsur nitrogen dari udara.

euntungan yang didapat &i#a mengguna#an pupu# hi&au


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%E%E2 ?31E


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2E5BE5G5 %E%E2 ?31E

Green manuring can bring a number of advantages to the growerdding organic matter to the soil

3ncreasing biological activity3mproving soil structure0eduction of erosion3ncreasing the supply of nutrients available to plants

particularly by adding nitrogen to the system by fiMation(0educing leaching losses

Suppressing weeds0educing pest and disease problems%roviding supplementary animal forage

/.+rying and warming the soil

Green manure crops are also useful for weed control, erosion prevention,

and reduction of insect pests and diseases. Bhe deep rooting properties ofmany green manure crops ma#e them efficient at suppressing weedsQR.

Green manure crops often provide habitat for many native pollinators aswell as predatory beneficial insects, which allow for a reduction in the

input of insecticides where cover crops are planted. Some green manuresare also successful at suppressing plant diseases, especially

Kerticillium wilt in potatoQ-R. 3ncorporation of green manures into a farming

system can drastically reduce, if not eliminate, the need for additional products such as supplemental fertili"ers and pesticides.

Kasila#oglou, 3oannis, +hima, 2ico, nastassopoulos, lias, >ithourgidis, nastasios, Gougoulias, 5i#olaos, and Ihouliaras, 5i#olaos. /. Cregano green manure for weed suppression insustainable cotton and corn fields. Jeed 4iology and ar#in, 0obert %., ?oneycutt, Jayne, and Clanya


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K#U$IA% PUPUK HIJAU number of disadvantages can also be identified

+irect costs of seed and eMtra cultivations>ost opportunities for cash croppingMtra wor# at busy times of the year Macerbated pest and disease problems due to the gree

ridgeT effect(%otential for the green manures to become weeds in their owght

wide range of plant species can be used as green manures.+ifferent ones bring different benefits and the final choice isnfluenced by many considerations which will be eMamined lateron in this review. 3f the most is to be made from green manurecrops it is important that they are carefully integrated into the

crop rotation and proper attention paid to their husbandry.

$reen manure *ropsnother important contribution of green manure to an agricultural field isthe nitrogen fiMing ability and conseHuent nitrogen accumulation in the

soil, particularly of those leguminous crops used. +epending on thespecies of cover crop grown, the amount of nitrogen released into the soil

lies between :/ and // pounds per acre. Jith green manure use, theamount of nitrogen that is available to the succeeding crop is usually inthe range of :/$=/D of the total amount of nitrogen that is contained

within the green manure cropQR.

Sullivan, %reston. //-. Cverview of Iover Irops and Green


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'H +'S " $#% MA%U#S

Minimisin& nitrate lea*hin&

>arge Huantities of nitrate can be lost from soil which is left bareoverwinter. Bhis is because, unli#e other nutrient ions, nitrate is not

trongly attracted to soil particles. ny that is in solution in the autumnwill be washed away as water moves down through the soil with the

onset of heavy winter rains.Bhis is bad for the environment nitrate can contribute to the formation

of algal blooms in watercourses( and for human health whencontaminated water is drun#(. s a result E regulations have been

introduced to control farming practices li#ely to result in large nitratelosses.

Bhis has resulted in the establishment of 5itrate Sensitive reasBunney, 66(. For farmers, leaching also represents the loss of a

valuable resource A this is particularly serious for organic farmers because it is much harder for them to replace the lost nitrogen.

3t is widely recognised that one of the best ways of preventing nitrateaching is to maintain a vigorously growing crop over the winter perio


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n eMample of overwinter nitrate concentrations below bare soil plotsand plots on which gra"ing rye was growing. Bhis trial was set up

directly after the incorporation of a grass!clover ley.

Jinter green manures can be very effective crops for mopping upT eMcess nitrat

in the soil in the autumn and this effect was studied at ?+0. Cne eMample isshown in figure , nitrate concentrations were measured at =/cm depth and thewave of nitrate passing down the profile can be clearly seen.

$#% MA%U#S. review conducted by ?+0 as part of HD+ Pro(e*t ; 2


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K'#SDIAA% % -A$I 'A%AMA%

-#IKU'%=A

Cf all the nutrient elements, nitrogen is the most labile in soiland the one most li#ely to be affected by green manures. Bhis is

because it eMists in so many different forms that are inter$converted by a range of biological processes A some of these

forms are prone to losses by leaching or gaseous emissions of

ammonia, nitrogen or nitrous oMides(.

For some crops eg cauliflowers( it is particularly important thaufficient nitrogen is available at certain growth stages to ensurehat the plants produce yields of a mar#etable Huality and correc

management of green manures can be used to manipulate its

availability.

>arge amounts of nitrogen are added to the soil by a successfulreen manure eg an overwintered crop of vetch may accumulat

up to //#g 5!ha by early


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MI%#A1ISASI PUPUK HIJAU

illywhite, 0., Burner


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%E%E2 ?31E A 2SE4E05 B5?

0esults from an eMperiment where overwintered vetch was incorporatedat three different dates in the spring. Ketch is a plant which has a highnitrogen content throughout its life -$:D of its dry weight(. nd is

conseHuently readily mineralisable. 3t puts on a lot of growth in latepril and the highest levels of mineral nitrogen resulted from the latestincorporation date in ennartsson 66@( for more information.

n e>ample of patterns of soil mineral nitro&en 8?*m9 after in*orporatio

of an o/er5intere) /et*h crop at three different dates in the spring

0ayns, FJ L >ennartsson, < 66@( Bhe nitrogen dynamics of winter green manures. 3n ?F Ioo# and ?I

>ee eds( Soil


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PUPUK HIJAU @ K'#SDIAA% HA#A

Bhe most eMtensive study was carried out by 1ensen et al% (2334)*"ere t"e effe!tiene of fie type of catch crop 3talian

yegrass, lupin, chicory, rumeM and #idney vetch( were compare

on a soil deficient in % and 2. 3n this study, nutrient upta#es ofcatch crops were all low with $: #g % ! ha and @$-/#g 2 !ha

a#en up annually. Bhis low upta#e was attributed to low biomas production $ t!ha( of the catch crops on the infertile soils.., %edersen, .,


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PUPUK HIJAU @ K'#SDIAA% "SA'

Bhere is wor# that has focussed on the ability of some plants, particularly lupinsand buc#wheat to increase

phosphate mobility in the soil. >upins grown in % deficient soil were found toMtrude protons and organic acids such as citric acid, increasing the mobility and

upta#e of % Shen et al% 23345 6euman et al% ///(.% deficiency also stimulated the formation of cluster roots which are more active

in % upta#e Sas et al% // )%u!k*"eat "a alo been "o*n to e&trude organi! a!id and under conditions ow % availability on a calcareous soil, % upta#e was ten fold higher than in whea

Vhu et al% 2332)%

s, >., 0engel, V. L Bang, I. //( Mcess cation upta#e, and eMtrusion of protons and organic acid anion>upinus albus under phosphorus deficiency %lant Science =/ 6$68en, 1. >i, ?., 5eumann, G. L Vhang, F. //@( Mcess cation upta#e, and eMtrusion of protons and organid anions by >upinus albus under phosphorus deficiency. %lant Science =88-7$8:@.u, Y,G., ?e, Y,W, Smith, S.. L Smith, F.. //( 4uc#wheat Fagopyrum esculentum


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%E%E2 ?E13 A E5SE0 ?0 >35

Bhere is also wor# to suggest that micronutrients such as sulphur may be leached out ofsandy soils and eventually become deficient in low input systems ri#sen L s#egaard,

///(.ne study ri#sen L Bhorup$ 2ristensen, //( found that cruciferous crops such as winterape or fodder radish were particularly effective at preventing sulphur being leached into

lower soil profiles.


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PUPUK HIJAU @ A$#$ASI 'A%AH

Green manures can improve soil structure in a number of ways.Bhe eMtensive fine roots of some, such as rye,

enmesh the soil, helping to stabilise aggregates and increasing

pore si"e thus improving seedbed structure 4reland, 66@(.Some species also produce deep tap roots which help brea# up

compacted soil. series of pot eMperiments >of#vist et al%2334) identified lu!erne root a being parti!ularly effe!tie at

enetrating "ard layers, with chicory, lupin, red clover as having

intermediate ability and barley the poorest. #ey function ofgreen manures is the addition of organic matter to the soil.

Bhey do this whilst still growing, producing root eMudates which provide food for micro organisms, which in turn produce

polysaccharide gums, which “glue” soil aggregates together

0eid L Goss, 68(.

Bhey may also provide a bridge between mycorrhi"al crops inorder to maintain a high population of soil mycorrhi"a, whichelp maintain soil structure, again by enmeshing soil aggregates4rassicas and lupins, however, are non mycorrhi"al and will

brea# that bridge.

eland, B. 66@( Green manuring with clover and ryegrass catch crops undersown inring wheat effects on soil structure Soil Ese and .1. //@( rapid screening method for good root$netration ability Iomparison of species with very different root morphology cta

griculturae Scandinavica @@/$:.eid, 1.4. L Goss,


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PUPUK HIJAU -"'Cnce incorporated, the green manure provides a pool of fresh organicmatter and there are numerous eMamples where using green manures

increases soil organic matter in comparison to treatments whereinorganic fertilisers alone are applied e.g. Shepherd et al% 2332)%

Bhis organic matter provides food to soil micro organisms, encouragingan increase in numbers and activity 69ayegamuye ; Bran, //(.

epherd,


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PUPUK HIJAU #"SI 'A%AH

Bhe more succulent a green manure is the more rapidly it willdecay once incorporated and the less effect it will have on long

term soil organic matter. Clder woody green manures with a

higher I5 ratio brea# down more slowly and brea#down iseported to decrease to a very slow rate at I5 ratios above =

nwe"or, 67@(.>egumes which have a low I5 ratio, brea# down rapidly sohave little effect on long term soil organic matter but give a

arger short term boost to soil structure as they have a large shorterm effect on soil micro organisms.

nwe"or, J.C. 67=( Bhe minerali"ation of nitrogen and phosphorus in organic materials orying I5 and I% ratios %lant and Soil ::-7$:/ansberg, >. L


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PUPUK HIJAU P%$%DA1IA% $U1MA

Cne of the ma&or benefits of green manures is the ability to suppress

weeds. Bhis can occur by a number of different mechanisms that werereviewed by >iebman L +avis ///(. Bhe various mechanisms areconsidered here. Firstly green manures can reduce weed infestation bydisrupting cycles. Jeeds often become adapted to a particular nichecycle of planting and cultivations if similar types of crops are grown

continuously 4lac#shaw, 66:(.

Growing a green manure adds diversity to the rotation and reduces theopportunities for weeds to become adapted to a niche cropping cycle.Iompetition for light, water and nutrients is another important way inwhich green manures reduce weed infestation. 0apidly growing cropsith large ground cover, such as mustard, are the most effective at dointhis and enaghen et al (-../) found t"at *eed uppreion *a

dire!tly !orrelated with the ground cover of the green manure.amp#in, 5.?., +aly, . L +eo, 4. 66=( 5itrate leaching fromoughed pasture and the effectiveness of winter catch crops in reducing leaching losses. 5ew Vealandurnal of gricultural 0esearch -6:-$:/.berts, ?.. L Feast %.


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G05


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U%$SI PUPUK HIJAU

Green manure crops may include legumes such as cowpeas,soybeans, annual sweet clover, vetch, sesbania, and velvet beans,

as well as non$leguminous crops such as sudangrass, millet,sorghum, and buc#wheat (Sullivan, Preston. 2003. Overview of Cover

Crops and Green Manures: Fundamentals of Sustainale !"ri#ulture.

www.attrat.n#at.or".$.>egumes are often used as green manure crops for their nitrogen

fiMing abilities, while non$leguminous crops are used primarily forweed suppression and addition of biomass to the soil.

%upu# hi&au biasanya mempunyai multi$fungsi, termasu# perbai#an#ualitas tanah dan perlindungan tanah

.>eguminous green manures such as clover and vetch contain

nitrogen$fiMing symbiotic bacteria in root nodules that fiMatmospheric nitrogen in a form that plants can use..Green manures increase the percentage of organic matterbiomass( in the soil, thereby improving water retention, aeration,and other soil characteristics.-.Bhe root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep inthe soil and bring up nutrient resources unavailable to shallower$rooted crops.:.Iommon cover crop functions of weed suppression andprevention of soil erosion and compaction are often also ta#en intoaccount when selecting and using green [email protected] green manure crops, when allowed to flower, provideforage for pollinating insects.

Sumber http!!en.wi#ipedia.org!wi#i!Green)manure *.. +iunduh :!-!/


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MA%AA' PUPUK HIJAU

Green manure crops are also useful for weed control,erosion prevention, and reduction of insect pests anddiseases. Bhe deep rooting properties of many green manure

crops ma#e them efficient at suppressing weedsKasila#oglou, 3oannis, +hima, 2ico, nastassopoulos, lias, >ithourgidis,

nastasios, Gougoulias, 5i#olaos, and Ihouliaras, 5i#olaos. /. Creganogreen manure for weed suppression in sustainable cotton and corn fields.

Jeed 4iology and ar#in, 0obert %., ?oneycutt, Jayne, and Clanya


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COVER CROP =

TANAMAN PENUTUP TANAH

+o/er *rops are crops planted primarily to manage soil fertility,soil Huality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlifein agroecosystems >u et al . ///(, ecological systems managed

and largely shaped by humans across a range of intensities to produce food, feed, or fiber.

Iover crops are of interest in sustainable agriculture as many of

them improve the sustainability of agroecosystem attributes andmay also indirectly improve Hualities of neighboring natural

ecosystems. Farmers choose to grow and manage specific covercrop types based on their own needs and goals, influenced by the

biological, environmental, social, cultural, and economic factors ofthe food system within which farmers operate Snapp et al% //@(.

.>u, Y. I., 2. 4. Jat#ins, 1. 0. Beasdale, and . . bdul$4a#i. ///. Iover crops insustainable food production. Food 0eviews 3nternational [email protected], S. S., S. abarta, +. eep, 1. 5yirane"a, and 2. C'5eil. //@. valuating cover crops for benefits, costs and performance within cropping system niches. gron. 1. 67$.

Sumber http!!en.wi#ipedia.org!wi#i!Iover)crops *.. +iunduh :!-!/


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B5


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Cne of the primary uses of cover crops is to increase soil fertility. Bhese

types of cover crops are referred to as Zgreen manure.Z Bhey are used tomanage a range of soil macronutrients and micronutrients. Cf the variousnutrients, the impact that cover crops have on nitrogen management has

received the most attention from researchers and farmers, because nitrogenis often the most limiting nutrient in crop production.

Cften, green manure crops are grown for a specific period, and then plowedunder before reaching full maturity in order to improve soil fertility and

Huality.

Green manure crops are commonly leguminous, meaning they are part ofthe Fabaceae pea( family. Bhis family is uniHue in that all of the species init set pods, such as bean, lentil, lupins and alfalfa. >eguminous cover cropsare typically high in nitrogen and can often provide the reHuired Huantity of

nitrogen for crop production. 3n conventional farming, this nitrogen is

typically applied in chemical fertili"er form. Bhis Huality of cover crops iscalled fertili"er replacement value Bhiessen$


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4y reducing soil erosion, cover crops often also reduce both the rate andHuantity of water that drains off the field, which would normally pose

environmental ris#s to waterways and ecosystems downstream +abney etal% //(. Iover crop biomass acts as a physical barrier between rainfall andthe soil surface, allowing raindrops to steadily tric#le down through the soil

profile. lso, as stated above, cover crop root growth results in theformation of soil pores, which in addition to enhancing soil macrofauna

habitat provides pathways for water to filter through the soil profile ratherthan draining off the field as surface flow. Jith increased water infiltration,

the potential for soil water storage and the recharging of aHuifers can beimproved 1oyce et al% //(.

1ust before cover crops are #illed by such practices including mowing,tilling, discing, rolling, or herbicide application( they contain a large amountof moisture. Jhen the cover crop is incorporated into the soil, or left on thesoil surface, it often increases soil moisture. 3n agroecosystems where waterfor crop production is in short supply, cover crops can be used as a mulch to

conserve water by shading and cooling the soil surface. Bhis reducesevaporation of soil moisture. 3n other situations farmers try to dry the soilout as Huic#ly as possible going into the planting season. ?ere prolonged

soil moisture conservation can be problematic.

.+abney, S.


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Bhic# cover crop stands often compete well with weeds during the cover cropgrowth period, and can prevent most germinated weed seeds from completing

their life cycle and reproducing. 3f the cover crop is left on the soil surfacerather than incorporated into the soil as a green manure after its growth isterminated, it can form a nearly impenetrable mat. Bhis drastically reduceslight transmittance to weed seeds, which in many cases reduces weed seed

germination rates Beasdale 66-(. Furthermore, even when weed seedsgerminate, they often run out of stored energy for growth before building the

necessary structural capacity to brea# through the cover crop mulch layer. Bhis

is often termed the !oer !rop mot"er effe!t 2obayashi et al% //-(.Some cover crops suppress weeds both during growth and after death

4lac#shaw et al% //(. +uring growth these cover crops compete vigorouslywith weeds for available space, light, and nutrients, and after death they

smother the neMt flush of weeds by forming a mulch layer on the soil surface.For eMample, 4lac#shaw et al% //( found that when using

Melilotu offi!inali yellow sweetclover( as a cover crop in an improved

fallow system where a fallow period is intentionally improved by any numberof different management practices, including the planting of cover crops(,

weed biomass only constituted between $D of total standing biomass at theend of the cover crop growing season. Furthermore, after cover crop

termination, the yellow sweetclover residues suppressed weeds to levels 7@$67D lower than in fallow no yellow sweetclover( systems .

4lac#shaw, 0. ., 1. 0. . 4oswell. //. Yellow sweetclover, greenmanure, and its residues effectively suppress weeds during fallow. Jeed Science :6:/=$:-..2obayashi, Y.,


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3n the same way that allelopathic properties of cover crops can suppress

weeds, they can also brea# disease cycles and reduce populations of bacterial and fungal diseases verts //(, and parasitic nematodes %otter

et al% 668, Kargas$yala et al% ///(.

Species in the brassicaceae family, such as mustards, have been widelyshown to suppress fungal disease populations through the release of

naturally occurring toMic chemicals during the degradation of glucosinolade

compounds in their plant cell tissues >a""eri and . //. 0educed fungicide applications and host resistance for managing three diseasesin pump#in grown on a no$till cover crop. %lant dis 8=-:$:..>a""eri, >., and >.


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Some cover crops are used as so$called Ztrap cropsZ, to attract pests away from thecrop of value and toward what the pest sees as a more favorable habitat Shelton and

4adenes$%ere" //=(.

Brap crop areas can be established within crops, within farms, or within landscapes. 3nmany cases the trap crop is grown during the same season as the food crop being

produced. Bhe limited area occupied by these trap crops can be treated with a pesticideonce pests are drawn to the trap in large enough numbers to reduce the pest

populations. 3n some organic systems, farmers drive over the trap crop with a largevacuum$based implement to physically pull the pests off the plants and out of the field

2uepper and Bhomas //(. Bhis system has been recommended for use to helpcontrol the lygus bugs in organic strawberry production Valom et al% //(.

Cther cover crops are used to attract natural predators of pests by providing elementsof their habitat. Bhis is a form of biological control #nown as habitat augmentation,

but achieved with the use of cover crops 4ugg and Jaddington 66:(. Findings onthe relationship between cover crop presence and predator!pest population dynamicshave been miMed, pointing toward the need for detailed information on specific cover

crop types and management practices to best complement a given integrated pestmanagement strategy. For eMample, the predator mite 8ueiu tulareni Iongdon( is#nown to help control the pest citrus thrips in Ientral Ialifornia citrus orchards.

.4ugg, 0. >., and I. Jaddington. 66:. Esing Iover Irops to


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%E%E2 ?31E

Green manures, often #nown as cover crops, are plants which aregrown to improve the structure and nutrient content of the soil.

Bhey are a cheap alternative to artificial fertilisers and can be usedto complement animal manures.

Growing a green manure is not the same as simply growing alegume crop, such as beans, in a rotation. Green manures are

usually dug into the soil when the plants are still young, beforethey produce any crop and often before they flower. Bhey are

grown for their green leafy material which is high in nutrients and protects the soil.

3f food is in very short supply it may be better to grow a legumefrom which a bean crop can be harvested and then dig the plant

remains into the soil.

Bhese plant remains will not brea# down into the soil so Huic#lyand will not be as good for the soil as younger plants but they will

still add some nutrients to the soil for the neMt crop.

Sumber http!!www.gardenorganic.org.u#!pdfs!international)programme!Green


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#"'ASI PUPUK HIJAU

n eMample of a rotation where a legume is used

as a green manure



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$#% MA%U#S :

U%D#S"EI%$

Endersowing involves growing a green manure at thesame time as a crop, among the crop plants. Sometimes

they are sown with the crop or slighlty later when thecrops are already growing. Bhis reduces competition

between the green manure and the crop.

For eMample, undersowing is sometimes used withmai"e crops where a green manure is sown under the

young mai"e plants.

Bhe green manure seeds are broadcast sown when thesecond weeding of the mai"e is carried out. 3n this way

when the mai"e is harvested the green manure isalready established and ready to grow Huic#ly. Bhis

method means that no eMtra time is spent preparing theland and sowing the green manure.



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PUPUK HIJAU -#SAMA 'A%AMA% P"K"K

green manure for eMample a bean(sown beneath mai"e



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PUPUK HIJAU JA%$KA PA%JA%$

Green manures can be grown for more than one season and used

in the following ways

U >ong term green manures restore poor soil. Esing them over along time has a greater benefit on soil fertility and structure of

poor soil.U >ong term green manures can be used when new land is being prepared for use, especially to help control difficult perennial

weeds.U >ong term green manures are used where land is to have a longfallow period. Bhey can be sown at the beginning of the fallow

of bush$fallow systems. Bhey help to Huic#ly build up thefertility of the soil and reduce the length of time before the land

can be used to grow crops again.

U >ong term green manures provide green material which can becut and carried to other fields. Green material can be harvestedfrom perennial species such as alfalfa Medi!ago atia(, for

digging in, mulching, composting or feeding to livestoc#.



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PUPUK HIJAU U%'UK MU1SA

Green manure plants can be cut and lefton the soil surface as a mulch.


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PUPUK HIJAU DA1AM A$#""#S'#=

$reen manures in a&roforestr3

groforestry is the practice of growing trees and!or shrubs together, withcrops and!or animals. Bhe trees!shrubs act as long term green manures and

the leaves can be used for digging in or as a mulch.

Bhe regular pruning of agroforestry trees such as >eucaena $eu!aenaleu!o!ep"ala(,


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SIS'M A$#""#S'#=

Bhe benefits of nutrient cycling and erosion

control in agroforestry

Sumber *.. +iunduh :!-!/


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PM-%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU

Di&&in& in &reen manures

4efore a crop is sown the green manure is dug bac# into the soil.?ere it decomposes and the nutrients held inside green manure

plants are released.

U Bhe plants ta#e a short time, usually about two wee#s, to rotdown into the soil before the neMt crop is sown.

U Green manures should not be ploughed in as this buries the plantsand the nutrients too deep. Bhey should be turned in &ust under the

soil surface.U +igging is easier if the plants have been chopped into small pieces before digging. Bhis also helps prevent the problem of

regrowth if this should occur.

U 3f digging$in is difficult the plants can be dug in roughly, left for afew days and dug over again.

Sumber *.. +iunduh :!-!/


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PMI1IHA% PUPUK HJIJAU

Jhen choosing which green manure plant to use, you should considerthe

following points

. green manure must suit the local climate, and the soil that it is to be sown in. Bhis will help to #eep the green manure healthy and to#eep pests and diseases to a minimum..Fast growing and leafy green manures are often preferred as they

provide more nutrients when dug in.

-.Green manures should not be closely related to the following crop asthey could attract pests and diseases which may affect the followingcrop.:.3t is important to #now whether seed is easily available [email protected] length of time that land is free and how long the green manurewill ta#e to grow.

=.%lants which can be grown as a green manure include legumes andnon$legumes. >egumes have nodules on their roots which contain

bacteria. Bhese bacteria ta#e nitrogen from the air. Bhis is #nown asnitrogen$fiMationT. %lants use this to grow, but this eMtra nitrogen isalso made available to future crops when the legumes are dug into thesoil.7.Bhe ability of legumes to fiMT nitrogen ma#es them very good green

manures. ?owever they do have limitations and non$legumes cansometimes be more suitable.



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PUPUK HIJAU 1$UM

Bhere are many types of plants that can be

used as green manures.>egumes are particularly beneficial because they increase the amount of

nitrogen in the soil.

3n the tropics they are also more common

than non$legumes.?ere are some eMamples of legumes for

which detailed information can beobtained from ?+0.



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PUPUK HIJAU PADA 'A%AMA% '-U

'rash *ompostin&: when trash is #ept on the fields as mulch,evaporation of moisture is greatly reduced. Bhe soil is protected

from the direct impact of the elements and hence soil life develop

eMtremely well. Soil Huality and structure improve. Finally as thetrash decomposes, nutrients are ta#en up by the roots again to ma#new growth.

Sumber http!!www.fao.org!docrep!//@!y:-7e!y:-7e/7.htm *.. +iunduh /!-!/


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$reen manurin&: green manure is, according to Suresh, a

source of nitrogen and other elements compensating for thehigh carbon content of the trash.?e uses a combination of many plants for his green manure

miM. ?e also believes that with this combination the illeffects of the monocropping pattern without rotation, as is

the case in his sugar cane fields, can be overcome.

Furthermore, his green manure miM consists of plants andcrops that were grown before when dry farming was

practised, it re$establishes eHuilibrium in the soil, whichthese plants help to maintain.

Bhe green manure miM is generally made up of cowpea,mustard, amaranth, coriander, horse gram sesame, sunnhemp

and chic#pea, amongst others. 3nitially Suresh used to prepare a green manure miM which was inter$sown between

the lines of cane using a bulloc# drawn implement. 5owadays the green manure seeds are miMed with clay andmanure and formed into balls large pellets(. Bhese balls are

then &ust dropped in the trash at regular intervals betweenthe canes. Bhe green manure plants are cut once or twice at-/ to :/ day intervals.




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Soil *on)itionin&: to enhance the decomposition of the sugar cane trash, Suresh

applies a conditioner on the fields at the time of irrigation in theform of slurry. Ionsisting of @/ grams of wet yeast and @// grams

of &aggery, miMed with / #g of cow dung and a little water, thisenhances the proliferation of fungi, hastening the brea#down of the

fibres of the trash.

3n fact after application of this slurry an enormous development offungi, sometimes forming a white ca#e, can clearly be seen. Bhishas, according to Suresh, a great influence on the water$retention

capacity of the soil and ma#es it possible for him to reduceirrigation to only once in @ days.



Jith the application of trash, green manure

and the conditioner, the soil has becomevery fertile, healthy and sweet.

Bhe proof of this is his canes which growfast, are vigorous and sturdy and problem$

free.


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DAMPAK 1AI%%=A

Suresh's canes mature in 8 sometimes 8.@ months compared to or months in the conventional system.

Sugar recovery is much better in his canes than in chemicallygrown ones. Bhough he sells his canes together with the other

farmers ma#ing it difficult to give eMact figures(, Suresh has beentold that the recovery of his canes is .@ percent whereas for the

other farmers it is a maMimum percent.

?is canes are very healthy and no problems of smut or grassyshoot, the main problems of the area, have occurred in his fields for

the last five years. 5either chemical nor botanical sprays areneeded.

Suresh obtains an average yield of // tonnes per hectare. ?isneighbours who follow the conventional methods obtain on an

average / ton per hectare, but his costs are far less.Suresh claims that with his method, the amount of irrigation water

needed is even less than that consumed by sprin#ler irrigation.s minimum tillage is practised and there is no fallow or replanting

of sugar cane, labour reHuirements have been reduced.

Suresh's focus on natural biological cycles as the main input to thefarm has caused an impressive increase in soil biodiversity. Bhis biodiversity is now wor#ing for him, maintaining yields.

Bhe use of traditional dry farming crops in his green manure miMfunctions as a gene pool for rapidly disappearing species.




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A$#"%"M= " $#% MA%U# +#"PS

Sumbertt !!a ritech.tnau.ac.in!a riculture!a ri reenmanurin a ronom reenmanures.html*.


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SI'HA$A'HI (Sesbania speciosa)

Season: Ian be grown in all seasons,


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DHAI%+HA 8 Sesbania aculeata9

Season:

Grown in all seasons when sufficient moisture is available

Sowing during


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MA%I1A A$A'HI Sesbania rostrata

Season

Grown in all seasonsSowing during February$


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SU%%HMP 8Crotalaria juncea9

Season:

Grown in all seasons,Sowing during oamy soils are suitable

See) rate:

@$-@ #g!ha for green manure

Seed purpose / #g!ha

See) treatment:


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EI1D I%DI$" 8Tephrosia purpurea9

Season:

Grown in all seasonsSowing during


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PI11IPSA#A 8 haseolus trilobus9

+ual purpose crop yielding good fodder and green manure?erbaceous creeper grows into a short dense cover crop if sownthic#. \+oes not produce a bul#y yield, it is capable of being cut

twice or thrice before being ploughed into the field

Season:

Grown in all seasons


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IKSASI %I'#"$% 1$UM

+ue to their nitrogen fiMation potential, legumes represent an alternativefor supplying nutrients, substituting or complementing mineralfertili"ation in cropping systems involving green manuring. Bhe ob&ective

of this study was to evaluate the 5 balance in a soil$plant systeminvolving green manures sunn hemp Crotalaria jun!ea >.( and velvet

bean Mu!una aterrima %iper L Bracy(, both labeled with @ 5. Bhey wereincorporated into two soils of contrasting teMtural classes a clayey

utrudoM and a sandy$clayey %aleudalf, both cultivated with corn.Bhe research was carried out in a greenhouse, using pots containing = #gof air dried soil, to which the eHuivalent to -


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SERAPAN N TANAMAN

Bhe accumulation of 5 in corn roots increased with time. Bheseresults indicate that there are also losses due to shedding, root

eMudation and root death llison, 6==(, and that losses of 5 fromthe above ground part are much more eMpressive, that the aboveground part 5 can be translocated to the roots reflecting on the

accumulation of 5 in roots . Bhere was an increase in dry mattermass of the corn above ground part until // +. t this stage, the

plants were starting to flower.


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PRODUKSI BIOMASA TANAMAN

Bhere was an increase in dry matter mass of the corn above ground partuntil // +. t this stage, the plants were starting to flower. Bhe only

difference observed was at the first date / +(, when the control plantsgrew more than those with green manure Bable =(.

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SERAPAN N TANAMAN

Bhe occurrence of the nitrogen decline accumulation in the above ground part of thecorn plant, at the end of the cycle Bable @( was also reported by other authors Flores,68=; Killas 4`as, 66/(, as well as for sugarcane 5g 2ee 2wong L +eville, 66:(.

Bhe probable cause of this could be the fact that some 5 of the above ground part wasredistributed to the root system, as well as lost to the atmosphere by volatili"ationthrough the leaves via transpiratory strem in either immature or senescing leaves.

ccording to FarHuhar et al. 676(, an 5?- gaseous losses occurs through the leavesdue to an increase in proteolysis during senescence.

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Bhe soil mineral 5 nitrate and ammonium( contents were higheruntil :/ + in the velvet bean treatment followed by the sunn

hemp and the control Bable 8(. 4eyond =/ + the values were

lower than .= mg #g$

, without differences among treatments Bable 8(. For the sunn hemp there were time differences, with adecline in the green manure contribution to the soil mineral 5.?owever, this did not happen with the velvet bean treatment,

indicating that, besides the largest contribution of the green manure plants to the soil mineral 5, there also was a greater minerali"ation,

since the test$plant continued absorbing the mineral 5 from thesoil.

Sumber *.. +iunduh /!-!/

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PUPUK HIJAU SUM-# %

4ecause of their potential for 5 biological fiMation, legumes are analternative source of nitrogen to crops, and can even replace or supplement

mineral fertili"ation. greenhouse eMperiment was carried out to evaluate temporal patterns ofvelvet bean Mu!una aterrima( green manure release of nitrogen to rice

plants, and to study the fate of nitrogen from velvet bean in rice cultivation.Bhe isotopic dilution methodology was used.

Breatments consisted of a control and / incubation periods of soil fertili"edwith @ 5$labeled velvet bean /, /, :/, =/, 6/, /, @/, 8/, /, and :/

days(. Bhe plant material was previously chopped, sifted / mm mesh sieve(and oven$dried =@I(. 3ncubation of the plant material . g #g$ soil( was

initiated by the longest period, in order to synchroni"e the planting of the testcrop, rice Oryza atia(, at time "ero for all treatments.

Green manure incorporation promoted increases in rice dry matter yield andnitrogen upta#e. Bhese variables showed maMimum values at incubation

periods of -8 and =6 days, respectively. Green manure nitrogen utili"ation byrice plants was highest at an incubation period corresponding to @ days.


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MI%#A1ISASI % PUPUK HIJAU

Bhe nitrogen applied to the soil in the form of green manures may ta#e different pathways part is absorbed by the plants, part is lost from the soil$plant system, and

the rest remains in the soil, as non$decomposed residues, or is immobili"ed bymicroorganisms, and gradually converted into stable forms.

Bhe magnitude of these transformations varies depending on environmental conditions"am et al ., 68@( and Huality of the plant residues Smith L Sharpley, 66-(.

Vess than @/D of the initial added 5 was minerali"ed in the high clay content soil.

ignin!5 ratio. 0esults from this study indicate that all the threelegumes can contribute significant amounts of 5 for upta#e by plants, with sunhemp tending torelease 5 at a faster rate, followed by lablab and then mucuna. ?igh clay content in soil slowed

down 5 minerali"ation.

5itrogen minerali"ation of green manure legume residues in different soil typesCdhiambo, 1ude 1.C, Eniversity of Kenda. //6.

Bhe %roceedings of the 3nternational %lant 5utrition IolloHuium 9K3, +epartment of %lant.Sciences, EI +avis, EI +avis

5 minerali"ed from legume residues recovered as mineral 5 in a( D claysoil b( /D clay soil and c( =D clay soil.


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RECOVERY N PUPUK HIJAU

Ender field conditions, most of the 5 that comes from plant residuesremains in the soil, mainly in the organic form.

3n general, the recovery of 5 from green manures by the subseHuent crop is

low, ranging from @D to -/D 0,


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PUPUK HIJAU DA% HASI1 PADI

ry matter yield and nitrogen utili"ed by rice plants, in the control treatment, an+unnett test significance, contrasting the effects of treatments involving velvet

bean incorporation relative to the control

Kelvet bean incorporation increased dry matter yield of rice plants relativelyto the control, eMcept for the :/$day incubation period.

Sumber http!!www.scielo.br!scielo.phpOscriptPsci)artteMtLpidPS//-$6/=//://////:*.. +iunduh /!-!/


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PUPUK HIJAU DA% HASI1 PADI

+ry matter yielded by rice plants, relative to differentsoil incubation periods with velvet bean green manure.

n effect of incubation period on dry matter yield of the aerial partand whole rice plants aerial part roots( was observed. ?owever,

no influence on the dry matter yielded by the roots alone wasobserved Figure (. For both variables, the Huadratic model

provided the best fitting of the results. From the eHuation relative tothe aerial part roots, the maMimum dry matter yield of rice plantswas determined, corresponding to an incubation period of -8 days.

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162004000200014http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162004000200014


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%itro&en from the &reen manure re*o/ere) an) lost from the soilplant s3stem

Bhe amounts of nitrogen from the green manure recovered and lost from the soil$plantsystem were influenced by incubation period, and the results were fitted by Huadratic

models. Bhe maMimum 5 recovery from the velvet bean occurred at the 8/$day incubation

period, corresponding to 8=D of the nitrogen contained in the green manure.

PUPUK HIJAU DA% %I'#"$%

mount of nitrogen from the green manure recovered

50( and lost 5>( from the soil$plant system, relative todifferent soil incubation periods with velvet bean green

manure.



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DEKOMPOSISI PUPUK HIJAUDALAM TANAH

Bhe values determined for 5 recovery from the

green manure are intermediate, relative to the intervalsdescribed in the literature, which vary from ==D to /D

"am et al., 68@; >add et al., 68(.

V


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Agronomy


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PUPUK HIJAU - KETERSEDIAAN HARA

ultivation of leguminous green manure crops is the main possibility fosoil enrichment with nutrients, especially with nitrogen.

5itrogen binding by leguminous crops reaches its pea# in the period of blooming, and starts decreasing in the period of seed formation

>einonen, ///(.

>einonen, %. ///. >annoitus luomuvil&an vil&ely#sess. >uomuvil&an tuotanto. Bietotuottamaan 8=. ?elsin#i iitto, :/A@/. in Finlandian(

Bhe productivity of cereals dependson soil properties, meteorological

factors, fertilisation, and especiallyhumus content in soil.

%loughed$in green material enrichessoil with organic matter, which as aresult of microbiological processes

releases nutrients for plants.


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-I"MASA SISA PA%%

Bhe largest amount of organic matter is left in the soil with the residuesof perennial grasses, less with annual grasses, winter cereals, mai"e,

pring cereals, grain legumes and others


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EFEK POSITIF PUPUK HIJAU

Bhe residues and ploughed$in green material of perennialgrasses, as preceding crops, have a positive effect on the

formation of productivity elements of cereal crops not onlyin the first year but also in the second year, which

determines the productivity of the cereal lin# S#uodien L

5e#roiene, //7(.

Bhe results suggest that red clover is the optimum speciesfor use as green manure Stopes et al% -../)%

S#uodiene, 0. and 5e#roiene, 0. //7. 3mpact of perennial legumes and timothy as green manure onroductivity of 'e!ale !ereale $% and & @riti!oe!ale ittm and on o!!urren!e of cereal diseases. Agronom


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-I"MASA 'A%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU

Wuantities of dry matter /./@ A level of

statistical significance(.

Agronomy


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5ayyar, K.2. and Ihhibba, 3.ong$term Soil Fertility Mperiments in 0ice$Jheat Iropping Systems

brol, 3.%., 4ronson, 2. F., +uMbury, 1.


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PUPUK HIJAU -I"MASA SS-A%IA

%reliminary studies carried out by the authors have revealed thaincorporation of Sesbania 'ebania a!uleata %oir.( green

manure G


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PUPUK HIJAU @ K'#SDIAA% HA#A MIK#"

egular cultivation of rice on such soils causes manganese .( because ofeMcessive leaching of soluble


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PUPUK HIJAU SS-A%IA

ffect of Sesbania green manuring on grain yield t ha$( of riceand wheat at >udhiana, 3ndia.



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PUPUK HIJAU SS-A%IA

Ihanges in content mg #g$ soil( of different fractions of iron, manganese, and"inc with Sesbania green manure in rice$wheat system at >udhiana, 3ndia


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MMP#"DUKSI PUPUK HIJAU

s a draft animal farmer, you crop a large farm. You may not always have enougdung or compost to improve all plots of your farm. Bo #eep all plots fertile, you

need green manure in addition.

Green manure is manure from special manure plants or crop residues.


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Green manure plants have many benefits..Green manure plants are planted$in miMture with food crops;

$on contour bonds, and .$as a sole crop on fallow areas.

umber %ermanent Farming Systems 4ased on nimal Braction Farmers ?andboo# GBV

66@, 8- p.(. %0B K Bhe permanent farming systemttp!!www.cd-wd.com!cd-wd):/!lstoc#!//!dap!antractionhandboo#!4::)7.?B


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PUPUK HIJAU 'A%AMA% PA%$A%

3f you miM green manure crops with food crops, you produce food andmanure at the same time. You may not have the same yield as with sole

cropping of food crops in the first year, but in the following years, youwill harvest more on the green manure field, because you conserve andimprove your soil by this method.

miMed crop of mai"e and sesbania




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M%A%AM PUPUK HIJAU

Bhe planting of green manure crops on the contour bonds has the followingdvantages you reinforce and enrich your contour bonds through the root systemf the green manure crop tephrosia, sesbania, etc.( the green manure plant can b

left for seed production after the seed harvest, the green manure plant can be pruned and used as manure for the field between the contour bonds.

Fresh branches and leaves of the green manure crop can be cut and spread asmulch m the field.




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-#" D%$A% 'A%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU

3f you have a very poor soil, you may have to fallow your farm Ender naturalfallow, it will ta#e long time until the soil becomes fertile again

Ender a planted fallow with Green


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-A$AIMA%A MM-%AMKA% -AHA%

"#$A%IK

Bo avoid loss and improve the decomposition of organic matterrom plant drop, we have to miM it with the soil. Bhe oMen farmeuses the cart, the roller cutter and the ridger for this eMercise.

Jith the cart, he transports the manure to the farm.Jith the roller cutter, he can clear plant residues.

Jith the ridger, he buries the organic matter into the soil.

?ow to bury organic matter in a ridged field.he buried organic matter gives humus to the soil. Je call this organic farming.

improves your soil and the following crop will produce a lot of food.




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MID +#"PPI%$

Bo conserve and improve our soil, we have to practice miMed cropping.


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MID +#"PPI%$

part from soil conservation, miMed cropping has a lot of otheradvantages a miMture of crops with different root systems will use the

different layers of the soil better, that means they use the available

water and nutrients better.miMed crops with different preferences for nutrients, use the different minerals available ine soil better.miMed cropping results in a higher plant population per unit area and increases yields.e higher plant density in miMed cropping reduces soil erosion and suppresses weed growthmiMed cropping reduces the ris# of pests and diseases infestation.miMed cropping diversifies the food supply. You have different Huality food for your familet.

miMed cropping reduces the ris# of complete crop failure. 3f one crop fails, the other cropsn still produce enough food for the farmer family.

crop of mai"e miMed with beans

umber %ermanent Farming Systems 4ased on nimal Braction Farmers ?andboo# GBV, 66@, 8- p.%0B K Bhe permanent farming system

http!!www.cd-wd.com!cd-wd):/!lstoc#!//!dap!antractionhandboo#!4::)7.?B


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P#$I1I#A% 'A%AMA%

the same crop is grown in the same field every cropping cyclehe soil becomes poor;est and disease infestation increases;he harvest gets smaller.

the crops change on the same field every cropping cyclethe soil does not become poor;pests and diseases do not increase easily;the harvest can stay good. Bo change crops on the same field every cropping

ycle is called crop rotation.

he advantages of crop rotation are similar to miMed cropping Irop rotationconserves the soil fertility Irops which ma#e the soil poor are followed byops which enrich and improve the soil; e.g.


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P"1A 'A%AM PUPUK HIJAU

Bo get all possible advantages, combine miMed cropping with crop rotation.0ecommended crop rotations with miMed crops for different areas of altitude are

indicated on the following pages.QB0B %>5B35G 005G


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JA$U%$ D%$A% PUPUK HIJAU


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'UMPA%$SA#I 1$UM D%$A% %"%1$UM

eatment or %lot between second and third contour bond(ai"e and 4eans and Iocoyamai"e and Iocoyam!4eans are planted on alternative ridges.R

stance between the ridges 8/ cm.stance between mai"e plants on the ridges @ cm.stance between the cocoyam =/ cm.

eans interplanted between cocoyam /$@ cm distanceCB $ Split mai"e ridges after harvest and add soil to Iocoyam edge.


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JA$U%$ PUPUK HIJAU 1$UM

Breatment - or %lot - between third and fourth contour bond(egume 4eans, Soyabeans, Groundnut(+istance between the ridges 8/ cm.

+istance between the mai"e plants on the ridges @ cm.+istance between the food legumes /$@ cm. see Ihapter =.:.(

Second SeasonFood >egume and mai"e on 8/ cm. ridges or

Food >egumes on @/ cm. ridges or Food >egumes and potatoes on 8/ cm. ridges or

%otatoes or Sweet potatoes only or

Green egumes and mai"e miMed $ Food legumes and potatoes miMed.


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P%A%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU 1$UM

Breatment : or %lot : between fourth and fifth contour bond(First Season

Food legumes 4eans, Soyabeans, Groundouts(.

Food legumes are cropped solely on ridges.+istance between the ridges @/$=/ cm.+istance between the plants on the ridges /$@ cm.

Cr %otatoes high altitude areas(+istance between the ridges 8/ cm.

+istance between the plants on the ridges -/$:/ cm.

%otatoes are cropped solely on ridges or on alternate ridges with food legumes.

umber %ermanent Farming Systems 4ased on nimal Braction Farmers ?andboo# GBV, 66@, 8- p.

%0B K Bhe permanent farming systemhttp!!www.cd-wd.com!cd-wd):/!lstoc#!//!dap!antractionhandboo#!4::)7.?B


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5utrient Iycling in groecosystems . Kolume 7-, 5umbers $-, 8$86

ffe*t of $reen Manure A))ition on Soil "r&ani* Phosphorus

Mineralisation

%arm&it S. 0andhawa, >eo


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groforestry Systems Kolume @, 5umber -, 66$/@, +C3 /./-!/86=7/@-

Tithonia diersifolia: /ariations in leaf nutrient *on*entration

an) impli*ations for biomass transferB. S. George, %. 1. Gregory, 1. S. 0obinson, 0. 1. 4uresh and 4. . 1am

Green leaf biomass of @it"onia dierifolia is high in nutrientsand recognised as a potential source of nutrients for crops. Je

conducted a field survey in western 2enya to determine thevariation in leaf nutrient concentrations in tithonia grown innaturalised hedges and agricultural fields, and to eMaminewhether leaf nutrient concentrations were related to soil

nutrient status.

>eaf % and 2 concentrations were higher in naturalised hedges-. g % #g A and -@ g 2 #g A( than in unfertilised fields . g% #g A and - g 2 #g A(. Bhe critical level of .@ g % #g A for

net % mineralisation was eMceeded by 6/D of the leavesfrom hedges, but by only :D from unfertilised fields. >eaf %and 2 concentration increased linearly with increasing naturallogarithm of anion resin eMtractable soil % and eMchangeable

soil 2, respectively. ?owever, at the same levels of soilavailable % and 2, field$grown tithonia consistently produced

lower leaf % and 2 concentrations than that grown in hedges.

This study indict!s tht "i#$ss %$ tith#ni

'(nt!d #n nut&i!nt-d!'(!t!d s#i(s )#u(d "! (!ss

!%%!cti*! s#u&c! #% P nd K+ *i "i#$ss t&ns%!&+

thn tith#ni %$ ntu&(is!d h!d,!s

umber http!!www.springerlin#.com!content!&=vt:@8/-=::-:! *.. +iunduh /!-!/

http://www.springerlink.com/content/0167-4366/http://www.springerlink.com/content/0167-4366/52/3/http://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=T.+S.+Georgehttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=P.+J.+Gregoryhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=J.+S.+Robinsonhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=R.+J.+Bureshhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=B.+A.+Jamahttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=B.+A.+Jamahttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=R.+J.+Bureshhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=J.+S.+Robinsonhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=P.+J.+Gregoryhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/?Author=T.+S.+Georgehttp://www.springerlink.com/content/0167-4366/52/3/http://www.springerlink.com/content/0167-4366/


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ffe*t of &reen manurin& 5ith )hain*ha 8Sesbania a*uleata9 on

&ro5th an) 3iel) of )ire*tso5n an) transplante) ri*e un)er

interme)iate )eep5ater *on)itions 8@ *m9#. Sharma an) K. +. Das

Bhe 1ournal of gricultural Science 66:(, pp -@6$-=:

3n intermediate deepwater conditions /A@/ cm( at Iuttac#, 3ndia during 66/ and66, rice and dhaincha 'ebania a!uleata( were either miMed$sown in different

arrangements parallel lines and miMed broadcasting( in dry soil by the end of


102/130

ffe*t of &reen manure amen)ment an) floo)in& on methane

emission from pa))3 fiel)sShang$Shyng Yang, , ?siu$>an IhangIhemosphere $ Global Ihange Science

Kolume -, 3ssue , 1anuary //, %ages :A:6

Bhe effect of green manure amendment, flooding treatment andcrop season on methane emission from paddy fields in Baiwan was

investigated from ugust 66: to 1uly 66=.'ebania amendment stimulated methane emission and the effectwas more significant at the early growth stage of rice.


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'itle of 'hesis

0C+EIB3K3BY 5+ 0S3+E> FFIBS CF G05 GE$4S+ I0C%%35G SYSB< 35

%CB?CJ0 %>BEinn( and levels of phosphorus fertili"er /, -/, =/ and 6/ #g ha$(

on biomass of green manure crops, organic matter addition as of incorporationof biomass, improvement in 5 soil fertility status, impact on physicalproperties and ultimately productivity of wheat was investigated. Bhe second

eMperiment was carried to investigate the effect of phosphorus seHuencing andgreen manure crops mentioned in eMperiment one on various parameters

mentioned above.

0esults of the eMperiment indicated that maMimum fresh biomass .@7 t ha$( and dry biomass :.-- t ha$( was produced by Sesbania aculeata followedby fresh biomass of Iluster bean 6.- t ha$( and dry biomass -.7/ t ha$(.

>owest fresh biomass was produced by 0ice bean =.8= t ha$( and drybiomass -.@ t ha$(. pplication of % further enhanced above ground green biomass production upto 8.@6 t ha$. 3ncorporation of Sesbania biomass asgreen manures on the average increased soil organic matter by /D, 5 by -

D, % by 7 D and 2 by 6D; these manures further significantly reduced soil bul# density @D(, enhanced porosity 8D(, moisture retention @D( andavailable water 7D(.

Green manure increased total biomass o succeedin! "#eat cro$ b%&'() T#ere "as si!ni*cantl% $ositi+e interaction o !reen manurele!umes and P ertili,ation b% -.() /urt#ermore t#eir inte!rated

residual e0ect o 1( to 2( "as noted on +arious $arameters in t#e

succeedin! cro$ %ear)

Sumber http!!eprints.hec.gov.p#!-7=!!-=.html *.. +iunduh /!-!/


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105/130

ffe*ts of $reen Manure, "r&ani* ertiliers an) Urea on =iel) an) $rain

Lualit3 of Sprin& Eheatennart Salomonsson L nn$Ihristine Salomonsson

*ta A&ri*ulturae S*an)ina/i*a, Se*tion - Soil Plant S*ien*e

;olume 7, Issue ?, !S0( model, the wheat yield

was largely eMplained by the amount of green

manure herbage ploughed in during the autumn andthe amount of mineral 5 in the soil in spring.

Bhe prediction model of protein content was wea#.

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/doSearch?action=runSearch&type=advanced&result=true&prevSearch=%2Bauthorsfield%3A%28Wivstad%2C+Maria%29http://www.tandfonline.com/action/doSearch?action=runSearch&type=advanced&result=true&prevSearch=%2Bauthorsfield%3A%28Salomonsson%2C+Lennart%29http://www.tandfonline.com/action/doSearch?action=runSearch&type=advanced&result=true&prevSearch=%2Bauthorsfield%3A%28Salomonsson%2C+Lennart%29http://www.tandfonline.com/action/doSearch?action=runSearch&type=advanced&result=true&prevSearch=%2Bauthorsfield%3A%28Wivstad%2C+Maria%29


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%>5B +3SS . pril //7, Kolume 6, 5umber :%ages ://$:/=

http!!dM.doi.org!/./6:!%+3S$6$:$/://ffe*ts of $reen Manure '3pe an) Amen)ment #ate on ;erti*illium Eilt

Se/erit3 an) =iel) of #usset -urbank Potato 5. Cchiai, . %owelson, 0. %. +ic# and F. 1. Irowe

3ncreasing restriction of agrochemicals is motivating development ofecology$based cropping systems, including green manures, to manage

soilborne diseases.Green manures have shown promise in suppressing erti!illium

da"liae, but information about effect of different green manures andoptimal application rates remains limited. Bherefore, we conducted two

single$year field eMperiments comparing effects of ustrian winter pea Pium atium


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'A%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU

>egumes fiM nitrogen from the air as they grow, thus they can pro$videnitrogen to the soil when used as a green manure. >egumes should be

inoculated with the appropriate strain of nitrogen$fiMing bacteria(


108/130

KA%DU%$A% % -I"MASA 1$UM

5itrogen content of tops and roots of legumes, and

the amount of nitrogen fiMed

Sumber ***%rngr%net+%%%+omm+ greenmanure%%%+file *.. +iunduh /!-!/


109/130

K -AIK DA% -U#UK PUPUK HIJAU

reen manure is usually beneficial to soil that is well managed.4enefits attributeo green manuring include addition of nitrogen when using legumes(, addition

of organic matter, increase in the conservation and availability of nutrients,improved physical condition of the soil erosion control, and weed and disease

control. Bhe root systems of green manure crops also have a big effect inaggregation of the finer$teMtured soils, as discussed above. Bhe most effectiveoot systems forthis purpose are those with finely divided and eMtensive, but no

necessarily deep roots. Small$grain crops best meet this reHuirement.

reen manure crops also shade and cool the soil. 4y providing a dense vegetativcover, the damage to soil aggregation produced by raindrop splash is eliminated

llison 67-(. Bhis reduces the tendency toward crust formation, a serious problem in many nurseries.

reen manuring is often used in rotation in agriculture for disease control. 4ut th

common pathogens of tree seedlings, such as Pyt"iumpp% 1uarium pp% and0hi"octonia spp., have a wide host range and their incidence does not appearreatly affected by crop rotation ldhous67(. Bhe one eMception found in the

literature is with western red cedar seedlings.

n ngland ldnous 67(, these seedlings can be infectedby the fungus diseas+idymascella 2ethia( thu&ina, causing severe losses. ggravation of losses

occurs from cross$infection of first year seedbeds from older stoc#.

rop rotation is an effective control because it en$sures that cedar is not grown inseedbeds for more than one year.



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EFEK PUPUK HIJAU

Bhere is some disagreement about whether green manure actually provides ancrease in the organic content of the soil. 3t appears that green manures may hav

a negligible effect on total levels of soil organic matter under systems of

continuous cultivation llison 67-(.

Bhey do add active, rapidly decomposing organic material. Bhe actualpercentorganic matter in soils may be determined primarily by climate.

igher levels may be obtained by replacing crops with sod or periodicadditions oorganic material such as animal manure.


Green manuring involves soildisturbance, and accelerated

oMidation would counteract someof the possible increases thatcould be eMpected. 4eneficial

effects of green manuring aregenerally evident from other

characteristics associated withaddition of organic material.


111/130

K -U#UK PUPUK HIJAU


112/130

SU-S'A%SI I'"'"KSIK

BoMic organic substances may be formed by some plants grown

as agreen manure crop. %hytotoMic substances are formed bysome higher plants and micro$organisms associated in their

decomposition. ntibiotics produced by soil organisms can alsobe toMic to some plants. ?armful products derived from greenmanures are usually destroyed within to - wee#s. ntibiotics

are generally adsorbed by soil colloids llison 67-(.


Some plants #nown to have produced growth inhibitor.

Enfortunately, little informationis available regarding inhibition

of tree seedling growth by other plants, but some indications ofallelopathic plants important to

forestry.


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--#APA 'UM-UHA% A11"PA'I

Some allelopathi* plants important in forestr3, *hemi*als

the3 pro)u*e an) plants the3 affe*t



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PMI1IHA% 'A%AMA% PUPUK HIJAU

3deally, a green manure crop should be easilyestablished and growrapidly. Bhere are a variety of legumes and nonlegumesthat produceabundant growth in a short time. Ihoice of the cropshould include

consideration of the purpose for green manuring andclimatic factors.

Plants reporte) to pro)u*e )ifferential &ro5th inhibitors of kno5n

an) unkno5n *omposition 8llison , 67-(.



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--#APA 'A%AMA%

PUPUK HIJAU

+ommonl3 use) &reen manure *rops an) thea)aptabilit3

to )ifferen*e *limates



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+' " $#% MA%U# 1$UM "% 'H =I1D "

MAI0 A%D -A%S I% MA'U%DA A#M, '#A%S %0"IA

DIS'#I+', %"#'H #I' K%=A2


117/130

'he effe*t of &reen manurin& on the ph3si*al

properties of temperatearea soils. B0!vn:[email protected] *.. +iunduh !-!/


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ffe*t of $reen Manures on Soil "r&ani* MatterBhe maintenance or accumulation of organic matter in soils depends on anumber of factors including characteristics of the added material, soil and

climatic factors as they affect microbial activity, and agricultural practices. llother factors being eHual, it is generally accepted that low$nitrogen greenmanures .@ percent 5 or less( can be effective in improving soil organicmatter levels. ?igh$nitrogen materials such as legumes, on the other hand,cannot maintain organic matter levels because they decompose too rapidly.Karied reports from the literature suggest that each plant species should beconsidered on its own merits and in the conteMt of the farming systems in

which it will be used. Bable presents a sample of how diverse the literature ison this sub&ect. ny interpretation of these varied results should also ta#e into

account soil type, soil nitrogen levels, native soil organic matter levels andmicrobial activity.

umber http!!www.sarep.ucdavis.edu!5JS>B0!vn:[email protected] *.. +iunduh !-!/

'he effe*t of &reen manurin& on the ph3si*al

properties of temperatearea soils. oam -.6 /.6 +ecrease +ecrease

+e ?aan 677( / Sand -.6 /.@ 3ncrea

pupuk hijau dan teknik penggunaannya

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